BELLRINGER. Why do you think this time period is called the Age of Reason? Sep 9 4:17 PM

Transcription

1 BELLRINGER Why do you think this time period is called the Age of Reason? Sep 9 4:17 PM While people were exploring and colonizing the world and making advancements in science, people started to question governments with absolute monarchs in Europe. During the scientific revolution, people thought differently about science using reason or logic. During this same age or time period, people began to use reason to think differently about government. Educated Europeans began to want to change their governments. This period of time within the Age of Reason is known as the Enlightenment. There were 4 philosophers during this time that developed theories about how governments should be. They are John Locke, Baron de Montesqueiu, Voltaire, and Jean Jacque Rousseau. All four of these philosophers wanted to get rid of the unlimited governments (absolute monarchies) and bring in limited forms of government where people had a say in the government. Sep 9 4:18 PM 1

2 Enlightenment Philosophers JOHN LOCKE John Locke was an Englishman who wrote the book Two Treaties of Government, where he explained his beliefs. He believed that people were born with certain natural rights such as the right to life, liberty, and to own property. He believed it was the responsibility of the government to protect these rights, and that if the government failed, the people had the right to overthrow it. He argued that people are reasonable and capable of governing themselves. He opposed an absolute monarchy and said that the BEST form of government was a representative democracy. A man named Thomas Hobbes contradicted Locke's beliefs, and he said that humans were selfish and evil and incapable of ruling themselves. Hobbes said that people needed an absolute monarch to rule over them to keep order. He is most known for going up against Locke's beliefs. Sep 9 4:23 PM Enlightenment Philosophers MONTESQUIEU Baron de Montesquieu was a Frenchman who believed that government should have a separation of powers. He thought that the government should be divided into 3 branches: executive, legislative,and judicial. He believed that there should be a system of checks and balances to make sure that one branch does not gain too much power. Our government is based off of Montesquieu's ideas. Sep 9 4:23 PM 2

3 Enlightenment Philosophers VOLTAIRE Voltaire was a French philosopher that is famous for fighting for tolerance, reason and logic, religious freedom, and free speech. Many of his ideas impacted and were used in the writing of the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights. Voltaire often stood up against the Roman Catholic Church. Sep 9 4:23 PM Enlightenment Philosophers ROUSSEAU Rousseau was also a French Philosopher who was around during the time of the French Revolution. (A time when France tries to change their government based on Enlightenment ideas.) Rousseau believed in individual freedoms. He thought that people were naturally good and that civilization corrupted them. He thought that people should work together for the common good of society, rather than for their own interest to avoid corruption. He believed in a direct democracy because it was guided by the people. He also believed in equality. He thought that titles of nobility should be abolished and that all people were equal. His ideas inspired many leaders of the French Revolution. Sep 9 4:23 PM 3

4 1 During the Enlightenment, people started to base their beliefs and thoughts on government using reason, rather than faith or tradition. True False Oct 2 9:01 AM 2 Which of the following Enlightenment Philosophers believed in Natural Rights, and said that the people have the right to overthrow the government if it does not protect these natural rights? A B C D John Locke Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau Oct 2 9:04 AM 4

5 3 Which of the following Enlightenment Philosophers believed in freedom of speech and religion? A B C D John Locke Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau Oct 2 9:06 AM 4 Which of the following Enlightenment Philosophers greatly influenced the writing of the US Constitution by declaring that government should be made up 3 branches with a system of checks and balances? A B C D John Locke Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau 15 Minute Video Clip on the Age of Reason Oct 2 9:06 AM 5

6 BELLRINGER Move the correct Philosopher to match the correct Enlightenment Philosophy! LOCKE MONTESQUIEU VOLTAIRE ROUSSEAU Believed in 3 Branches of government and a system of checks and balances Believed in individual rights and equality for all Believed in natural rights; the rights to life, liberty, and to own property. People can overthrow a corrupt government Believed in freedom of speech and freedom of religion Sep 25 3:35 PM All of these philosophers believed in a limited government. A social contract is an agreement between the people and their government. All of these philosophers believed that governments should be limited and that people should have a say. The FIRST country to change it's government from an absolute monarchy to a limited form was England or Great Britain. England actually won its fight for a limited government without fighting, and that is why it is called the Glorious Revolution. However, changes in the government go all the way back to the Magna Carta and then an English Civil War. Let's learn about how England uses Enlightenment ideas to change to a limited form of government. Sep 9 4:44 PM 6

7 The First Changes in Great Britian The first changes in Britain or England were made long ago through a document called the Magna Carta. The Magna Carta was a document signed in 1215 by King John and it took away some of the kings power and game more to the people. The Magna Carta used many Enlightenment ideas and gave the people a say in the government. However, over the years, many kings began to ignore the Magna Carta, and this led to the English Civil War and then eventually a revolution. Sep 9 4:48 PM The English Civil War Starting in 1642, England fought a civil war, in which there was a power struggle between the Monarchy (Royalist or Cavaliers) and Parliament (Parliamentarians or Roundheads). In 1649, Parliament gave up trying to ever agree with the king and killed King Charles I, by beheading him. After Charles s death, England went through a period of time called the Commonwealth, where Parliament ruled. Parliament did a poor job of ruling and in 1653, Oliver Cromwell (a Roundhead) came to power. He called himself Lord Protector of England and ruled like an absolute monarch. He closed down alehouses and declared that Christmas Day would no longer be a holiday. When Oliver Cromwell died, many people wanted to bring back the king or monarchy. This period of time is known as the Restoration because they restored the monarchy by bringing Charles II back to the throne. After the plague and a huge fire hit England, they entered a period of rebuilding. Sep 9 4:50 PM 7

8 The Glorious Revolution Again, the people of England were annoyed with the king not following the Magna Carta. The king was Catholic, but most British people were Protestant. They did not have religious freedom under the Absolute Monarchy. Again, people wanted to rebel for change. In 1688, upon the request of the British people, William and Mary, (who were Protestants) came to England with a large army. They threatened war against the king if he did not step down from his throne. King James II decided to step down to save his life. It was a very peaceful revolution because they did not have to fight. It is called the Glorious Revolution because there was NO fighting. Sep 9 4:53 PM Results of the Revolution 1. In 1689, Parliament wrote the Declaration of Rights or English Bill of Rights. It gave the people more rights, such as: a. The king could not tax the people or assemble an army during peacetime without the permission of Parliament. b. Parliament had the right to meet anytime and freely elect. c. People had the right to a fair trial by jury. d. People could petition the king without fear of being punished, which is freedom of speech. THE ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS BECOMES ENGLAND S CONSTITUTION!!! 2. England s government changed to a Constitutional Monarchy. The Prime Minister became the head of Parliament and one of the most powerful people in the country. Parliament representatives are elected by the people and share power with the king. Everyone has to obey the laws. The Glorious Revolution reflects the ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers. This event sparked other government revolutions! Sep 9 4:54 PM 8

9 5 The Glorious Revolution was when France changed their government. True False Oct 2 11:09 AM 6 Which of the following is NOT something that the Declaration of Rights (English Bill of Rights) stated, which was created by Parliament in 1689? A The King had to get permission from Parliament before creating taxes and assembling an army during peacetime. B The people were given the right to a fair trial by jury and freedom of speech. C It changed England's government to a Constitutional Monarchy. D It changed England's government to an Absolute Monarchy. Oct 2 11:09 AM 9

10 7 The Glorious Revolution reflects Enlightenment ideas and will spark other government revolutions. True False Oct 2 11:13 AM QUIZ on Enlightenment!!! Sep 25 3:41 PM 10

11 BRAINPOP Magna Carta HORRIBLE HISTORIES Magna Carta Video Clip The English Civil War Read pp , 20 21, and in the Last 500 Years. Oct 2 10:56 AM The Age of Absolutism Sep 15 1:11 PM 11

12 The Age of Absolutism France was the center of the Enlightenment. Three of the Enlightenment Philosophers were French. In France, these philosophers were called philosophes. Like many scientists of the Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment philosophers used reason to change society and the way people thought about government. Some philosophers believed in Deism, a religious belief based on reason. They believed that God created the world and put it in motion, and then allowed it to run itself by natural law. Voltaire was a big follower of deism. MONTESQUIEU VOLTAIRE ROUSSEAU Sep 15 1:13 PM Enlightenment and Scientific ideas were spread in a variety of ways, including through the first encyclopedia developed by Denis Diderot. People also start to change their view of women. If all people are equal, then women should be included in that. Before the Enlightenment, women were seen as less important than men and needed to be controlled. Women do not earn equality for a while, but women start to speak out and make the first changes during the Enlightenment. Sep 15 1:16 PM 12

13 NOTES on the Enlightenment and Age of Absolutism.notebook People were starting to think differently, but most countries still had an absolute monarch as a ruler. This period of time in Europe when absolute monarchs ruled is called The Age of Absolutism. These monarchs claimed they ruled by divine right, or the will of God. They handed down their power to relatives when they died. In some areas of Europe, these absolute monarchs were called despots. Many absolute monarchs will use Enlightenment ideas to improve their societies and keep rebellions from the people down. However, they do not give up their thrown's. Let's discuss several absolute monarchs of this time. Fill in your chart on each Absolute Monarch as I present the information: Sep 15 1:19 PM FRANCE King Louis XIV Absolute Monarch of France during the Enlightenment Ruled for 72 years, the longest in European history AKA the "Sun King" because he was a source of light for his people He spent a lot of money on wars and building the Versailles Palace, which weakened the economy of France and the monarchy.video CLIP xiv Sep 15 1:21 PM 13

14 PRUSSIA Frederick the Great Prussia was one of the many German city states during this time. The army was strengthened under his rule and Prussia expanded their territory. Frederick the Great used Enlightenment ideas He dedicated himself to the good of his people and permitted more freedom of speech and religion. Sep 15 1:25 PM AUSTRIA Maria Theresa and Joseph II Austria was another powerful German city state during this time. Both used Enlightenment ideas to better their German city state. Maria Theresa set up schools and tried to improve the living conditions of the serfs. Her son, Joseph II, freed the serfs, made land taxes equal for nobles and farmers, and allowed books to be published freely. Sep 15 1:31 PM 14

15 NOTES on the Enlightenment and Age of Absolutism.notebook RUSSIA Peter the Great and Catherine the Great Both were powerful czars (tsars) or monarchs of Russia Peter expanded the Russian Empire under his rule. He wanted to "westernize" Russia by making them more like the west (western Europe). He built a new capital (St. Petersburg) and strengthened the power of Russia. Catherine also expanded Russia's territory. She supported the ideas of the Enlightenment and wanted to free the serfs. A serf revolt changed her mind and she ended up not making many changes. She was the last of the Absolute Monarchs in Europe, as the Enlightenment ideas spread all over Europe and the Americas and changes start to take place. Sep 15 1:34 PM 15 minute Video Clip on Enlightened Absolutism 8 The Age of Absolutism was a time period in Europe where there were many Absolute Monarchs in power who had total control. True False Oct 2 11:16 AM 15

16 9 Enlightenment ideas will be used by people during the Age of Absolutism to change the way they thought about government and institute Limited forms of government in place of Absolute Monarchs. True False Oct 2 11:17 AM Which Enlightenment idea influenced this quote from the American Revolution? "We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed." The Declaration of Independence A. Freedom of speech and religion B. Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances C. Unlimited governments and the divine right of monarchs D. Popular sovereignty and social contract theory Sep 17 1:26 PM 16

17 READ pp in The Last 500 Years. Complete Paragraph (fill in the blank) Review on the last page of your handout! Oct 2 11:04 AM Paragraph Review During the, people started base their decisions about government on. This period of time is often referred to as a revolution in. Many Enlightenment Philosophers developed ideas about and society during this time. developed the idea that all people are born with, such as the right to life, liberty, and to own property. contradicted the ideas of John Locke and said that people needed an absolute monarchy to keep total power and order. believed that everyone had the right to speak freely and practice their own religion. believed that governments should have a separation of powers, such as 3 branches of government and a system of checks and balances. believed in equality and individual freedoms for all. During the Enlightenment, most countries still had absolute monarchs as their leaders. We often call this era the Age of. In France, was known as the sun king and he built the. In Prussia, used Enlightenment ideas to give people more freedom of religion and improve education. In Austria, used Enlightenment ideas to free the serfs, make taxes equal, and allow books to be published freely. In Russia, wanted to westernize Russia and use Enlightenment ideas to make it more modern like the west. Even though these monarchs had total control, many of them still used Enlightenment ideas to keep order within their countries. Enlightenment ideas led to changes in government. The first change in government happened in. England started out as an and then moved a. Before England actually had a revolution, the first changes were brought about by the. This document took away some of the kings power and gave more to the. However, the kings the Magna Carta, causing the people to rebel. The people started the, where the Roundheads (Parliament) battled the Cavaliers (Monarchy). The Roundheads the king and a man named eventually rose to power through Parliament. He was a strict Puritan and ruled like an. After he died, the people the monarchy (known as the Restoration) because they were so unhappy under Cromwell. The kings continued to the Magna Carta, and the people did not have religious freedom. This led to a. The revolution was called the because there was no fighting. The new leaders were, who were also Protestants like the people. Parliament wrote the, which gave certain rights to the people, and changed England s government to a. The (head of Parliament) became the most powerful person in the country; no longer the monarchs. The Glorious Revolution sets the stage for other. 17

18 CompletetheEnlightenmentReviewSheetI havesharedwithyouingoogleclassroom. Readtheintroductionandbeliefsofeach EnlightenmentPhilosopher Decideintherighthandcolumnifthese beliefsaretrueintheustoday. Answerallreviewquestionsattheend. THISWILLBEGRADED!!! Enlightenment Information Sheet for Review.notebook Oct 8 9:26 AM 18

19 NOTES on the Enlightenment and Age of Absolutism.notebook 19

20 MOBILE PROJECTS on a person from the Enlightenment, the English Civil War & Glorious Revolution, or the Age of Absolutism. Make a Mobile on the person you are assigned: 1. Use the hanger and yarn to create a mobile of your person. Use your Chromebook to RESEARCH your person. Be sure to ONLY USE reputable website. If you are not sure, ASK ME!!! 2. Have at least 3 pictures or symbols or some visual to describe your person. 3. Have at least 3 factual statements that describe something interesting about your person. Oct 7 1:45 PM PEOPLE: John Locke Montesqueiu Voltaire Rousseau King Charles I Oliver Cromwell William and Mary King Louis XIV Frederick the Great Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II Peter the Great Catherine the Great Oct 5 12:35 PM 20

21 MOEBILE PROJECT PRESENTATION DAY!!! Be ready to PRESENT your Mobile to the class! If you are quiet and good during presentations, we will play a KAHOOT game at the end of class! Kahoot on the Enlightenment ec Sep 23 1:45 PM Explain how England moved from an unlimited government to a limited government by writing a paragraph. Use this outline to help you write your paragraph. You need to mention each of these things: 1. Introduction Sentence 2. England started out with an Absolute Monarchy (unlimited gov't) 3. Magna Carta 4. Kings ignored the Magna Carta 5. Glorious Revolution happened why was it called this? 6. William and Mary come to power 7. Constitution is written changed England's government to a Constitutional Monarchy 8. Conclusion (last sentence on your notes is a good one!) Oct 12 3:28 PM 21

22 Attachments Paragraph Review for Unit.notebook QUIZ Enlightenment.notebook Enlightenment Information Sheet for Review.notebook Glorious Revolution Handout.notebook Enlightenment Philosophers Handout Page 1.notebook Enlightenment Philosophers Handout Page 2.notebook