Recent progress in rechargeable batteries enabling future transportation

Transcription

1 Recent progress in rechargeable batteries enabling future transportation Peter H.L.Notten Eindhoven University of Technology Philips Laboratories

2 Present-day Energy Chain Power plant

3 Future Sustainable Energy Chain Power plant Wind Solar µ-heat-power Heat pumps

4 Residential Storage In-Home Fluctuating sources Require ~20% storage! Residential storage

5 Electrical vehicles : The dream

6 Plug-in (Hybrid) Electrical Vehicles Plug-in Electric 2-Wheelers already widely accepted in Eastern Asia Plugged in: The end of the oil age, World Wide Fund for Nature 2008.

7 Plug-in (Hybrid) Electrical Vehicles Electric Vehicle (EV) Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (PHEV) Plugged in: The end of the oil age, World Wide Fund for Nature 2008.

8 Plug-in (Hybrid) Electrical Vehicles Advantages: Much more efficient than ICE (> 2x) Significant reduction in CO 2 emissions (< 2x) Zero emission with sustainable energy sources! Environmental friendly, no urban pollution! Cost effective during life-time already now! Grid stabilization versus electricity trading Silent driving! Disadvantages: High initial investment Limited driving range Recharging time not instantaneous Silent driving!

9 Plug-in (Hybrid) Electrical Vehicles Plugged in: The end of the oil age, World Wide Fund for Nature 2008.

10 P(H)EV Storage Residential storage in Electrical Vehicles

11 Electricity storage Physical Super-capacitors Pseudo-capacitors Electrochemical Batteries Redox-flow cells Metal-air systems

12 Physical storage in (Super)capacitors Based on Electrochemical double layers εε C = o A d

13 Electricity storage Physical Super-capacitors Pseudo-capacitors Electrochemical Batteries Redox-flow cells Metal-air systems

14 Rechargeable battery chemistries System Sealed Lead Acid ( (SLA) NiCd NiMH Li-systems - Li-ion - Li-gel - Li-polymer - Li-metal

15 Rechargeable battery chemistries System Advantages Disadvantages Sealed Lead Acid ( (SLA) Cheap Heavy Overdischarging NiCd Power density Pollution NiMH Li-systems - Li-ion - Li-gel - Li-polymer - Li-metal Energy density - Volumetric Energy density - Gravimetric Gas formation Expensive Electronics - Control - Safety

16 Rechargeable battery chemistries System Advantages Disadvantages Sealed Lead Acid ( (SLA) Cheap Heavy Overdischarge NiCd Power density Pollution NiMH Li-systems - Li-ion - Li-gel - Li-polymer - Li-metal Energy density - Volumetric Energy density - Gravimetric Gas formation Expensive Electronics - Control - Safety

17 1. Gas phase Two ways to form a hydride H 2 gas Solid dis H diffusion 2 2H ad 2H abs (Hydride) ass

18 New Hydrogen storage materials for - future hydrogen economy? - new generation NiMH batteries? Hydrogen storage

19 1. Gas phase Two ways to form a hydride H 2 gas Solid 2. Electrochemically e - dis H diffusion 2 2H ad 2H abs (Hydride) ass Electrolyte Electrode red ox diffusion H 2 O + e - OH - + H ad H abs (Hydride)

20 NiMH battery concept Nickel electrode Hydride electrode e - H 2 O NiOOH xoh - MH x H 2 capacity Ni(OH) 2 OH - ch OH - d M xh 2 O xe - Separator impregnated with KOH solution

21 Thermodynamics and kinetics of batteries

22 Thermodynamics and kinetics of batteries

23 NiMH battery concept Overcharge Ni 4 OH - 2H 2 O + O 2 + 4e - MH Overdischarge Ni 2e - + 2H 2 O - 2OH - + H 2 MH capacity Nickel electrode O 2 e - H 2 O NiOOH Ni(OH) 2 OH - H 2 ch OH - d Hydride electrode xoh - MH x M xh 2 O xe - Separator impregnated with KOH solution H 2

24 Simple CC-charging NiMH batteries 7 70 E [V] 1.6 E T [ C] T P [bar] P State-of-charge

25 Li-ion battery concept lithium electrode cobaltoxide electrode LiC e - Li + - CoO 2 storage capacity ch Li + charge C Li + e - d LiCoO 2 discharge

26 Li-ion battery concept lithium electrode cobaltoxide electrode LiC e - Li + - CoO 2 storage capacity ch Li + charge C Li + e - d LiCoO 2 discharge

27 More complex CCCV charging Li-ion Voltage [V] I max S V max 1.5 Current [A] (a) 3.7 (b) I min S Time [min] 0.5

28 Impact CV-charging on cycle-life Capacity [mah] CV=4.3 V Standard-CCCV Cycle number CV=4.2 V

29 Periodic table of elements

30 Efficiency rechargeable batteries excellent Not affected by an inefficient Carnot cycle η = 1 T T cold hot Discharge voltage curves as f(i) 60 min I > T < 1.2 min New generation LiTiO 2 + LiMn 2 O 4 batteries

31 Efficiency rechargeable batteries Not affected by an inefficient Carnot cycle Discharge voltage curves as f(i) Discharge Efficiency as f(i) 60 min n = 1 60 min 1.2 min I > T < 1.2 min I > T < New generation LiTiO 2 + LiMn 2 O 4 batteries

32 Well-to-wheel efficiency Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) η ICE 17% IEA Prospects for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells