New Middle Ages: Quick Review

Transcription

1 New Middle Ages: Quick Review Key Events and Impact Today 1. Europe was formed by the coming together of 3 major elements 1. The Germanic Tribes, 2. The Roman Legacy and the 3. Catholic Church. 2. Feudalism and eventually the strong nation state take over. 3. While new civilization started in Western Europe the Byzantine empire also created its own unique civilization. 4. Ancient Roman books still exist because they were copied by monks. 5. The influence of English and other European Countries is seen in our American language, culture and law. 6. Byzantine and European architecture influence a great deal of buildings throughout the world.

2 People s Charles Martel defeats the Muslims at the Battle of Tours in 732 AD (CE) Pepin (son of Charles Martel) a mayor of the palace proclaimed himself king of the Franks Pepin dies in 768 and his son Charlemagne (Charles the Great) takes over Highly intelligent Fierce warrior Strong statesman And a Pious Christian Although possibly unable to write he became a wise leader.

3 Rules from Created what came to be known as the Carolingian Empire and unified much of Central and Western Europe In 800 he gains the title Emperor of the Romans this symbolizes the coming together of Roman Christian and Germanic Customs: a Germanic king had been crowned Emperor of Rome by the pope (spiritual leader of the west). Carolingian Renaissance - In an effort to increase learning he encouraged a revival in the learning of Latin Culture, and classical works (Greek and Rome) Many monasteries established scriptoria (writing rooms) in these rooms monks copied and were able to save many classical works for future generations.

4 New Invaders Vikings from Scandinavia a. Denmark, Sweden, and Norway b. 911AD Vikings are given land from the King of the Franks, the area becomes Normandy (or men from the North) a. Other Vikings settle Ireland and around 1000 Leif Erickson spent time on the East Coast of North America c. 800s, Vikings, who English called Danes, occupied part of England. The area became known as Dane law because the Danes lived there. Eventually the Angles Saxons took back the area from the Vikings

5 Feudalism 1. Grew out of Germanic customs a. Lesser nobles served as Knights or mounted warriors for Lords or greater nobles 2. Stirrups helped feudalism a. Knights could wear heavy protected armor b. Carry heavier weapons c. During the Viking invasions, powerful lords took control over large tracts of lands, and divided them up among the lesser lords who were called vassals. The system was then continued ( draw chart) c. Very expensive for horse, training, and weapons to become a Knight. Kings often bought Knights with land they had

6 The Church: Roman Catholic 1. Faith in God was a given: Headquartered in Rome Vatican City Leader Pope 2. Church influenced everyone from peasants to kings 3. Key things the church did A. Converting non Christians 1. Missionaries B. Leading the Flock Priests were the most common seen church workers a. They would 1. celebrate mass 2. help care for the sick and poor 3. collect tithes 4. if he could read and write he might be a teacher C. Sacraments seven sacred rights administered by church (ex Baptism, Marriage, etc. D. Excommunication those who disobeyed the church may be excommunicated and lose their salvation E. Inquisition special court established by the church to find if their beliefs differed from the church. If they did they were guilty of heresy and could be burned at the stake

7 Nights Armor and the Battle of Hastings 1. What are some of the Weapons Knights used? 2. W/out these 2 things you could not be a knight? 3. This became a social event during the 13 th Century? 4. Knights lives revolved around these? 5. The Age of the knight lasted for about how many years? 6. Early Knights used this type of Armor? 7. Famous Battle between England and France that took place in Tell me a little about the Battle of Hastings

8 Holy Land a. Christians associated Palestine and any other place Jesus was connected with as the Holy land b. Christians made pilgrimages here, but around 1071, the Seljuk Turks who were a warlike people had just converted to Islam took Palestine and soon stories began coming back to Europe of Christian and Pilgrims being tortured c. At this same time the Byzantium Empire was threatened by the Turks, and the Emperor asked Pope Urban II for help, even though the East and West Empire were split and disagreed about certain Christian issues they were both Christian, and Pope Urban called for help

9 The Crusades A Council of Clairmont in Southern France, Pope Urban preached for a crusade, military expedition against enemies of the church. Christian knights must rescue the Holy land from the Muslims. 1. Pope urges this for the forgiveness of sins 2. Assurance of everlasting glory in heaven In other words those who died on a crusade would gain salvation Many believed it was God s will for them to take back the Holy lands 3. Urban hoped to reunite the East and West, restore prestige to the church and Christianity, and reduce feudal warfare in Europe a. Crusaders = people sewed crosses on their clothes 1. Some crusaders were interested in salvation 2. Others were interested in the riches they heard were in Palestine 3. Others wanted to carve out kingdoms for themselves 4. Many did believe they were fighting for God and the Pope excused crusaders form certain sins and debts as they were away fighting

10 Crusades Cont. 4 Crusades will take place from 1096 ongoing for the next 200 years. The most successful will be the 1 st Crusade Crusaders Take Jerusalem and other areas of the Holy Land back. And for a time retain them. However years later a Great Muslim leader by the name of Saladin (1187) will take back almost all the land the Crusaders took over. And Eventually even the Great Byzantine (Eastern Half of the Roman Empire falls to the Muslim Empire in the late 1400s)

11 Guilds 1. A guild was an association of merchants Artisans that governed the town First were merchant guilds a. Governed prices and wages in the towns b. Maintained quality products c. Even had own courts to settle disputes of guild members 2. Craft guilds a. Shoemakers, weavers, goldsmiths b. set wages and prices c. According to the church, it was immoral to make money at the expense of another, so guilds were encouraged to ask for a Just Price the price for materials and a Reasonable profit 3. Training for membership a. 1200s: chance for too many goods, so membership was limited b. Boy 7-8 may become an Apprentice, would be housed, fed, and clothes by the master craftsman but would not be paid c. Apprentices lasted from 3-12 years, at which time the Apprentice would become a Journeyman, he would then earn a wage however. In order to become a master craftsman, a journeyman had to submit a Masterpiece (sample of his work) to the guild masters. d. Only after the guild members decided that he was good enough at his craft, and had a worthy character, could he become a master craftsman and open his own shop. c. Guilds strongly protected their members by preventing too much competition. Often the guild trade would pass from father to son.

12 THE MAGNA CARTA What is the Magna Carta Worth? English Nobles unhappy with the growing power of the King rose in rebellion against King John and in 1215 AD (CE) John was forced to put his seal on the Magna Carta or the Great Charter at Runnymede The document will be used basically to say that the Monarchy s power is limited (it wasn t new but it was the first time it was put on paper), and has become the foundations for just about every political system in English speaking nations as well as some that aren t Including things like Trial by Jury Protection of Property Reasonable limits on Taxes And a Degree of Religious Freedom» Sidebar this is one of the main documents the US Constitution is based on. MAGNA CARTA

13 Decline of Medieval Society A. The Black Death and Aftermath s = poor harvests, terrible famines, agriculture, trade, and commerce = Bubonic Plague carried by fleas and rats, strikes western Europe a. Spreads rapidly along trade routes b. Hundreds of thousands died because they didn t know how to treat it c. Panic and fear led to the following: a. People being walled up in their houses b. Ring around the Rosie c. As disease spread, some towns lost more then ½ population (about 1/3 of the European population were killed) which seriously effected the economy

14 The Hundred Years War War between England and France a. England owned much French land b. Edward III of England claimed the French throne, war breaks out c. England wins many early battles cont. English victories were due in part to new weapons including 1. Long bow 2. Gunpowder used in cannons, which could destroy fortified castles and towns d. English seemed on the verge of victory when Joan of Arc, an uneducated, peasant girl (who claimed she heard heavenly voices telling her to lead the French forces) comes into Play. e. Charles, the King of France, gives her command and inspired by her patriotism and loyalty, French win a number of victories, and in 1429 at the Cathedral of Reins, f. Charles is crowned King of France with Joan at his side. However, shortly after, Joan is captured by the Bargundians allies of the British, who sold her to the British, and the British in 1431, burn her at the stake. g. Joan s martyrdom fueled the French Patriotism by 1453, French expelled the British from their lands

15 Effects of the 100 Years War 1. French have sense of National Pride and strong loyalty to King (who had gained the power to raise taxes which allowed the King to have a standing army and not need vassals) 2. English lost French lands but Parliament and the King became stronger from it a. English Civil War = War of the Roses breaks out years struggle 2. Many nobles were killed new King Henry VII established the Tudor dynasty Henry VIII, Elizabeth, Mary *loyalty to feudal lords in England and France declined and was replaced by loyalty to the nation and a monarchy

16 E. Decline of Feudalism 1. Changing nature of warfare standing armies 2. Heavy longbows could knock knights off of their horses 3. The heavy armor prevented knights from being a good foot soldier 4. Cannon use meant that castles and walled forts were numbered 5. Still nobles, but more and more townspeople or peasants were recruited into armies Crossword?