Disintegration, Unification, Disintegration
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1 History 104 Europe from Napoleon to the PRESENT 22 April 2009 Disintegration, Unification, Disintegration Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina
2 With the crushing of the Prague Spring, Soviet authority in eastern Europe seemed complete. Yet little more than 20 years later, the USSR had fallen apart and the former Warsaw-Pact states were lining up to become members of the European Union. How did this happen? WHAT happened? WHY did it happen? Cold War Europe, Lithuanian and Slovenian euro coins, 2007 What were the CONSEQUENCES? Conclusion: the case of Yugoslavia introduction and lecture structure
3 Solidarity election poster Velvet Revolution or Autumn of the People? June 1989 Solidarity wins almost every seat in Polish elections Sept Hungary opens Austrian border (100,000 people/day) Oct. 2, ,000 people gather for peaceful protest in Leipzig Oct. 30, ,000 at Leipzig protest Nov. 9, 1989 East German guards let people through Berlin wall Nov.-Dec peaceful protests; Communist Party of Czechoslovakia relinquishes control Dec televised execution of Romanian President Ceausescu and his wife Mar. 1990, East German elections favor unification Oct. 3, 1990 Official re-unification of Germany June 1991, Yeltsin elected president of Russian Soviet Republic Aug. 1991, attempted coup by opponents of perestroika army defects and backs Yeltsin Nov. 1991, Yeltsin bans Communist Party in Russia What happened? Chronology of key events
4 Neoliberalism and the End of History? What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of post-war history, but the end of history as such That is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (1992) Fukuyama, Director of International Development program, Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore) McDonald s in Moscow (photo from flickr) Why? one claim The West won the Cold War
5 From Cold War to Détente and Ostpolitik March 1970 Willy Brandt is first West German Chancellor to visit East Germany Feb US President Nixon visits (Communist) China May 1972 Nixon visits Soviet Union; Nixon and Brezhnev sign SALT I (first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty), under negotiation since 1969 March 1973 West and East Germany establish diplomatic relations June 1979 Brezhnev and US President Carter sign SALT II, which calls for reduction in number of nuclear arms on both sides Dec USSR invades Afghanistan Brezhnev and Nixon meet in Moscow, May 1972 (Washington Post) Why? one claim The West won the Cold War Yves Saint Laurent s Russian inspired fashion designs, 1976
6 Poland Oct Karol Wojtyła (Bishop of Cracow) elected pope (John Paul II); first non-italian pope since 1523 Aug strike starts in Gdansk shipyards, headed by Lech Wałęsa; spreads to rest of northern Poland Sept government recognizes right to strike and trade union independent of Communist Party Sept Dec more than ten million people (25% population) join Solidarity Dec Martial Law declared; tanks in Warsaw; Solidarity leaders jailed Oct Lech Wałęsa awarded Nobel Peace Prize Lech Wałęsa and one of his children with portrait of Pope John Paul II (Time, 1980) Why? New Social Movements in Eastern Europe
7 Czechoslovakia On 13 Oct published in the Codex of Laws of the CSSR was an International Pact on Civil and Political Rights signed on behalf of Czechoslovakia in 1968 [and another pact on economic and cultural rights] Their publication reminds us how many fundamental rights are for the time being valid in our country only on paper. Completely illusory, for example, is the right to freedom of expression, guaranteed by art. 19 Freedom of public expression is suppressed by the central direction of all information media and publishing and cultural activities. Charter 77 wants to engage in a constructive dialogue with state power, especially by calling attention to various concrete interests of the violation of human and civil rights, to prepare documentation on them Declaration of Charter 77 (1977) Why? New Social Movements in Eastern Europe 1977 album cover (released in West)
8 Afghanistan: the Soviet Union s Algeria? Soviet presence in Afghanistan, over 100,000 soldiers in Afghanistan at any time over 15,000 military deaths rarely controlled more than 20% of country attacked by mujahideen (lit. those who struggle ) monument to Afghan War Moscow, Russia section of rug woven by Afghan refugees in Pakistan, 1980s
9 Gorbachev s reforms, perestroika = restructuring glasnost = openness Perestroika means a resolute shift to scientific methods It means combining the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution with a planned economy Perestroika means eliminating from society the distortions of socialist ethics, and it means the consistent implementation of principles of social justice. To restructure our life means to understand the objective necessity for renovation and acceleration. And that necessity emerged in the heart of our society. The essence of perestroika is that it unites socialism with democracy and revives the Leninist concept of socialism Gorbachev, Perestroika (1987). Perestroika continuing to build October. Hastening democratic glasnost (postage stamp 1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) Why? Restructuring and openness in the Soviet Union
10 Let s Go! Support Perestroika! (anonymous poster, 1989) image from chnm.gmu.edu Let s Build a Zeppelin Fleet for Lenin! (1931) sovietposter.blogspot.com Why? Restructuring and openness in the Soviet Union
11 Russia in billionaires worth $110 billion (25% of country s GDP) Lebedev owns: 1/3 of Aeroflot (Russian airline) London Evening Standard newspaper major investments in mortgage industry, Gazprom etc. Alexander Lebedev (1959- ) and his son Lithuanians commemorating the Singing Revolution of Consequences: Increase in economic inequality and nationalism
12 1878 Congress of Berlin resolves Russo-Turkish War; Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania become distinct states; Bosnia occupied by Austria-Hungary 1914 Young Bosnia activist assassinates Archduke in Sarajevo; A-H declares war on Serbia; Russia supports Serbia; WWI 1918 Kingdom of Yugoslavia created 1941 Axis invasion; Nazi puppet state headed by local fascists (Ustase) in Croatia resistance fights Nazis; also a civil war between royalists + communists 1946 Federal People s Republic of Yugoslavia, headed by Jozep Tito (Croatian leader of Communist resistance) 1961 Tito creates non-aligned movement 1980 death of Tito Europe in 1848
13 1989 Slobodan Milošević elected president of Serbia Break Up of Yugoslavia 1990 Franjo Tudjman elected president of Croatia 1991 Slovenia declares independence; few weeks of fighting ensues 1991 Croatia declares independence on Croation nationalist grounds; Serbs within Croatia declare own state (Krajina), civil war erupts 1992 Serb political leaders within Bosnia insist that Bosnia will remain part of Yugoslavia/ Greater Serbia 1993 Bosnian Serbs besiege Bosnian Muslims in Sarajevo; Bosnian Muslims also fighting Bosnian Croats [ethnic cleansing by means of massacre and rape creates refugee crisis; UN peacekeepers prove ineffective] 1995 Dayton Accords create two Bosnian states 1999 Kosovo Liberation Army demands independence from Serbia; NATO intervention and bombing of Yugoslavia CIA map of ethnic groups in 1993
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