Pollinators: Vital Key to Garden Diversity The Canadian Pollination Initiative and its Role in Urban Pollination Studies
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1 Pollinators: Vital Key to Garden Diversity The Canadian Pollination Initiative and its Role in Urban Pollination Studies Peter G. Kevan & Marianna Horn University of Guelph 12 May, 2010
2 The Buzz on Pollinators Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma necessary for sexual reproduction in plants & Pollination Pollinators Bees are considered to be the most effective pollinators anther M Horn stigma
3 What is Pollination? Transfer of pollen 1. Self-pollination (autogamy) 2. Self-pollination (geitonogamy) 3. Cross-pollination (xenogamy) Prelude to fertilization seeds & fruits
4 What is Pollination? Plant Sex!
5 Pollination & Pollinator Shortages: the Causes Agriculture: Practices & Intensification Pesticides Habitat Destruction Habitat Loss Habitat Fragmentation Diseases & Parasites Economics of beekeeping
6 Economics of Pollination: Food, Fibre, and Ecosystem Security $ Billions to agriculture 1 in every 3 bites of food we eat! $ value for ecosystem services various huge estimates, but the world would be different without pollinators invaluable!
7 Pollinator Declines: Ecological Consequences Migratory & Winter- Resident Birds Forest seeds & fruits for energy stores Black bears and forest berries Sows feed on berries gain fat (2kg/day) for hibernation milk for cubs strong & healthy in spring: Too few berries!
8 Pollinator Declines: the Economic Consequences Insect pollination has an estimated worth for food and fibre production of $217 Billion/year globally Value of beekeeping in Canada: Pollinator shortage = crop reductions = higher price of production = consumer pays but if prices set internationally, Canadian farmer pays
9 What is CANPOLIN? The Canadian Pollination Initiative All aspect of Pollination Science Bringing Canadian Pollination Science together Theme I Pollinators (wild & managed) Theme II Plants (reproductive biology, breeding systems, pollen movement) Theme III Community Ecology Theme IV Prediction & Economics
10 Wild Pollinators in Your Garden
11 Wild Pollinators in Your Garden: Small wings
12 Wild Pollinators in Your Garden: Big wings
13 Managed Pollinators in Your Garden Orchard & Leafcutting Bees
14 Managed Pollinators in Your Garden Honeybees
15 Managed Pollinators in Your Garden Bumble Bees
16 Managed Pollinators in Your Garden Leafcutter & Orchard Bees
17 Plant Breeding Systems Hermaphrodite: Perfect Unisex:Dioecy Bisexual: Monoecy
18 Heterostyly in Your Garden Pollen movement
19 Self-Incompatibility & Self- Compatibility Genetic basis for SI can be complex
20 Asexual Production of Seeds: Agamospermy Many weeds e.g. Dandelion
21 Pollen Movement: Wind Conifers & Many of our trees Grasses, Sedges, Rushes Warm, dry, sunny weather Seasonal separation of bloom Sometimes precise times of day
22 Pollinator-Plant Community Ecology: Complexity & Conservation
23 Pollinator-Plant Community Ecology: Complexity & Conservation Habitat simplicity versus Habitat complexity, even in gardens
24 Pollinator-Plant Community Ecology: Complexity & Conservation Habitat simplicity correlated with 1. Reduced pollinator diversity 2. Reduced sexual reproductive output of some plants 3. Increased generalization in insect relations with flowers 4. Reduced pollinator abundance
25 Pollinator-Plant Community Ecology: Complexity & Conservation Habitat complexity, even in gardens, correlated with 1. Pollinator diversity and abundance 2. Increased generalization in insect relations with flowers 3. Can off-set effects of small patch size of habitat (e.g. garden)
26 Pollinators in the City: K-W, Cambridge & Guelph
27 Pollinators in the City The abundance and diversity of pollinators (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) differ between urban zones (zoning regulations). Purpose: to establish a baseline of bee species for urban Southern Ontario to determine differences in abundance and diversity between different city zones Industrial, Old residential, New residential, Green space to examine other features (including flora) of the zones to suggest reasons for differences and similarities
28 Green Space Industrial Open & wooded green spaces, parks, conservation areas, golf courses, etc Old Residential Land zoned for industrial use, even if not maintained as such New Residential Residential areas built & established more than 30 years ago Photos: M Horn Residential areas built & established within the last 10 years
29 Methods: Sites Minimum r = 500m of consistent zoning; > m 2 5 sites x 4 zones = 20 sites r=500m
30 Methods: Collection Trap nests Photos: M Horn Bee bowls (yellow and blue pan traps)
31 Methods: Identification Standard taxonomy & DNA Barcoding Analysis using CO1 primers Match using BOLD (Barcode of Life Database) Photo: GSF
32 Average Number of Bees Results: Average Bee Abundance (2007) b a a a Green Old Residential New Residential Industrial
33 Average Number of Tubes Filled Results: Trap nests (2007) a bc c Green Old Res New Res Industrial b
34 Number of Bees Collected Results: Bee Abundance to Plant Species R 2 = Number of Plant Species
35 Discussion A significant difference in bee abundance between industrial and other zones (pan traps 2007) Significant difference in trap nest inhabitance between zones (2007) different trend from pan trap collections (wasps vs. bees) No correlation between number of plant species and number of bees collected % coverage rather than number of plant other factors: use of mulch, traffic, disturbance levels, naturalization (ongoing)
36 Pollinator Gardeners of Canada New organization launched RESTORING POLLINATION HABITAT - ONE GARDEN AT A TIME North American pollinator populations are unduly stressed Healthy pollinator habitat needs to be rebuilt, in town & out Helps show in-towners how to make a better pollinator garden With Ecojustice could update landscape by-laws across Canada Certify individual pollinator gardens nationally Track renewed pollination habitat, in town & out, country-wide Report on improving pollinator populations across Canada
37 Acknowledgements Funding from: NSERC ERSI Scholarship Beatty-Munro Memorial Scholarship Thank you for the invitation to be here today! Call for volunteers! Can we use your garden? Check out our website:
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