Non-Western Art History. The Art of India 3. End. End. End. End. The Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire
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1 Non-Western Art History The Mughal Empire The 1 2 The Mughal Empire Established by Babur, a Muslim from Central Asia, in 1526 with the help of the rulers of Persia (modern Iran) Expanded by his grandson, Akbar (r ), who conquered northern and central India and laid the real foundation for the empire The Mughals, during most of their dominance, were known for strong central government and tolerance of all religions Portrait of Akbar, by Manohar, 16th century, Hermitage Museum The Mughals grew very wealthy from trade with Europeans, the Ottoman Empire (Turks) and along the Silk Road The empire expanded into part of southern India under Aurangzeb (r ), but declined after 1707 Source: The Art of the Mughals, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The 3 4 Akbar Hears a Petition, by Manohar, c. 1604, H: 10 inches, India, Freer & Sackler Galleries Akbar Hears a Petition, by Manohar, c. 1604, H: 10 inches, India, Freer & Sackler Galleries 5 6 1
2 Basic Beliefs of Islam Monotheistic - a belief in only one God, Allah, who is omnipotent. The overall purpose of humanity is to serve Allah, to worship him alone and to construct a moral lifestyle The Koran or Qu ran is the holy book of Islam, the written revelation from Allah to the prophet Muhammad in the 6th century. Muslims believe in a final judgment when individuals will be judged according to their deeds. Mosques are the main places of worship and also serve as social and political centers, sometimes with libraries, schools and hospitals. There are many sects of Muslims Source: website: ThinkQuest.org Masjid-I Jahan-Numa (World Reflecting Mosque), Commissioned by Shah Jahan, 1650, Delhi, India Web: Wikimedia 7 8 Masjid-I Jahan-Numa and Courtyard (World Reflecting Mosque), Commissioned by Shah Jahan, 1650, Delhi, India Web: Wikimedia Photo 2008 Jamia Masud (Friday Mosque) Interior, Unknown Mughal Architect, 1400, Srinagar, India Web: Wikimedia 9 10 The Art of the Mughal Empire Akbar (r ) was the first Mughal (Muslim) patron of the arts and Persian, Muslim and Hindu artists in his royal workshops collaborated to develop the Mughal painting style Akbar commissioned numerous illustrated manuscripts that combined Persian, Indian and European elements Jahangir (r ) expanded patronage of the arts, promoted individual artists and encouraged careful plant and animal studies Shah Jahan (r ) is most celebrated for his architectural achievements, especially the Taj Mahal. Aurangzeb (r ) banned music and painting from his court, based on his strict Islamic beliefs. The Spy Zambur Brings Mahiya to Tawariq (Muslim), c (Akbar), H: 29 inches, Source: The Art of the Mughals, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The
3 The Spy Zambur Brings Mahiya to Tawariq (Muslim), c (Akabar), H: 29 inches, Harivamsa (The Legend of Hari Krishna - Hindu), Unknown Mughal Artist, c (Akbar), H: 11.5 inches, Harivamsa (The Legend of Hari Krishna - Hindu), c , H: 11.5 inches, Alexander Visits the Sage Plato, Attributed to Basawan, c (Akbar), H: 10 inches, Alexander Visits the Sage Plato, Attributed to Basawan, c (Akbar), H: 10 inches, Carpet With Pictorial Design, Unknown Mughal Artists, late 16th century (Akbar), H: 27 feet, W: 9 feet,
4 Leaf from the Razmnama (Hindu), c (Jahangir), H: 15.5 inches, Leaf from the Rasmnama (Hindu), c , H: 15.5 inches, Drawing of a Female Figure, Nar Singh, , H: 3.5 inches, Mughal Dynasty, Freer & Sackler Galleries Portrait of Shah Jahan on Horseback, Payag, , H: 15 inches, India, The Taj Mahal,Architect: Shah Jahan, r , Agra, India, Wikimedia: Arnal Mongia, The Taj Mahal, Architect: Shah Jahan, , Agra, India Web: greatbuildings.com 4
5 The Taj Mahal, Architect: Shah Jahan, , Agra, India The Taj Mahal, Interior, Architect: Shah Jahan, , Agra, India, Web: planetware.com The Emperor Aurangzeb at a Royal Hunt, Bhavanidas, c. 1700, H: 23 inches, Mughal, India, The Emperor Aurangzeb at a Royal Hunt, Bhavanidas, c. 1700, H: 23 inches, Mughal, India, Huqqa Base, Unknown Deccan Artist, c. 1680, H: 7 inches, India, Kalamkari Wall Hanging, Unknown Mughal Artists, c , H: 99 inches, Mughal, India,
6 An International Comparison The Mughal Empire ( ) exhibited the beginnings of modern culture as it is currently defined: Urbanization Individualism Objective approach to nature These phenomena were also present in: Renaissance Florence ( ) Edo or Tokugawa Japan ( ) However, modernity didn t last in India because there was no large middle class and the caste system discouraged upward mobility. 31 Kalamkari Wall Hanging, Unknown Mughal Artists, c , H: 99 inches, Mughal, India, Source: The Oxford History of Art: Indian Art, by Partha Mitter, Oxford University Press, Politics: a strong central government was controlled by the Shah Politics: the Shah and his courtiers were great patron of the arts which flourished Religion: Muslim rulers governed a Hindu country but all religions could create artworks for their worship Economics: the Mughal Empire grew rich from trade with Europeans, Turks and countries along the Silk Road Economics: the Shah, courtiers, and wealthy merchants were all patrons of the arts Economics: Government officials commissioned artworks that they used as bribes for advancement. Religion: Buddhist temples were destroyed, but Hindu and Muslim temples were built Economics: artists were highly skilled in painting, metalwork, stone and architecture Social Organization: artists were highly skilled craftsmen. Social Organization: Under Shah Jahingar individual artists were recognized and honored for their work. Social Organization: Guilds, workshops and individual artists were known by the aristocracy who were their patrons. Artistic Influences: artists were employed by a royal patron and taught by a master artist in a workshop. Artistic Influences: artists from many cultures - Persian, Hindu and Muslim - worked collaboratively in the same workshops. Artistic Influences: many architecturally splendid monuments were built and enjoyed by everyone
7 International Influences: Persian (Iranian) artists worked and taught in Mughal India International Influences: European traders brought their artworks and artists to India where they were welcomed in the courts. International Influences: Trade along the Silk Road brought goods from China, the Ottoman Empire and Central Asia to Mughal markets. This ends our third presentation on the Art of India, The Mughal Empire
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