Sedimentary Basin Classification Strategic Resources Dept.

Transcription

1 Sedimentary Basin Classification Strategic Resources Dept. Basin Assessment Team

2 Contents Definition of Sedimentary Basin Purpose of SB Classification Modern SB Classification Schemes Dickinson (1974) and Ingersoll (1988) Klemme (1975) Bally and Snelson (1980) Kingston et al. (1983) Miall (1984) Klemme s Model Bally and Snelson s Model

3 Why do we know about basin and its classification? Petroleum commonly occur in and have been produced from sedimentary basins. This fundamental truth strongly supports the sedimentaryorganic theory for the origin of petroleum. Organic matters, source of petroleum, are deposited in the sedimentary basins. Classification of basin type in the evaluation process prior to acquiring acreage in new area and in planning exploration activities: - evaluate what productive horizons a sedimentary basin may contain - evaluate where productive horizons may be broadly located in a sedimentary basin

4 Definition of Sedimentary Basin A Sedimentary basin is a depression filled with sedimentary rocks -Magoon and Dow, 1994 Sedimentary basins are regions of prolonged subsidence in which sediments can accumulate to considerable thickness and be preserved for relatively long geological time periods. -Compiled from Einsele, G., 2000; Allen, P.A. & Allen, J.R., 2005 A Sedimentary basin is a depression in the crust of the Earth formed by plate tectonic activity in which sediments accumulate. Continued deposition can cause further depression or subsidence. - Schlumberger, oilfield glossary A low area in the Earth's crust, of tectonic origin, in which sediments accumulate - Miall, A.D., 1984

5 Modern SB Classification Modem basin classifications have been proposed by Dickinson (1974), Klemme (1975), Bally and Snelson (1980), Kingston et al. (1983), and Miall (1984). 1. Dickinson (1974) and Ingersoll (1988) type of crust, degree of proximity to a plate margin, and type of plate juncture or boundary 2. Klemme (1975) type of crust and position with respect to a plate boundary (No consideration of changing tectonic histories) 3. Bally and Snelson (1980) nature and composition of the lithosphere - rigidity, the position of the basin with respect to formation of compressional megasutures (old or present subduction zones), basins occurring in the surface zones of large megasutures (episutural basins), and style of subduction 4. Kingston et al. (1983) basin-forming tectonics, nature of depositional sequences within the basin, and basin-modifying tectonics 5. Miall (1984) plate-margin behavior (Klein, 1986)

6 Comparison between Classification Schemes Classification Models Dickinson (1974) modified Ingersoll (1988) Klemme (1975, 1980) modified St. John, Bally, and Klemme (1984) Criteria Strength Weakness Reference Type of crust, degree of proximity to a plate margin, and type of plate juncture or boundary Type of crust and position with respect to a plate boundary Relatively simple scheme based on plate tectonics No consideration of strike-slip or transform tectonics (modified by Ingersoll, 1988) and changing tectonic histories Klein (1987) Allen and Allen (2005) Focus on HC occurrence Recognized changing tectonic Confined to basins on cratonic Klein (1987) and intermediate crust histories (ex. Successor basin) Allen and Allen Based on architectural IHS data (1586/5085) (2005) characteristics of basins C&C Res. field data Bally and Snelson (1980) Geological characteristics of basin associated with megasutures and style of subduction Consideration of changing tectonic histories Statistical analysis paper (Brooks, 1990) IHS data (2027/5085) C&C Res. field data Some of types are too local (ex. Pannonian basins) Klein (1987) Brooks (1990) Kingston et al. (1983) Geometric classification with Devising a formula for each 3 criteria: basin-forming basin based on tectonic tectonics, depositional settings sequences within the basin, IHS data (1281/5085) and basin-modifying tectonics Reliance on depositional sequences, depth-dependent across various tectonic domains Foreland basins are missing Klein (1985) Allen and Allen (2005) Miall (1984) Wilson cycle of opening and closing oceans (plate-margin behavior) Appropriate to the Atlantic margins of Europe, N. & S. America, Africa, and the Precambrian Difficulty to apply the Wilson cycle to geological evolution of California or Japan Sims and Peterman (1986) Klein (1987) Ingersoll and Busby (1995) Developed the classification of Dickinson (1974) and Ingersoll (1988) Considered basins evolution Too much basin types (total 33) Allen and Allen (2005) Ingersoll (2012)

7 Klemme s model Cratonic interior basin Cratonic multicycle basin Cratonic rift basin Extracontinental margin basin Closed basin Foredeep basin Open basin Pull-apart basin Intermontane basin ( Median basin in 1980) Transverse strike basin ( Subduction basin in 1980) Delta basin Successor basin (Klemme, 1975)

8 Modified Klemme s model (1984)

9 Criteria of Klemme s classification (1980)

10 Type 1. Interior basins

11 Type 2. Composite & 2A Complex basins

12 Type 3. Rift basins

13 Type 4. Downwarps (into small ocean basins)

14 Type 5. Pull-apart basins

15 Type 6. Subduction basins

16 Type 7. Median basins

17 Type 8. Deltas

18 Basin type evolution (Successor basin) (Klemme, 1980)

19 Bally and Snelson s model 1. Basins located on the rigid lithosphere, no associated with formation of megasutures 11. Related to formation of oceanic crust 111. Rifts 112. Oceanic transform fault associated basins 113-OC. Oceanic abyssal plains 114. 'Atlantic-type' passive margins (shelf, slope & rise) which straddle continental and oceanic crust Overlying earlier rift systems Overlying earlier transform systems Overlying earlier backarc basins of types 321 and Located on pre-mesozoic continental lithosphere 121. Cratonic basins Located on earlier rifted grabens Located on former backarc basins of type Perisutural basins on rigid lithosphere associated with formation of compressional megasuture 21-OC. Deep sea trench of moat on oceanic crust adjacent to B-subduction margin 22. Foredeep and underlying platform sediments, or moat on continental crust adjacent to A-subduction margin 221. Ramp with buried grabens, but with little or no block faulting 222. Dominated by block faulting 23. 'Chinese-type' basins associated with distal block faulting related to compressional or megasuture and without associated A-subduction margin 3. Episutural basins located and mostly contained in compressional megasuture 31. Associated with B-subduction zone 311. Forearc basin 312. Circum-Pacific backarc basin 3121-OC. Backarc basins floored by oceanic crust and associated with B-subduction (marginal sea sensu stricto) Backarc basins floored by continental or intermediate crust, associated with B-subduction 32. Backarc basins, associated with continental collision and on concave side of A-subduction arc 321. On continental crust of 'Pannonian-type' basin 322. On transitional and oceanic crust or 'W Mediterranean-type' basins 33. Basins related to episutural megashear systems 331. 'Great basin-type' basin 332. 'California-type' basin 4. Folded belt 41. Related to A-subduction 42. Related to B-subduction 5. Plateau basalts (Bally and Snelson, 1980)

20 Principal basin types of Bally s model Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Three major categories depending on basin s tectonic environment Type 1: Basins on rigid lithosphere No association with formation of megasutures Rifts, oceanic abyssal plains, and Atlantic-type margins Type 2: Perisutural basins Associated with the formation of compressional megasuture Deep-sea trenchs, foredeeps, and Chinease-type basins Type 3: Episutural basins Located and mostly contained in compressional megasuture Forearc and backarc basins and Basin and Range basins Type 4 (folded-belt) & type 5 (plateau baslts)

21 HC exploration success rate in basins types 1. Atlantic-type passive margins (85%) 2. Chinese-type basins 3. Foredeep and underlying platform sediments: ramp with buried graben, but with little or no block faulting 4. Folded belt: related to A-subduction 5. Foredeep and underlying platform sediments: dominated by block faulting 6. Cratonic basins lacated on earlier rifted graben (Brooks, 1990)

22 Distribution of giant fields in basin types 1. Venezuela, Permian, North Slope of Alaska and Alberta, and USSR 2. Western Siberia and North Sea 3. Niger Delta, US Gulf Coast, and Campeche in Mexico 4. Zagros foldbelt in Iraq & Iran (Brooks, 1990)

23 Bally & Snelson s basin type distribution Type 1 Type 3: Episutural basins Type 2: Perisutural basins

24 Conclusions Classification Models Criteria Strength Weakness Dickinson (1974) modified Ingersoll (1988) Klemme (1975) modified St. John, Bally, and Klemme (1984) Type of crust, degree of proximity to a plate margin, and type of plate juncture or boundary Type of crust and position with respect to a plate boundary Relatively simple scheme based on plate tectonics Focus on HC occurrence Recognized changing tectonic histories (ex. Successor basin) IHS data (1586/5085) C&C Res. field data No consideration of strike-slip or transform tectonic and changing tectonic histories (modified by Ingersoll, 1988) Confined to basins on cratonic and intermediate crust Based on architectural characteristics of basins Bally and Snelson (1980) Geological characteristics of basin associated with megasutures and style of subduction Consideration of changing tectonic histories Statistical analysis paper (Brooks, 1990) IHS data (2027/5085) C&C Res. field data Some of types are too local (ex. Pannonian basins) Kingston et al. (1983) Geometric classification with 3 criteria: basin-forming tectonics, depositional sequences within the basin, and basin-modifying tectonics Devising a formula for each basin based on tectonic settings IHS data (1281/5085) Reliance on depositional sequences, depth-dependent across various tectonic domains Foreland basins are missing Miall (1984) Wilson cycle of opening and closing oceans (plate-margin behavior) Appropriate to the Atlantic margins of Europe, N. & S. America, Africa, and the Precambrian Difficulty to apply the Wilson cycle to geological evolution of California or Japan Ingosoll and Busby (1995) Developed the classification of Dickinson (1974) and Ingosoll (1988) Considered basins evolution Too various basin types (total 33)

25 References Klemme, H. D., 1980, Petroleum basins Classifications and characteristics, Journal of Petroleum Geology, 3, 2, p Klein, G. dev, 1987, Current aspects of basin analysis, Sedimentary Geology, v. 50, p Ingosoll, R. V., 1988, Tectonics of sedimentary basins, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, p Brooks, J., 1990, Classic petroleum province, geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 50, p. 1-8 Leighton, Morris W. & Kolata, Dennis R., 1990, Ch. 35. Selected Interior Cratonic Basins and Their Place in the Scheme of Global Tectonics: A Synthesis, Interior Cratonic Basins, AAPG Special Publications, Memoirs 51, p Mann, P., Gahagan, L., and Gordon, M. B., 2001, Tectonic setting of the worlds s giant oil fields, World Oil, v. 222, No. 9 Allen, P. A. and Allen, J. R., 2005, Basin Analysis: Principles and Applications, second edition, Chapter 1. Basins in their tectonic environment, Blackwell Publishing, p Ingosoll, R. V., 2012, Ch. 1. Tectonics of sedimentary basins, with revised nomenclature, in Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins: Recent Advances, 1st edition, edited by Cathy Busby and Antonio Azor Perez, Blackwell Publishing, p. 3-43