Regional Civilizations - Review

Transcription

1 Regional Civilizations - Review

2 West African Kingdoms and Trading States in the East

3 The Kingdoms and Trading States of Africa (750 B.C s A.D.) *Essential Question* How can economic links lead to cultural diffusion?

4 Ch 12 VOCABULARY Due Friday April 11 *Create a CROSSWORD puzzle for all 15 vocabulary terms using the definitions as the clues. WHO? 1. Sundiata 2. Mansa Musa 3. Sonni Ali 4. Askia Muhammad WHAT? 1. Swahili 2. Sahara 3. Desertification 4. mansa WHERE? 1. Timbuktu 2. Gao 3. Ghana 4. Nubia 5. Benin 6. Ethiopia 7. Great Zimbabwe

5 DBQ 8 Africa BEFORE European Arrival *Summarize each document and briefly explain its significane (so what?) Doc 1 Doc 2 Doc 3 Doc 4 Doc 5 Doc 6 Doc 7 Doc 8 SO..

6 DBQ 8 Africa BEFORE European Arrival Doc 1 Aksum located near Red Sea, with ports and coastline. Trade by land and sea Doc 4 Mansa Musa - impressive b/c of wealth and generosity Doc 7 Bronze making process is impressive Doc 2 Ghana gold in horses equipment, dog collars. Advanced political system = ORGANIZATION (governors and ministers) Doc 5 Timbuktu = a center of learned men, books valued Doc 8 Map Sea routes connect Kilwa to Red Sea (Arabia), Indian Ocean (India & far East) and Arabian Sea Gold, ivory & animal skins from interior get out Doc 3 Ghana controls land (routes) and maintains peace. Advanced civ. = food, $, gov t Doc 6 Ibn Battuta impressed with justice and security SO? The African Empires/Kingdoms and trade cities were impressive BEFORE the Europeans arrived in the 1500s

7 African Kingdoms (West Africa) = GOLD and SALT 1. GHANA ( ) = profited from Gold-Salt trade; influenced by ISLAM 2. MALI ( where the king dwells ) = expanded gold-salt trade; Timbuktu = capital city *Mansa Musa was the greatest emperor of Mali converted to Islam, used Koran for laws and even made the pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca. 3. SONGHAI ( ) = largest and most powerful of the kingdoms. Gao = new capital; wealthy trade city. Sonni Ali and Askia Muhammad (like Mansa Musa) *with the fall of Songhai (by Moroccan invaders) West Africa is splintered into smaller kingdoms

8 African Kingdoms - Ghana, Mali, Songhai Trading states of West Africa Controlled the Gold-Salt Trade Salt was worth its weight in gold Very important part of a desert-climate diet Prevents dehydration Islam was the dominant religion Great Mosque of Djenné in Mali

9 miles to the horizon

10 A Berber guide consults a cracked, WWII-era compass amid the sands of the Sahara desert. To navigate the 500-mile salt trade caravan route between Taudeni and Timbuktu, Mali, guides use more timehonored pathfinding methods: reading the stars, wind patterns, sand dune formations, even the color of the sand.

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13 Salt blocks are 4 feet long & 2 feet wide. If they break, their value goes down.

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16 West African Kingdoms and Trading States in the East

17 Imperial Mali is best known to us through three primary sources: The first is the account of Shihab al- Din ibn Fadl Allah al-'umari, written about 1340 by a geographer-administrator in Egypt. His information about the empire came from visiting Malians taking the hajj, or pilgrim's voyage to Mecca. He had first hand information from several, and at second hand, he learned of the visit of Mansa Musa. The second account is that of the traveler Shams al-din Abu Abd'Allah ibn Battua, who visited Mali in This is the first account of a West African kingdom made directly by an eyewitness, the others are usually at second hand. The third great account is that of Abu Zayd Abd-al-Rahman ibn Khaldun, who wrote in the early 15th century. While the accounts are of limited length, they provide us with a fairly good picture of the empire at its height.

18 Sundiata Sickly child - spared by evil tyrant The Lion King becomes a hero Established the Mali Empire that lasts for 200 years

19 Mansa Musa: Pilgrimage of Gold

20 Mansa Musa: Pilgrimage of Gold In 1312 Mansa Musa, the most legendary of the Malian kings, came to the throne. Mansa Musa was a devout Muslim who built magnificent mosques throughout his empire in order to spread the influences of Islam. During his reign, Timbuktu became one of the major cultural centers of not only Africa but of the entire Islamic world. When Mansa Musa came to power, the Mali Empire already had firm control of the trade routes to the southern lands of gold and the northern lands of salt. Under Musa's reign, the gold-salt trade across the Sahara came to focus ever more closely on Timbuktu. The city's wealth, like that of many towns involved in the trans-saharan trade route, was based largely on the trade of gold, salt, ivory, kola nuts, and slaves. Mansa Musa expanded Mali's influence across Africa by bringing more lands under the empire's control, including the city of Timbuktu, and by enclosing a large portion of the western Sudan within a single system of trade and law. This was a huge political feat that made Musa one of the greatest statesmen in the history of Africa. Under Musa's patronage, the city of Timbuktu grew in wealth and prestige, and became a meeting place of the finest poets, scholars, and artists of Africa and the Middle East. Mansa Musa brought the Mali Empire to the attention of the rest of the Muslim world with his famous pilgrimage to Mecca in He arrived in Cairo at the head of a huge caravan, which included 60,000 people and 80 camels carrying more than two tons of gold to be distributed among the poor. Of the 12,000 servants who accompanied the caravan, 500 carried staffs of pure gold. Musa spent lavishly in Egypt, giving away so many gold gifts and making gold so plentiful that its value fell in Cairo and did not recover for a number of years! In Cairo, the Sultan of Egypt received Musa with great respect, as a fellow Muslim. The splendor of his caravan caused a sensation and brought Mansa Musa and the Mali Empire fame throughout the Arab world. Mali had become so famous by the fourteenth century that it began to draw the attention of European mapmakers. In one map, produced in 1375, Musa is shown seated on a throne in the center of West Africa, holding a nugget of gold in his right hand. [in your textbook]

21 After visiting the holy cities of Mecca and Medina on his pilgrimage, Musa set out to build great mosques, vast libraries, and madrasas (Islamic universities) throughout his kingdom. Many Arab scholars, including the poet and architect, Abu-Ishaq Ibrahim-es- Saheli, who helped turn Timbuktu into a famous city of Islamic scholarship, returned with him. Musa had always encouraged the development of learning and the expansion of Islam. In the early years of his reign, Moussa had sent Sudanese scholars to study at Moroccan universities. By the end of his reign, Sudanese scholars were setting up their own centers of learning in Timbuktu. He commissioned Abu-Ishaq Ibrahim-es-Saheli to construct his royal palace and a great mosque at Timbuktu. Still standing today, the Djingareyber Mosque consists of nine rows of square pillars and provides prayer space for 2,000 people. Es-Saheli introduced the use of burnt brick and mud as a building material to this region. The Djingareyber's mud construction established a 660-year-old tradition that still persists: each year before the torrential rains fall in the summer, Timbuktu's residents replaster the mosque's high walls and flat roof with mud. The Djingareyber Mosque immediately became the central mosque of the city, and it dominates Timbuktu to this day. During Musa's reign Timbuktu thrived as a commercial center and flourished into a hub of Islamic learning. Even after the Mali Empire lost control over the region in the fifteenth century, Timbuktu remained the major Islamic center of sub-saharan Africa.

22 a famous Mali ruler Mansa Musa Made hajj to Mecca in 1324 Did it in style 500 slaves each w/ a golden staff Gold-laden camels made ties with the Mid-East Long-term cause for exploration of Africa (he put Africa on the map ) He died after his horse tripped & fell into the Niger River on his way back

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25 Friday April 11, Crash Course World History Mansa Musa 2.Quiz Chapter 12, Section 3 3.Freedom! Hint: You could complete homework such as VOCABULARY crossword puzzle and/or PHOTO CAPTIONS for Chapter 12

26 TRADE and CULTURAL DIFFUSION (like religion) A. Kingdom of Axum = excellent location for trade in East Africa (Africa, India and Mediterranean world.) B. Trade helped build strong city-states and blend cultures (languages).

27 Trade to India & ME

28 East African Kingdoms and Trading States Religion played an important role in the development of Axum and Ethiopia. In the 300s, Christianity took hold in Axum. After Islam began spreading across Africa in the 600s, Axum became isolated. Ethiopians were descendents of the Axumites. Despite their isolation, Ethiopian Christians kept ties with the Holy Land. p.s. - The kings of Ethiopia claimed to be descendents of Israelites. One group of Ethiopians, known as Falasha, practiced Judaism.

29 East African City-States When Axum declined, a string of commercial cities, like Mogadishu gradually rose along the East African coast. Trade helped local rulers build strong states. Under the protection of local rulers, Arab and Persian merchants set up Muslim communities in East Africa. International trade (map from DBQ) created a rich and varied mix of cultures in East Africa. Example = Swahili, a new language that mixed Arabic and the native language, Bantu.

30 Little is known about how this early civilization developed. Scholars believe: Great Zimbabwe Massive stone ruins discovered in the south testify that a powerful and prosperous empire once existed there. Today, these impressive ruins are known as Great Zimbabwe, which means great stone buildings. The people were Bantu-speaking peoples who settled in the region between 900 and They brought improved farming skills, iron, and mining methods. They raised cattle and produced enough food to support a growing population. Great Zimbabwe was part of a trade network that reached across the Atlantic Ocean.

31 Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Arabic: Al Lawati Al Tanji Ibn Battuta Ibn Battuta ( or 1369) was a Muslim Berber, scholar and traveler who is known for the account of his travels and excursions called the Rihla. His journeys lasted for a period of nearly thirty years and covered almost the entirety of the known Islamic world and beyond, extending from North Africa, West Africa, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe in the West, to the Middle East, Indian subcontinent, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China in the East, a distance readily surpassing that of his predecessors and his nearcontemporary Marco Polo. [BUT he was travelling in the Dar-al-Islam, or Muslim world]

32 Travels of Ibn Battuta

33 DIVERSITY of people and traditions adapting to the land nomadic lifestyle family patterns nuclear vs. extended; patrilineal vs. matrilineal religion Animism (spirits in nature), Islam, Christianity and even Judaism Art and architecture art tied to religion and/or community (MASKS), ORAL traditions were strong (GRIOTS)

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35 Chapter 12 Kingdoms and Trading States of Africa TEST FRIDAY APRIL 23 Mostly sections 2 &3, but a little on Sections 1 &4 Matching VOCABULARY! Mult. Choice Map included Short answers reading passage