Chapter 13 Outline: Alcohols & Phenols

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chapter 13 Outline: Alcohols & Phenols"

Transcription

1 Chapter 13 Outline: Alcohols & Phenols Review Nomenclature, Structure, Physical Properties, and Acidity on your own, (pp ); this material reviews things we have done previously. 1. Preparation of Alcohols a) Substitution chapter 7 b) Addition to alkenes chapter 9 c) Reduction of carbonyls what is oxidation reduction? 2. Preparation of Diols 3. Grignard Reagents 4. Protection of Alcohols 5. Reactions of Alcohols a) Reaction with HX b) Reaction with PBr 3 c) Reaction with SOCl 2 /py d) Reaction with TsCl/py e) Acid catalyzed dehydration (H 3 PO 4 or TsCl/base) f) Dehydration with POCl3/py g) Oxidation of alcohols h) Oxidation of phenols You should do all the problems in the textbook, but these are some suggested homework problems: 13.30, 13.31, 13.33, 13.35, , 13.44, , 13.51, Page 1 of 30

2 1. Preparation of Alcohols A. Substitution Reactions B. Addition to Alkenes C. Reduction of Carbonyls what is reduction? Page 2 of 30

3 What is oxidation reduction? One direction of a reaction will be oxidation and the opposite direction will be reduction: Oxidation: loss of C H, the gain of C Z, or both Reduction: the gain of C H, the loss of C Z, or both Page 3 of 30

4 C. Reduction of Carbonyls (hydride reagents) Page 4 of 30

5 Comparing LAH to NaBH 4 LAH is strong enough to also reduce esters and carboxylic acids, whereas NaBH 4 is generally not. To reduce an ester, two hydride equivalents are needed. Mechanism? O 1. xs LAH R OMe 2. H 2 O Page 5 of 30

6 2. Preparation of Diols Perform a reduction twice of th reaction we just did! Page 6 of 30

7 3. Grignard Reagents Grignard reagents are often used in the synthesis of alcohols. To form a Grignard, an alkyl halide is treated with Mg metal. How does the oxidation state of the carbon change upon forming the Grignard? Will it act as an acid, base, electrophile, nucleophile, etc.? Because the Grignard is both a strong base and a strong nucleophile, care must be taken to protect it from exposure to water. What solvent is appropriate for these reactions? Page 7 of 30

8 Mechanism? O Ph CH H 2 O MgCl Page 8 of 30

9 Synthesis: Design a synthesis for the following molecules starting from an alkyl halide and a carbonyl, each having five carbons or less. Page 9 of 30

10 4. Protection of Alcohols Consider the reaction below. WHY won t it work? Strategy for protecting alcohols: Page 10 of 30

11 Page 11 of 30

12 5. Reactions of Alcohols how to make a good leaving group? All of these reactions you will learn in this chapters have one common theme converting the OH group into a good, stable leaving group!! a. ROH reaction with HCl, HBr & HI (converting a ROH RX) 1 o ROH react through an S N 2 mechanism: Page 12 of 30

13 2 o /3 o ROH react through an S N 1 mechanism: Page 13 of 30

14 b. Reaction with PX 3, X = Cl, Br (converting a ROH RBr) Reaction Observations: o This reaction can only be used with 1 o and 2 o ROH only o Reaction always occurs with inversion of configuration. o What substitution mechanism does this support? Mechanism? Page 14 of 30

15 c. Reaction with Thionyl Halide (SOX 2, X = Cl, Br) (converting a ROH RX) Reaction Observations: o This reaction can only be used with 1 o and 2 o ROH only o Reaction always occurs with inversion of configuration. o What substitution mechanism does this support? Mechanism? O OH Cl S Cl Page 15 of 30

16 d. Formation of Tosylates to provide good leaving groups What is important about this? Sulfonate anions are weak bases, making them VERY GOOD leaving groups. Look at H 2 SO 4 and consider its acidity: Since alcohols make poor leaving groups, reacting them with sulfonyl chlorides converts them into better leaving groups. Most common sulfonyl chloride reagents: TsCl (Para toluene sulfonyl chloride) MsCl (mesyl chloride) Page 16 of 30

17 How do these reactions work overall? It s a two step reaction, (1) react the desired alcohol with the tosyl chloride without inversion, and (2) react it with the nucleophile leading to inversion of configuration: Page 17 of 30

18 e. Acid catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes (ß elimination reaction) Compare to: E1 mechanism is observed for 2 o and 3 o ROHs: OH H 3 PO 4,H 2 O heat How do you think the mechanism differs for a 1 o ROH? Page 18 of 30

19 Provide the mechanism for the following transformation: Page 19 of 30

20 f. Dehydration of ROH using POCl 3 & Pyridine (converting a ROH alkene) Mechanism? This mechanism is known to go through an E2 mechanism. Page 20 of 30

21 g. Oxidation of Alcohols (no mechanism to know) Primary alcohols are oxidized to either aldehydes or carboxylic acids, depending on the reagent employed: Secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized why? Common oxidizing reagents are: Page 21 of 30

22 1 o ROH give different products depending on the reagent used: OH PCC OH K 2 Cr 2 O 7 H 2 SO 4,H 2 O 2 o ROH give same products regardless of the reagent used: OH PCC or K 2 Cr 2 O 7 H 2 SO 4,H 2 O Provide the organic product for the following reactions. You do not need to balance the byproducts of the reaction. Page 22 of 30

23 h. Oxidation of Phenols Phenol is even more readily oxidized than primary or secondary alcohols. Page 23 of 30

24 Alcohol Reactions. Provide correct organic product(s) and the mechanism for the following reactions. If stereochemistry pertains, ensure it is clearly demonstrated. If there is more than one product, then circle the major product. OH POCl 3 pyridine Mechanism? Page 24 of 30

25 OH HBr Mechanism? Page 25 of 30

26 OH SOCl 2 pyridine Mechanism? Page 26 of 30

27 O 1. LAH Ph H 2. H 2 O Page 27 of 30

28 Provide viable steps to bring about the following transformation. Page 28 of 30

29 Provide viable steps to bring about the following transformation. Page 29 of 30

30 Provide viable steps to bring about the following transformation. Page 30 of 30

But in organic terms: Oxidation: loss of H 2 ; addition of O or O 2 ; addition of X 2 (halogens).

But in organic terms: Oxidation: loss of H 2 ; addition of O or O 2 ; addition of X 2 (halogens). Reactions of Alcohols Alcohols are versatile organic compounds since they undergo a wide variety of transformations the majority of which are either oxidation or reduction type reactions. Normally: Oxidation

More information

Chapter 22 Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions

Chapter 22 Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions John E. McMurry www.cengage.com/chemistry/mcmurry Chapter 22 Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions The α Position The carbon next to the carbonyl group is designated as being in the α position Electrophilic

More information

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nitriles

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nitriles Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and itriles Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: There are really only four things to worry about under this heading; acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters and amides. We ll start with

More information

SULFONATE AND INORGANIC ESTER DERIVATIVES OF ALCOHOLS

SULFONATE AND INORGANIC ESTER DERIVATIVES OF ALCOHOLS 0. ULFNATE AND INRGANIC ETER DERIVATIVE F ALCL 44 R 2 C L CR 2 carbocation Lewis acid base association X (halide ion) 2 $ R 2 C L CR 2 R R X C A C $ alkyl halide R R alkene $ $ Brønsted acid base reaction

More information

4/18/2011. 9.8 Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Substitutions. Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Substitutions

4/18/2011. 9.8 Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Substitutions. Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Substitutions 9.8 Substituent effects in the electrophilic substitution of an aromatic ring Substituents affect the reactivity of the aromatic ring Some substituents activate the ring, making it more reactive than benzene

More information

Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination

Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination What does the term "nucleophilic substitution" imply? A nucleophile is an the electron rich species that will react with an electron poor species A substitution

More information

Avg. 16.4 / 25 Stnd. Dev. 8.2

Avg. 16.4 / 25 Stnd. Dev. 8.2 QUIZ TREE Avg. 16.4 / 25 Stnd. Dev. 8.2 xidation of Alcohols with Chromium (VI): Jones xidation 2 Alcohols are oxidized by a solution of chromium trioxide in aqueous acetone (2), in the presence of an

More information

Identification of Unknown Organic Compounds

Identification of Unknown Organic Compounds Identification of Unknown Organic Compounds Introduction The identification and characterization of the structures of unknown substances are an important part of organic chemistry. Although it is often

More information

ALCOHOLS: Properties & Preparation

ALCOHOLS: Properties & Preparation ALLS: Properties & Preparation General formula: R-, where R is alkyl or substitued alkyl. Ar-: phenol - different properties. Nomenclature 1. ommon names: Name of alkyl group, followed by word alcohol.

More information

Chapter 11 Homework and practice questions Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitutions and Eliminations

Chapter 11 Homework and practice questions Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitutions and Eliminations Chapter 11 Homework and practice questions Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitutions and Eliminations SHORT ANSWER Exhibit 11-1 Circle your response in each set below. 1. Circle the least

More information

Electrophilic Addition Reactions

Electrophilic Addition Reactions Electrophilic Addition Reactions Electrophilic addition reactions are an important class of reactions that allow the interconversion of C=C and C C into a range of important functional groups. Conceptually,

More information

Name. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry SUNY/Oneonta. Chem 322 - Organic Chemistry II Examination #2 - March 14, 2005 ANSWERS

Name. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry SUNY/Oneonta. Chem 322 - Organic Chemistry II Examination #2 - March 14, 2005 ANSWERS Name INSTRUTINS --- Department of hemistry and Biochemistry SUNY/neonta hem 322 - rganic hemistry II Examination #2 - March 14, 2005 ANSWERS This examination has two parts. Part I is in multiple choice

More information

Syllabus for General Organic Chemistry M07A- Fall 2013 Prof. Robert Keil

Syllabus for General Organic Chemistry M07A- Fall 2013 Prof. Robert Keil Syllabus for General Organic Chemistry M07A- Fall 2013 Prof. Robert Keil Textbook and Materials What you must buy: Organic Chemistry 4 th Ed. Janice G. Smith, McGraw Hill. (Older edition is fine) Chem

More information

Assessment Schedule 2013 Chemistry: Demonstrate understanding of the properties of organic compounds (91391)

Assessment Schedule 2013 Chemistry: Demonstrate understanding of the properties of organic compounds (91391) NCEA Level 3 Chemistry (91391) 2013 page 1 of 8 Assessment Schedule 2013 Chemistry: Demonstrate understanding of the properties of organic compounds (91391) Evidence Statement Q Evidence Achievement Achievement

More information

CH 102 Practice Exam 2 PCC-Sylvania

CH 102 Practice Exam 2 PCC-Sylvania CH 102 Practice Exam 2 PCC-Sylvania True/False Indicate if the statement is true or false. 1.Tertiary alcohols are not easily oxidized. 2.Secondary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes. 3.Primary alcohols

More information

IDENTIFICATION OF ALCOHOLS

IDENTIFICATION OF ALCOHOLS IDENTIFICATION OF ALCOHOLS Alcohols are organic compounds that which considered as derivatives of water. One of the hydrogen atoms of water molecule (H-O-H) has been replaced by an alkyl or substituted

More information

Carboxylic Acid Structure and Chemistry: Part 2

Carboxylic Acid Structure and Chemistry: Part 2 Principles of Drug Action 1, pring 2005, Carboxylic Acids Part 2 Carboxylic Acid tructure and Chemistry: Part 2 Jack Deuiter IV. eactions of the Carboxylic Acid eactions Depending on their overall structure,

More information

Writing a Correct Mechanism

Writing a Correct Mechanism Chapter 2 1) Balancing Equations Writing a Correct Mechanism 2) Using Arrows to show Electron Movement 3) Mechanisms in Acidic and Basic Media 4) Electron rich Species: Nucleophile or Base? 5) Trimolecular

More information

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions, Course Notes Archive, 1 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions An organic reaction in which an electrophile substitutes a hydrogen atom in an aromatic

More information

Typical Infrared Absorption Frequencies. Functional Class Range (nm) Intensity Assignment Range (nm) Intensity Assignment

Typical Infrared Absorption Frequencies. Functional Class Range (nm) Intensity Assignment Range (nm) Intensity Assignment Typical Infrared Absorption Frequencies Functional Class Range (nm) Intensity Assignment Range (nm) Intensity Assignment Alkanes 2850-3000 CH 3, CH 2 & CH 2 or 3 bands Alkenes 3020-3100 1630-1680 1900-2000

More information

Laboratory 22: Properties of Alcohols

Laboratory 22: Properties of Alcohols Introduction Alcohols represent and important class of organic molecules. In this experiment you will study the physical and chemical properties of alcohols. Solubility in water, and organic solvents,

More information

Aldehydes can react with alcohols to form hemiacetals. 340 14. Nucleophilic substitution at C=O with loss of carbonyl oxygen

Aldehydes can react with alcohols to form hemiacetals. 340 14. Nucleophilic substitution at C=O with loss of carbonyl oxygen 340 14. Nucleophilic substitution at C= with loss of carbonyl oxygen Ph In Chapter 13 we saw this way of making a reaction go faster by raising the energy of the starting material. We also saw that the

More information

CHEM 322 Organic Chemistry II - Professor Kathleen V. Kilway. CHAPTER 14 Substitution Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

CHEM 322 Organic Chemistry II - Professor Kathleen V. Kilway. CHAPTER 14 Substitution Reactions of Aromatic Compounds CHEM 322 Organic Chemistry II - Professor Kathleen V. Kilway "Organic Chemistry" by Maitland Jones, 4 th edition Chapter 14 Homework: 1, 2, 5, 7, 13, 19, 20, 23, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 41, 46,

More information

Substitution and Elimination Reactions. 7.1. Definitions. In an acid base reaction such as CH 3 CO 2 H + NH 3 CH 3 CO 2 + NH 4

Substitution and Elimination Reactions. 7.1. Definitions. In an acid base reaction such as CH 3 CO 2 H + NH 3 CH 3 CO 2 + NH 4 Substitution and Elimination Reactions. 7.1. Definitions. In an acid base reaction such as CH 3 CO 2 H + NH 3 CH 3 CO 2 + NH 4 +, the N acts as a nucleophile (Greek for loving the nucleus), the H acts

More information

SUMMARY OF ALKENE REACTIONS

SUMMARY OF ALKENE REACTIONS SUMMARY F ALKENE REACTINS Alkenes are primarily prepared by elimination reactions of molecules that contain good leaving groups attached to sp 3 carbons. Examples of such reactions are dehydrohalogenations

More information

Alcohols An alcohol contains a hydroxyl group ( OH) attached to a carbon chain. A phenol contains a hydroxyl group ( OH) attached to a benzene ring.

Alcohols An alcohol contains a hydroxyl group ( OH) attached to a carbon chain. A phenol contains a hydroxyl group ( OH) attached to a benzene ring. Chapter : rganic Compounds with xygen Alcohols, Ethers Alcohols An alcohol contains a hydroxyl group ( H) attached to a carbon chain. A phenol contains a hydroxyl group ( H) attached to a benzene ring.

More information

Notes Chapter 9 Limiting Reagent Sample Problems Page 1

Notes Chapter 9 Limiting Reagent Sample Problems Page 1 Notes Chapter 9 Limiting Reagent Sample Problems Page 1 Problem 1: Sodium chloride can be prepared by the reaction of sodium metal with chlorine gas. Suppose that 6.70 Na reacts with 3.20 Cl 2. A. What

More information

Austin Peay State University Department of Chemistry CHEM 1021 TESTING FOR ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Austin Peay State University Department of Chemistry CHEM 1021 TESTING FOR ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS TESTING FOR ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Caution: Chromic acid is hazardous as are many of the organic substances in today s experiment. Treat all unknowns with extreme care. Many organic substances are flammable.

More information

ammonium salt (acidic)

ammonium salt (acidic) Chem 360 Jasperse Ch. 19 otes. Amines 1 eactions of Amines 1. eaction as a proton base (Section 19-5 and 19-6) amine base -X (proton acid) a X ammonium salt (acidic) Mechanism: equired (protonation) everse

More information

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Fourteen 1

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Fourteen 1 An alcohol has an OH bonded to an alkyl group; a phenol has an OH bonded directly to an aromatic ring; and an ether has an O bonded to two organic groups. Chapter Fourteen 1 Ethyl alcohol, dimethyl ether,

More information

21.9 REDUCTION OF CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES

21.9 REDUCTION OF CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES 10 APTER 1 TE EMITRY F ARBXYLI AID DERIVATIVE TUDY GUIDE LIK 1.5 Esters and ucleophiles 1.17 Give the structure of the product in the reaction of each of the following esters with isotopically labeled

More information

How to Interpret an IR Spectrum

How to Interpret an IR Spectrum How to Interpret an IR Spectrum Don t be overwhelmed when you first view IR spectra or this document. We have simplified the interpretation by having you only focus on 4/5 regions of the spectrum. Do not

More information

EXPERIMENT 5: DIPEPTIDE RESEARCH PROJECT

EXPERIMENT 5: DIPEPTIDE RESEARCH PROJECT EXPERIMENT 5: DIPEPTIDE RESEARCH PROJECT Pre-Lab Questions: None. 64 I. Background Information DIPEPTIDE RESEARCH PROJECT Methods developed by organic chemists for the synthesis of biopolymers have had

More information

Unit 2 Review: Answers: Review for Organic Chemistry Unit Test

Unit 2 Review: Answers: Review for Organic Chemistry Unit Test Unit 2 Review: Answers: Review for Organic Chemistry Unit Test 2. Write the IUPAC names for the following organic molecules: a) acetone: propanone d) acetylene: ethyne b) acetic acid: ethanoic acid e)

More information

Determining the Structure of an Organic Compound

Determining the Structure of an Organic Compound Determining the Structure of an Organic Compound The analysis of the outcome of a reaction requires that we know the full structure of the products as well as the reactants In the 19 th and early 20 th

More information

Addition Reactions of Carbon-Carbon Pi Bonds - Part 1

Addition Reactions of Carbon-Carbon Pi Bonds - Part 1 Addition eactions of arbon-arbon Pi Bonds - Part 1 3 δ+ 2 δ 3 3 3 + 2 3 2 3 What Is an Addition eaction? Addition reaction: Atoms or groups are added to opposite ends of a pi bond. X Y Why should I study

More information

Chapter 12 Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Sulfur

Chapter 12 Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Sulfur Chapter 12 Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Sulfur 1 Alcohols An alcohol contains a hydroxyl group ( OH) that replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon. A phenol contains a hydroxyl group ( OH) attached

More information

17.5 ALLYLIC AND BENZYLIC OXIDATION

17.5 ALLYLIC AND BENZYLIC OXIDATION 17.5 ALLYLI AND BENZYLI XIDATIN 803 Nuc d d Nuc d 2 3 2 overlap of 2p orbitals X d no p-orbital overlap X d (a) (b) Figure 17.2 Transition states for N 2 reactions at (a) an allylic carbon and (b) a nonallylic

More information

Carbonyl Chemistry (12 Lectures)

Carbonyl Chemistry (12 Lectures) arbonyl hemistry (12 Lectures) Aim of ourse Professor Donna G. Blackmond d.blackmond@imperial.ac.uk tel. 41193 oom 639 1 To build upon elements of Dr E.. Smith s and Dr. D.. Braddocks s course. To introduce

More information

Properties of Alcohols and Phenols Experiment #3

Properties of Alcohols and Phenols Experiment #3 Properties of Alcohols and Phenols Experiment #3 Objectives: To observe the solubility of alcohols relative to their chemical structure, to perform chemical tests to distinguish primary, secondary and

More information

pk a Values for Selected Compounds

pk a Values for Selected Compounds Appendix A pk a Values for Selected ompounds ompound pk a ompound pk a I 10 Br 9 2 S 4 9 + 3 3 7.3 3 S 3 7 Br 4.0 4.2 3 4.3 2 N l 7 [( 3 ) 2 ] + 3.8 [ 3 2 ] + 2.5 3 + 1.7 3 S 3 1.2 + 3 N2 0.0 F 3 0.2 l

More information

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones Structure Deduction using lassification Tests 1 Determination of Structure Determining the structure of an unknown organic compound is an exercise in deductive reasoning.

More information

Reminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace the laboratory manual. SN1 Reaction Notes

Reminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace the laboratory manual. SN1 Reaction Notes Reminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace the laboratory manual. SN1 Reaction Notes Background and Application Substitution Nucleophilic First Order (SN1) reactions are one of the most

More information

Experiment #8 properties of Alcohols and Phenols

Experiment #8 properties of Alcohols and Phenols Introduction Experiment #8 properties of Alcohols and Phenols As has been mentioned before, over 20 million organic compounds have been identified. If each substance had to be studied as an entity completely

More information

Mass Spec - Fragmentation

Mass Spec - Fragmentation Mass Spec - Fragmentation An extremely useful result of EI ionization in particular is a phenomenon known as fragmentation. The radical cation that is produced when an electron is knocked out of a neutral

More information

CHEM 211 CHAPTER 16 - Homework

CHEM 211 CHAPTER 16 - Homework CHEM 211 CHAPTER 16 - Homework SHORT ANSWER Consider the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction below to answer the following question(s): 1. Refer to the reaction above. Draw the structure of the electrophilic

More information

23.7 ALKYLATION AND ACYLATION REACTIONS OF AMINES

23.7 ALKYLATION AND ACYLATION REACTIONS OF AMINES 3.7 ALKYLATIN AND ACYLATIN REACTIN F AMINE 1131 organic phase organic phase organic phase CH 3 (CH ) 6 CH Br CH 3 (CH ) 6 CH Br CH 3 (CH ) 6 CH CN R 4 P Br R 4 P CN R 4 P Br Na CN Na Br Na Br aqueous phase

More information

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I PRACTICE EXERCISE Sn1 and Sn2 Reactions

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I PRACTICE EXERCISE Sn1 and Sn2 Reactions ORGANIC CEMISTRY I PRACTICE EXERCISE Sn1 and Sn2 Reactions 1) Which of the following best represents the carbon-chlorine bond of methyl chloride? d d - d - d d d d - d - I II III IV V 2) Provide a detailed,

More information

Organic Chemistry, 5e (Bruice) Chapter 17: Carbonyl Compounds II

Organic Chemistry, 5e (Bruice) Chapter 17: Carbonyl Compounds II Organic Chemistry, 5e (Bruice) Chapter 17: Carbonyl Compounds II 1) Which of the following compounds is an aldehyde? A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V D Section: 17-1 2) Which of the following compounds is

More information

Chapter 5 Classification of Organic Compounds by Solubility

Chapter 5 Classification of Organic Compounds by Solubility Chapter 5 Classification of Organic Compounds by Solubility Deductions based upon interpretation of simple solubility tests can be extremely useful in organic structure determination. Both solubility and

More information

Boston University Dresden Science Program ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CAS CH 203 Lecture

Boston University Dresden Science Program ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CAS CH 203 Lecture Boston University Dresden Science Program ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CAS CH 203 Lecture Instructor: Professor Wolf D. Habicher, Professor Claus Rüger Meeting Times Lectures: twice a week at 90 minutes each Discussions:

More information

methyl RX example primary RX example secondary RX example secondary RX example tertiary RX example

methyl RX example primary RX example secondary RX example secondary RX example tertiary RX example ucleophilic Substitution & Elimination hemistry 1 eginning patterns to knowfor S and E eactions - horizontal and vertical templates for practice Example 1 - two possible perspectives (deuterium and tritium

More information

Experiment 6 Qualitative Tests for Alcohols, Alcohol Unknown, IR of Unknown

Experiment 6 Qualitative Tests for Alcohols, Alcohol Unknown, IR of Unknown Experiment 6 Qualitative Tests for Alcohols, Alcohol Unknown, I of Unknown In this experiment you are going to do a series of tests in order to determine whether or not an alcohol is a primary (1 ), secondary

More information

2. Rank the following three compounds in decreasing order of basicity. O NHCCH 3 NH 2

2. Rank the following three compounds in decreasing order of basicity. O NHCCH 3 NH 2 1. To convert a nitrile to a primary amine you must: A) hydrolyze it with water. B) oxidize it with chromic acid. C) reduce it with hydrogen or lithium aluminum hydride. D) substitute it with an alkyl

More information

AROMATIC COMPOUNDS A STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

AROMATIC COMPOUNDS A STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO: A STUDENT SHULD BE ABLE T: ARMATIC CMPUNDS 1. Name benzene derivatives given the structures, and draw the structures given the names. This includes: Monosubstituted benzenes named as derivatives of benzene:

More information

Amines H 3 C H. CH 2 CH 3 ethylmethylamine. Nomenclature. 1 o : RNH 2, 2 o : RR'NH, 3 o : RR'R"N, 4 o (salt) RR'R"R'"N + R = alkyl or aryl

Amines H 3 C H. CH 2 CH 3 ethylmethylamine. Nomenclature. 1 o : RNH 2, 2 o : RR'NH, 3 o : RR'RN, 4 o (salt) RR'RR'N + R = alkyl or aryl Amines omenclature 1 o :, 2 o : 'H, 3 o : '", 4 o (salt) '"'" + = alkyl or aryl ommon names For simple amines name groups attached to alphabetically; use suffix -amine. H 3 H H 2 ethylmethylamine In complicated

More information

A Grignard reagent formed would deprotonate H of the ethyl alcohol OH.

A Grignard reagent formed would deprotonate H of the ethyl alcohol OH. 216 S11-E2 Page 2 Name Key I. (9 points) Answer in the boxes below the following questions for the Grignard reagent C 3 -Mg. (1) (2 points) Is the carbon atom associated with magnesium electrophilic or

More information

Stoichiometry. Lecture Examples Answer Key

Stoichiometry. Lecture Examples Answer Key Stoichiometry Lecture Examples Answer Key Ex. 1 Balance the following chemical equations: 3 NaBr + 1 H 3 PO 4 3 HBr + 1 Na 3 PO 4 2 C 3 H 5 N 3 O 9 6 CO 2 + 3 N 2 + 5 H 2 O + 9 O 2 2 Ca(OH) 2 + 2 SO 2

More information

Reactions of Fats and Fatty Acids

Reactions of Fats and Fatty Acids Reactions of Fats and Fatty Acids Outline Fats and Oils Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Biodiesel Homework We hear quite a lot about the place of fats and oils in human nutrition. Foods high in fat are at the

More information

REACTIONS OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

REACTIONS OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS A STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO: REACTIONS OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS 1. Predict the product(s) of Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS), Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (S N Ar) and Elimination-Addition

More information

Saturated NaCl solution rubber tubing (2) Glass adaptor (2) thermometer adaptor heating mantle

Saturated NaCl solution rubber tubing (2) Glass adaptor (2) thermometer adaptor heating mantle EXPERIMENT 5 (Organic Chemistry II) Pahlavan/Cherif Dehydration of Alcohols - Dehydration of Cyclohexanol Purpose - The purpose of this lab is to produce cyclohexene through the acid catalyzed elimination

More information

CHM220 Nucleophilic Substitution Lab. Studying S N 1 and S N 2 Reactions: Nucloephilic Substitution at Saturated Carbon*

CHM220 Nucleophilic Substitution Lab. Studying S N 1 and S N 2 Reactions: Nucloephilic Substitution at Saturated Carbon* CHM220 Nucleophilic Substitution Lab Studying S N 1 and S N 2 Reactions: Nucloephilic Substitution at Saturated Carbon* Purpose: To convert a primary alcohol to an alkyl bromide using an S N 2 reaction

More information

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Electrophilic substitution is the typical reaction type for aromatic rings. Generalized electrophilic aromatic substitution: E E Electrophile Lewis acid: may be or neutral.

More information

Q.1 Draw out some suitable structures which fit the molecular formula C 6 H 6

Q.1 Draw out some suitable structures which fit the molecular formula C 6 H 6 Aromatic compounds GE 1 BENZENE Structure Primary analysis revealed benzene had an... empirical formula of and a molecular formula of 6 6 Q.1 Draw out some suitable structures which fit the molecular formula

More information

Unit Vocabulary: o Organic Acid o Alcohol. o Ester o Ether. o Amine o Aldehyde

Unit Vocabulary: o Organic Acid o Alcohol. o Ester o Ether. o Amine o Aldehyde Unit Vocabulary: Addition rxn Esterification Polymer Alcohol Ether Polymerization Aldehyde Fermentation Primary Alkane Functional group Saponification Alkene Halide (halocarbon) Saturated hydrocarbon Alkyne

More information

UNIT (9) CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, ESTERS, AMINES, AND AMIDES

UNIT (9) CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, ESTERS, AMINES, AND AMIDES UNIT (9) CARBXYLIC ACIDS, ESTERS, AMINES, AND AMIDES 9.1 Carboxylic Acids The functional group in carboxylic acids is called the carboxyl group. A carboxyl group is a carbonyl group (C = ) with a hydroxyl

More information

CHEM 208(Organic Chemistry I) Instructor: Dr. Niranjan Goswami. Tel: (618)545-3361. Email: Ngoswami@kaskaskia.edu. Web: www.kc.cc.il.

CHEM 208(Organic Chemistry I) Instructor: Dr. Niranjan Goswami. Tel: (618)545-3361. Email: Ngoswami@kaskaskia.edu. Web: www.kc.cc.il. CHEM 208(Organic Chemistry I) Instructor: Dr. Niranjan Goswami Tel: (618)545-3361 Email: Ngoswami@kaskaskia.edu Web: www.kc.cc.il.us/ngoswami CHEM 208 COURSE SYLLABUS KASKASKIA COLLEGE NAME TERM YEAR TEXT:

More information

These instructions are for a classroom activity which supports OCR A Level Chemistry A.

These instructions are for a classroom activity which supports OCR A Level Chemistry A. Lesson Element Keyword activities Instructions for teachers These instructions are for a classroom activity which supports OCR A Level Chemistry A. Just a minute! To run this activity you will need a set

More information

Chemistry Notes for class 12 Chapter 13 Amines

Chemistry Notes for class 12 Chapter 13 Amines 1 P a g e Chemistry Notes for class 12 Chapter 13 Amines Amines constitute an important class of organic compounds derived by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms ofnh 3 molecule by alkyl/aryl group(s).

More information

Acids and Bases. but we will use the term Lewis acid to denote only those acids to which a bond can be made without breaking another bond

Acids and Bases. but we will use the term Lewis acid to denote only those acids to which a bond can be made without breaking another bond Acids and Bases. Brønsted acids are proton donors, and Brønsted bases are proton acceptors. Examples of Brønsted acids: HCl, HBr, H 2 SO 4, HOH, H 3 O +, + NH 4, NH 3, CH 3 CO 2 H, H CH 2 COCH 3, H C CH,

More information

Aromaticity and Reactions of Benzene

Aromaticity and Reactions of Benzene Aromaticity and eactions of Benzene ark College Benzene is a unique molecule it is highly unsaturated with 6 carbons and 6 hydrogens, it is planar, and has a high degree of symmetry. These features explain

More information

The Aldol Condensation

The Aldol Condensation The Aldol ondensation Synthesis and Analysis of 2,3,4,5-Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone Yakety Sax Bennie ill theme song TPP eactions of Aldehydes and Ketones ' 1. Nucleophilic Addition. 2. Substitution at

More information

Chemistry Diagnostic Questions

Chemistry Diagnostic Questions Chemistry Diagnostic Questions Answer these 40 multiple choice questions and then check your answers, located at the end of this document. If you correctly answered less than 25 questions, you need to

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Ch14_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Compounds with the -OH group attached to a saturated alkane-like carbon are known as A)

More information

CH 3 CH 2 ONa + H 2 O. CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 + CH 3 OLi

CH 3 CH 2 ONa + H 2 O. CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 + CH 3 OLi rganic Chemistry Jasperse Acid- Practice Problems A. Identify each chemical as either an acid or a base in the following reactions, and identify conjugate relationships. -You should have one acid and one

More information

for excitation to occur, there must be an exact match between the frequency of the applied radiation and the frequency of the vibration

for excitation to occur, there must be an exact match between the frequency of the applied radiation and the frequency of the vibration ! = 1 2"c k (m + M) m M wavenumbers! =!/c = 1/" wavelength frequency! units: cm 1 for excitation to occur, there must be an exact match between the frequency of the applied radiation and the frequency

More information

Acids and Bases: Molecular Structure and Acidity

Acids and Bases: Molecular Structure and Acidity Acids and Bases: Molecular Structure and Acidity Review the Acids and Bases Vocabulary List as needed. Tutorial Contents A. Introduction B. Resonance C. Atomic Radius D. Electronegativity E. Inductive

More information

Willem Elbers. October 9, 2015

Willem Elbers. October 9, 2015 S N 1 and S N 2 reactivity of 3 alkyl bromides Willem Elbers ctober 9, 2015 1 Abstract n this experiment, we investigate the relative reactivities of three alkyl bromides with increasing steric bulk. We

More information

Introduction to Biodiesel Chemistry Terms and Background Information

Introduction to Biodiesel Chemistry Terms and Background Information Introduction to Biodiesel Chemistry Terms and Background Information Basic rganic Chemistry rganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with organic compounds. rganic compounds are compounds

More information

SUBSTITUTION REACTION CHARACTERISTICS. Sn1: Substitution Nucleophilic, Unimolecular: Characteristics

SUBSTITUTION REACTION CHARACTERISTICS. Sn1: Substitution Nucleophilic, Unimolecular: Characteristics SUBSTITUTION EATION AATEISTIS Sn2: Substitution cleophilic, Bimolecular: haracteristics 1) The 2 means Bimolecular (or 2 nd order) in the rate-determining (slow) step: rate = k [: - ] [-X] or rate = k

More information

INTDUCTIN T LEWIS ACID-BASE CEMISTY DEINITINS Lewis acids and bases are defined in terms of electron pair transfers. A Lewis base is an electron pair donor, and a Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor.

More information

Acids and Bases: A Brief Review

Acids and Bases: A Brief Review Acids and : A Brief Review Acids: taste sour and cause dyes to change color. : taste bitter and feel soapy. Arrhenius: acids increase [H ] bases increase [OH ] in solution. Arrhenius: acid base salt water.

More information

MOLECULAR REPRESENTATIONS AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY

MOLECULAR REPRESENTATIONS AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY MLEULAR REPRESENTATINS AND INFRARED SPETRSPY A STUDENT SULD BE ABLE T: 1. Given a Lewis (dash or dot), condensed, bond-line, or wedge formula of a compound draw the other representations. 2. Give examples

More information

3. Semester Completion date: May 9, 2016. a. You can finish early, and you can start early (or late), but you MUST FINISH BY MAY 9

3. Semester Completion date: May 9, 2016. a. You can finish early, and you can start early (or late), but you MUST FINISH BY MAY 9 4 Dates, Flexible Schedules: Go-At-Your-Own-Pace Asynchronous. 1. FLEXIBILITY. You can schedule your own test dates (so long as you finish all by May 9, 2016) 2. The Official semester start date is January

More information

1. When the following equation is balanced, the coefficient of Al is. Al (s) + H 2 O (l)? Al(OH) 3 (s) + H 2 (g)

1. When the following equation is balanced, the coefficient of Al is. Al (s) + H 2 O (l)? Al(OH) 3 (s) + H 2 (g) 1. When the following equation is balanced, the coefficient of Al is. Al (s) + H 2 O (l)? Al(OH) (s) + H 2 (g) A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 5 E) Al (s) + H 2 O (l)? Al(OH) (s) + H 2 (g) Al (s) + H 2 O (l)? Al(OH)

More information

HOMEWORK PROBLEMS: IR SPECTROSCOPY AND 13C NMR. The peak at 1720 indicates a C=O bond (carbonyl). One possibility is acetone:

HOMEWORK PROBLEMS: IR SPECTROSCOPY AND 13C NMR. The peak at 1720 indicates a C=O bond (carbonyl). One possibility is acetone: HMEWRK PRBLEMS: IR SPECTRSCPY AND 13C NMR 1. You find a bottle on the shelf only labeled C 3 H 6. You take an IR spectrum of the compound and find major peaks at 2950, 1720, and 1400 cm -1. Draw a molecule

More information

1. The functional group present in carboxylic acids is called a A) carbonyl group. B) carboxyl group. C) carboxylate group. D) carbohydroxyl group.

1. The functional group present in carboxylic acids is called a A) carbonyl group. B) carboxyl group. C) carboxylate group. D) carbohydroxyl group. Name: Date: 1. The functional group present in carboxylic acids is called a A) carbonyl group. B) carboxyl group. C) carboxylate group. D) carbohydroxyl group. 2. Which of the following statements concerning

More information

neutrons are present?

neutrons are present? AP Chem Summer Assignment Worksheet #1 Atomic Structure 1. a) For the ion 39 K +, state how many electrons, how many protons, and how many 19 neutrons are present? b) Which of these particles has the smallest

More information

CHAPTER 7 ALCOHOLS, THIOLS, PHENOLS, ETHERS

CHAPTER 7 ALCOHOLS, THIOLS, PHENOLS, ETHERS CAPTER 7 ALCLS, TILS, PENLS, ETERS Several new functional groups are presented in this chapter. All of the functions are based on oxygen and sulfur in the sp 2 hybridized state. The functional groups contain

More information

Chapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases

Chapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases John E. McMurry http://www.cengage.com/chemistry/mcmurry Chapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases Javier E. Horta, M.D., Ph.D. University of Massachusetts Lowell Polar Covalent Bonds: Electronegativity

More information

EXPERIMENT 1: Survival Organic Chemistry: Molecular Models

EXPERIMENT 1: Survival Organic Chemistry: Molecular Models EXPERIMENT 1: Survival Organic Chemistry: Molecular Models Introduction: The goal in this laboratory experience is for you to easily and quickly move between empirical formulas, molecular formulas, condensed

More information

California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. Exam Points 1. Nomenclature (1) 30

California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. Exam Points 1. Nomenclature (1) 30 Chem 316 Final Exam Winter, 2008 Beauchamp ame: Topic Total Points Exam Points 1. omenclature (1) 30 Credit 2. Explanation of elative eactivities of Aromatic 20 Compounds or Carbonyl Compounds 3. eactions

More information

GRIGNARD REACTION: PREPARATION OF TRIPHENYLMETHANOL (12/22/2009)

GRIGNARD REACTION: PREPARATION OF TRIPHENYLMETHANOL (12/22/2009) GRIGNARD REACTIN: PREPARATIN F TRIPHENYLMETHANL (12/22/2009) Grignard reagents are among the most versatile organometallic reagents, and they are the easiest organometallic reagent to prepare. Grignard

More information

Page 1. 6. Which hydrocarbon is a member of the alkane series? (1) 1. Which is the structural formula of methane? (1) (2) (2) (3) (3) (4) (4)

Page 1. 6. Which hydrocarbon is a member of the alkane series? (1) 1. Which is the structural formula of methane? (1) (2) (2) (3) (3) (4) (4) 1. Which is the structural formula of methane? 6. Which hydrocarbon is a member of the alkane series? 7. How many carbon atoms are contained in an ethyl group? 1 3 2 4 2. In the alkane series, each molecule

More information

Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations (Chapter 3)

Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations (Chapter 3) Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations (Chapter 3) Chemical Compounds 1. Classification of Elements and Compounds Types of Pure Substances (Figure 3.4) Elements -- made up of only one type of atom

More information

Molecular Models in Biology

Molecular Models in Biology Molecular Models in Biology Objectives: After this lab a student will be able to: 1) Understand the properties of atoms that give rise to bonds. 2) Understand how and why atoms form ions. 3) Model covalent,

More information

Note: (H 3 O + = hydronium ion = H + = proton) Example: HS - + H 2 O H 3 O + + S 2-

Note: (H 3 O + = hydronium ion = H + = proton) Example: HS - + H 2 O H 3 O + + S 2- AcidBase Chemistry Arrhenius acid: Substance that dissolves in water and provides H + ions Arrhenius base: Substance that dissolves in water and provides OH ions Examples: HCl H + and Cl Acid NaOH Na +

More information

CORK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY INSTITIÚID TEICNEOLAÍOCHTA CHORCAÍ

CORK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY INSTITIÚID TEICNEOLAÍOCHTA CHORCAÍ CORK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY INSTITIÚID TEICNEOLAÍOCHTA CHORCAÍ Module Title: Topics in Organic Chemistry Module Code: CHEO 7003 School : Science Programme Title: Bachelor of Science in Analytical & Pharmaceutical

More information

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES INTERMOLECULAR FORCES Intermolecular forces- forces of attraction and repulsion between molecules that hold molecules, ions, and atoms together. Intramolecular - forces of chemical bonds within a molecule

More information

Chapter 6 An Overview of Organic Reactions

Chapter 6 An Overview of Organic Reactions John E. McMurry www.cengage.com/chemistry/mcmurry Chapter 6 An Overview of Organic Reactions Why this chapter? To understand organic and/or biochemistry, it is necessary to know: -What occurs -Why and

More information