Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nitriles

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nitriles"

Transcription

1 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and itriles Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: There are really only four things to worry about under this heading; acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters and amides. We ll start with the halides: Acid Chlorides Acid chlorides (or bromides) are easily prepared from carboxylic acids, and are extremely reactive. owever, they are very easy to prepare, by two common methods: 1) Thionyl Chloride (S 2 ): S 2 + S 2 + S 2 Et Et 2) xalyl chloride (a much nicer reaction!): (xalyl Chloride) + C 2 + C + -C-C- DMF / C 2 2 Why make acid chlorides? They are the fastest way to get to any other carboxylic acid derivative, or to a number of other carbonyl compounds:

2 a ' ' ' ' ' '' '' ' LiAl(t-Bu) 3 (anhydride) (ester) (amide) ' 2 CuLi ' Aromatic Compound (Ar) Al 3 Ar The mechanism for all of the above reactions (except the last [Friedel-Crafts]) is pretty much the same a nucleophile adds to the electrophilic carbonyl group, creating a tetrahedral intermediate. The electrons on oxygen then pop down, expelling the good leaving group ( - ). This type of reaction is frequently called an addition-elimination reaction: u u u Acid Anhydrides: Symmetrical anhydrides are typically made by mixing an acid under dehydrating conditions. For the most part, this is a difficult reaction to perform, and since the reactivity of anhydrides is so similar to that of acid chlorides, anhydrides are not commonly used in synthesis. There are two exceptions to this statement. First, acetic anhydride is fairly easy to prepare in bulk from dirt-cheap acetic acid, and so it is often used in place of acetyl chloride (C). Molecules which have two carboxylic acid functions in proximity often form cyclic anhydrides - these are usually fairly easy to prepare. A couple of examples are maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride:

3 Phthalic anhydride Maleic anhydride Again, the only really commonly used anhydride is acetic anhydride. This reagent can be used to acetylate functional groups such as alcohols and amines. Acetylation can modify both the chemistry and biological activity of a compound. In the case of aspirin, for example, acetylation of the relatively acidic phenol alcohol of salicylic acid leads to a compound that doesn t dissolve your stomach lining so easily... Salicylic acid Acidic proton Acetyl salicylic acid, Aspirin (acidic proton gone!!) So, remember...anhydrides react just about like acid chlorides. Esters Preparation of Esters: This is probably the most common type of organic compounds. They are found in most biological systems (along with amides), are responsible for many smells (such as the smell of apples), and are a good way to mask an acidic proton (i.e. a form of protecting group for carboxylic acids!). There are two common ways to prepare esters. The easiest by far is the Fischer esterification. For this reaction, a carboxylic acid is dissolved in an alcohol (such as methanol), along with a few drops of. Because this reaction requires such a huge excess of the alcohol, you can imagine that this method only works for relatively cheap and readily available alcohols (methanol, ethanol, etc.): ' as solvent (catalyst) ' Another way to make esters is to turn the acid into the acid chloride, and then add the alcohol along with a small amount of base (to pick up the generated by the reaction). This reaction sequence requires only one equivalent of the alcohol, and thus is valuable in cases where the alcohol is difficult to prepare or expensive: S 2 ' Et 3 '

4 Certain esters can also be prepared by mixing the sodium or potassium salt of the acid with an alkyl halide. This reaction is of very limited scope (it only works with primary alkyl halides, but it does work particularly well with allylic and benzylic compounds), but it has some real synthetic potential, as will be discussed later. K 'Br DMF or DMS Uses of Esters: ne of the most useful aspects of esters is that they mask the acidic proton of the carboxylic acid. As you have seen, most reactions of organo-metallics (M compounds) will not work at all with carboxylic acids. owever, if we convert the acid to an ester, these reactions will take place. Furthermore, reductions frequently occur in higher yield when performed on an ester rather than an acid. Finally, esters are very common in nature, and thus are often the final goal of synthesis. MgBr LiAl 4 / 2 S 4 X Et/ 2 S 4 ' 42% yield MgBr C 3 C 3 Et LiAl 4 96% yield eactions of Esters: You have already seen many of the reactions possible with esters - reduction to primary alcohols and addition of M type reagents to form tertiary alcohols. Another common reaction is called saponification, and turns the ester back into the respective acid and alcohol. While this reaction can be done under either acidic or basic conditions, it is usually done with base. The mechanism goes something like this:

5 ' K / 2 + ' ' ' + ' The deprotonation of the acid by the alkoxide is what makes this reaction essentially irreversible. The combination of esterification / saponification is an excellent method for the formation of allylic and benzylic alcohols. You should recall that allylic or benzylic bromides are easy to prepare. The resulting primary halides are generally resistant to substitution by simple hydroxide, so typically the esterification (with potassium acetate) and saponification steps are used to produce the alcohol in excellent yields: Br BS / light (or Br 2 / light) Br K EACTI! K (in DMF, 40 C) K / 2 96% yield 100 C 100% yield Ester-Transposition - this term refers to swapping one portion of an ester for another, as shown in the schemes below (this reaction can take place under either acidic or basic conditions):

6 Et / + Et aet (large excess) These reactions are typically run in a LAGE excess of the alcohol / alcoholate to be swapped this is required because as the reaction proceeds, large amounts of the initial alcohol are produced. This whole concept will likely be more clear when I explain it during lecture. While not overly important now, this concept will be important when we discuss malonic ester chemistry in a few weeks. Amides Preparation Amides are a very common class of nitrogen-containing carbonyl compound. They are generally prepared by the reaction of an acid chloride with ammonia, or a primary or secondary amine (why not tertiary amines - think about this!): ' + ' ' + Amides are the least reactive (and thus, most stable) of the carboxylic acid derivatives. Because of the strong donation of π-electrons from the amine fragment, the amide carbonyl group is particularly unreactive: Et eactions: Like esters, amides can be hydrolyzed back to the initial carboxylic acid and amine. owever, this reaction is not often performed generally, the amide is the goal of syntheis. Your text adequately outlines the mechanism for both the basic and acidic hydrolysis of amides - you should be familiar with this.

7 A more common reaction with amides is their reduction. Unlike the reduction of acids and esters, however, the lithium aluminum hydride reduction of an amide yields an amine thus making this a synthetically useful reaction: LiAl 4 itriles Preparation Primary alkyl nitriles are generally prepared by the reaction of potassium or sodium cyanide with a primary alkyl halide. Secondary and tertiary nitriles cannot be formed by this route, and are thus made by the dehydration of an amide (usually with S 2, but occasionally also with P 2 5 ): KC S 2 Br C C 2 heat eactions As you have already seen that nitriles can be hydrolyzed to amides and carboxylic acids quite readily. Your text provides a good description of the mechanism. _ C _ C _ C _ C _ C therwise, nitriles behave quite similarly to the carbonyl compounds. The nitrile carbon is electrophilic, and the nitrogen can easily stabilize a negative charge. The nitrile nitrogen is also easily protonated. reduction: Like amides, nitriles are reduced in LiAl 4 to primary amines. The reaction is quite clean, usually affording the amine in >80% yield. owever, because nitriles are often made from amides, it is often easier to convert the amide to the amine, rather than go through the nitrile. The only real exception to this is in the preparation of amino acids, which we shall discuss in the weeks to come. By using a weaker reducing agent, it is possible to stop reduction after the addition of only one hydride, leaving an imine. As you recall, imines are usually prepared by reacting an amine with a ketone or aldehyde - it is not surprising, then, that this imine can be hydrolyzed to an aldehyde. Again remember that there are usually easier ways to make aldehydes:

8 C 1) LiAl 4 2) ) DIBAL- (-78 C) 2) 2 And yes, you can also add Grignard reagents to nitriles. In this case, you also end up with an imine which is in this case hydrolyzed to a ketone. And again remember, there are other ways to make the same ketones (i.e. you only have to remember one route...) C C 3 + / 2 KC 1) EtMgBr Et 2) 3 + Br Et 1) Mg then C 2 S 2 2) 3 + Et 2 CuLi

ammonium salt (acidic)

ammonium salt (acidic) Chem 360 Jasperse Ch. 19 otes. Amines 1 eactions of Amines 1. eaction as a proton base (Section 19-5 and 19-6) amine base -X (proton acid) a X ammonium salt (acidic) Mechanism: equired (protonation) everse

More information

Chapter 22 Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions

Chapter 22 Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions John E. McMurry www.cengage.com/chemistry/mcmurry Chapter 22 Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions The α Position The carbon next to the carbonyl group is designated as being in the α position Electrophilic

More information

21.9 REDUCTION OF CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES

21.9 REDUCTION OF CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES 10 APTER 1 TE EMITRY F ARBXYLI AID DERIVATIVE TUDY GUIDE LIK 1.5 Esters and ucleophiles 1.17 Give the structure of the product in the reaction of each of the following esters with isotopically labeled

More information

But in organic terms: Oxidation: loss of H 2 ; addition of O or O 2 ; addition of X 2 (halogens).

But in organic terms: Oxidation: loss of H 2 ; addition of O or O 2 ; addition of X 2 (halogens). Reactions of Alcohols Alcohols are versatile organic compounds since they undergo a wide variety of transformations the majority of which are either oxidation or reduction type reactions. Normally: Oxidation

More information

Carboxylic Acid Structure and Chemistry: Part 2

Carboxylic Acid Structure and Chemistry: Part 2 Principles of Drug Action 1, pring 2005, Carboxylic Acids Part 2 Carboxylic Acid tructure and Chemistry: Part 2 Jack Deuiter IV. eactions of the Carboxylic Acid eactions Depending on their overall structure,

More information

Writing a Correct Mechanism

Writing a Correct Mechanism Chapter 2 1) Balancing Equations Writing a Correct Mechanism 2) Using Arrows to show Electron Movement 3) Mechanisms in Acidic and Basic Media 4) Electron rich Species: Nucleophile or Base? 5) Trimolecular

More information

Aldehydes can react with alcohols to form hemiacetals. 340 14. Nucleophilic substitution at C=O with loss of carbonyl oxygen

Aldehydes can react with alcohols to form hemiacetals. 340 14. Nucleophilic substitution at C=O with loss of carbonyl oxygen 340 14. Nucleophilic substitution at C= with loss of carbonyl oxygen Ph In Chapter 13 we saw this way of making a reaction go faster by raising the energy of the starting material. We also saw that the

More information

Name. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry SUNY/Oneonta. Chem 322 - Organic Chemistry II Examination #2 - March 14, 2005 ANSWERS

Name. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry SUNY/Oneonta. Chem 322 - Organic Chemistry II Examination #2 - March 14, 2005 ANSWERS Name INSTRUTINS --- Department of hemistry and Biochemistry SUNY/neonta hem 322 - rganic hemistry II Examination #2 - March 14, 2005 ANSWERS This examination has two parts. Part I is in multiple choice

More information

Acids and Bases: Molecular Structure and Acidity

Acids and Bases: Molecular Structure and Acidity Acids and Bases: Molecular Structure and Acidity Review the Acids and Bases Vocabulary List as needed. Tutorial Contents A. Introduction B. Resonance C. Atomic Radius D. Electronegativity E. Inductive

More information

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions, Course Notes Archive, 1 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions An organic reaction in which an electrophile substitutes a hydrogen atom in an aromatic

More information

Chemistry Notes for class 12 Chapter 13 Amines

Chemistry Notes for class 12 Chapter 13 Amines 1 P a g e Chemistry Notes for class 12 Chapter 13 Amines Amines constitute an important class of organic compounds derived by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms ofnh 3 molecule by alkyl/aryl group(s).

More information

ALCOHOLS: Properties & Preparation

ALCOHOLS: Properties & Preparation ALLS: Properties & Preparation General formula: R-, where R is alkyl or substitued alkyl. Ar-: phenol - different properties. Nomenclature 1. ommon names: Name of alkyl group, followed by word alcohol.

More information

Mass Spec - Fragmentation

Mass Spec - Fragmentation Mass Spec - Fragmentation An extremely useful result of EI ionization in particular is a phenomenon known as fragmentation. The radical cation that is produced when an electron is knocked out of a neutral

More information

Carbonyl Chemistry (12 Lectures)

Carbonyl Chemistry (12 Lectures) arbonyl hemistry (12 Lectures) Aim of ourse Professor Donna G. Blackmond d.blackmond@imperial.ac.uk tel. 41193 oom 639 1 To build upon elements of Dr E.. Smith s and Dr. D.. Braddocks s course. To introduce

More information

CH 102 Practice Exam 2 PCC-Sylvania

CH 102 Practice Exam 2 PCC-Sylvania CH 102 Practice Exam 2 PCC-Sylvania True/False Indicate if the statement is true or false. 1.Tertiary alcohols are not easily oxidized. 2.Secondary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes. 3.Primary alcohols

More information

Identification of Unknown Organic Compounds

Identification of Unknown Organic Compounds Identification of Unknown Organic Compounds Introduction The identification and characterization of the structures of unknown substances are an important part of organic chemistry. Although it is often

More information

Amines H 3 C H. CH 2 CH 3 ethylmethylamine. Nomenclature. 1 o : RNH 2, 2 o : RR'NH, 3 o : RR'R"N, 4 o (salt) RR'R"R'"N + R = alkyl or aryl

Amines H 3 C H. CH 2 CH 3 ethylmethylamine. Nomenclature. 1 o : RNH 2, 2 o : RR'NH, 3 o : RR'RN, 4 o (salt) RR'RR'N + R = alkyl or aryl Amines omenclature 1 o :, 2 o : 'H, 3 o : '", 4 o (salt) '"'" + = alkyl or aryl ommon names For simple amines name groups attached to alphabetically; use suffix -amine. H 3 H H 2 ethylmethylamine In complicated

More information

17.5 ALLYLIC AND BENZYLIC OXIDATION

17.5 ALLYLIC AND BENZYLIC OXIDATION 17.5 ALLYLI AND BENZYLI XIDATIN 803 Nuc d d Nuc d 2 3 2 overlap of 2p orbitals X d no p-orbital overlap X d (a) (b) Figure 17.2 Transition states for N 2 reactions at (a) an allylic carbon and (b) a nonallylic

More information

Chapter 13 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides. Carboxylic Acids. Names and Sources of Some Carboxylic Acids. IUPAC Names

Chapter 13 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides. Carboxylic Acids. Names and Sources of Some Carboxylic Acids. IUPAC Names Chapter 13 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides 13.1 Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids A carboxylic acid contains a carboxyl group, which is a carbonyl group (C=) attached to a hydroxyl group (

More information

UNIT (9) CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, ESTERS, AMINES, AND AMIDES

UNIT (9) CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, ESTERS, AMINES, AND AMIDES UNIT (9) CARBXYLIC ACIDS, ESTERS, AMINES, AND AMIDES 9.1 Carboxylic Acids The functional group in carboxylic acids is called the carboxyl group. A carboxyl group is a carbonyl group (C = ) with a hydroxyl

More information

23.7 ALKYLATION AND ACYLATION REACTIONS OF AMINES

23.7 ALKYLATION AND ACYLATION REACTIONS OF AMINES 3.7 ALKYLATIN AND ACYLATIN REACTIN F AMINE 1131 organic phase organic phase organic phase CH 3 (CH ) 6 CH Br CH 3 (CH ) 6 CH Br CH 3 (CH ) 6 CH CN R 4 P Br R 4 P CN R 4 P Br Na CN Na Br Na Br aqueous phase

More information

Avg. 16.4 / 25 Stnd. Dev. 8.2

Avg. 16.4 / 25 Stnd. Dev. 8.2 QUIZ TREE Avg. 16.4 / 25 Stnd. Dev. 8.2 xidation of Alcohols with Chromium (VI): Jones xidation 2 Alcohols are oxidized by a solution of chromium trioxide in aqueous acetone (2), in the presence of an

More information

IDENTIFICATION OF ALCOHOLS

IDENTIFICATION OF ALCOHOLS IDENTIFICATION OF ALCOHOLS Alcohols are organic compounds that which considered as derivatives of water. One of the hydrogen atoms of water molecule (H-O-H) has been replaced by an alkyl or substituted

More information

Aromaticity and Reactions of Benzene

Aromaticity and Reactions of Benzene Aromaticity and eactions of Benzene ark College Benzene is a unique molecule it is highly unsaturated with 6 carbons and 6 hydrogens, it is planar, and has a high degree of symmetry. These features explain

More information

3.4 BRØNSTED LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES

3.4 BRØNSTED LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES 96 CAPTER 3 ACIDS AND BASES. TE CURVED-ARROW NOTATION and that the unshared electron pair (and negative charge) is shared equally by the two terminal carbons. C L C A C 1 allyl anion (c) Using the curved-arrow

More information

Experiment #8 properties of Alcohols and Phenols

Experiment #8 properties of Alcohols and Phenols Introduction Experiment #8 properties of Alcohols and Phenols As has been mentioned before, over 20 million organic compounds have been identified. If each substance had to be studied as an entity completely

More information

Synthesis of Isopentyl Acetate

Synthesis of Isopentyl Acetate Experiment 8 Synthesis of Isopentyl Acetate Objectives To prepare isopentyl acetate from isopentyl alcohol and acetic acid by the Fischer esterification reaction. Introduction Esters are derivatives of

More information

Unit Vocabulary: o Organic Acid o Alcohol. o Ester o Ether. o Amine o Aldehyde

Unit Vocabulary: o Organic Acid o Alcohol. o Ester o Ether. o Amine o Aldehyde Unit Vocabulary: Addition rxn Esterification Polymer Alcohol Ether Polymerization Aldehyde Fermentation Primary Alkane Functional group Saponification Alkene Halide (halocarbon) Saturated hydrocarbon Alkyne

More information

The Aldol Condensation

The Aldol Condensation The Aldol ondensation Synthesis and Analysis of 2,3,4,5-Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone Yakety Sax Bennie ill theme song TPP eactions of Aldehydes and Ketones ' 1. Nucleophilic Addition. 2. Substitution at

More information

pk a Values for Selected Compounds

pk a Values for Selected Compounds Appendix A pk a Values for Selected ompounds ompound pk a ompound pk a I 10 Br 9 2 S 4 9 + 3 3 7.3 3 S 3 7 Br 4.0 4.2 3 4.3 2 N l 7 [( 3 ) 2 ] + 3.8 [ 3 2 ] + 2.5 3 + 1.7 3 S 3 1.2 + 3 N2 0.0 F 3 0.2 l

More information

methyl RX example primary RX example secondary RX example secondary RX example tertiary RX example

methyl RX example primary RX example secondary RX example secondary RX example tertiary RX example ucleophilic Substitution & Elimination hemistry 1 eginning patterns to knowfor S and E eactions - horizontal and vertical templates for practice Example 1 - two possible perspectives (deuterium and tritium

More information

SUBSTITUTION REACTION CHARACTERISTICS. Sn1: Substitution Nucleophilic, Unimolecular: Characteristics

SUBSTITUTION REACTION CHARACTERISTICS. Sn1: Substitution Nucleophilic, Unimolecular: Characteristics SUBSTITUTION EATION AATEISTIS Sn2: Substitution cleophilic, Bimolecular: haracteristics 1) The 2 means Bimolecular (or 2 nd order) in the rate-determining (slow) step: rate = k [: - ] [-X] or rate = k

More information

Introduction to Biodiesel Chemistry Terms and Background Information

Introduction to Biodiesel Chemistry Terms and Background Information Introduction to Biodiesel Chemistry Terms and Background Information Basic rganic Chemistry rganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with organic compounds. rganic compounds are compounds

More information

EXPERIMENT 5: DIPEPTIDE RESEARCH PROJECT

EXPERIMENT 5: DIPEPTIDE RESEARCH PROJECT EXPERIMENT 5: DIPEPTIDE RESEARCH PROJECT Pre-Lab Questions: None. 64 I. Background Information DIPEPTIDE RESEARCH PROJECT Methods developed by organic chemists for the synthesis of biopolymers have had

More information

Biochemistry - I. Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture-11 Enzyme Mechanisms II

Biochemistry - I. Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture-11 Enzyme Mechanisms II Biochemistry - I Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture-11 Enzyme Mechanisms II In the last class we studied the enzyme mechanisms of ribonuclease A

More information

Electrophilic Addition Reactions

Electrophilic Addition Reactions Electrophilic Addition Reactions Electrophilic addition reactions are an important class of reactions that allow the interconversion of C=C and C C into a range of important functional groups. Conceptually,

More information

for excitation to occur, there must be an exact match between the frequency of the applied radiation and the frequency of the vibration

for excitation to occur, there must be an exact match between the frequency of the applied radiation and the frequency of the vibration ! = 1 2"c k (m + M) m M wavenumbers! =!/c = 1/" wavelength frequency! units: cm 1 for excitation to occur, there must be an exact match between the frequency of the applied radiation and the frequency

More information

Organic Functional Groups Chapter 7. Alcohols, Ethers and More

Organic Functional Groups Chapter 7. Alcohols, Ethers and More Organic Functional Groups Chapter 7 Alcohols, Ethers and More 1 What do you do when you are in Pain? What do you do when you are in a lot of pain? 2 Functional Groups A functional group is an atom, groups

More information

Experiment 6 Qualitative Tests for Alcohols, Alcohol Unknown, IR of Unknown

Experiment 6 Qualitative Tests for Alcohols, Alcohol Unknown, IR of Unknown Experiment 6 Qualitative Tests for Alcohols, Alcohol Unknown, I of Unknown In this experiment you are going to do a series of tests in order to determine whether or not an alcohol is a primary (1 ), secondary

More information

LABORATORY 5 DETECTION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

LABORATORY 5 DETECTION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS LABATY 5 DETETIN F FUNTINAL GUPS IN GANI MPUNDS I. haracteristic reactions differentiating saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons from unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons 1. The test of bromine addition. Unsaturated

More information

MOLECULAR REPRESENTATIONS AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY

MOLECULAR REPRESENTATIONS AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY MLEULAR REPRESENTATINS AND INFRARED SPETRSPY A STUDENT SULD BE ABLE T: 1. Given a Lewis (dash or dot), condensed, bond-line, or wedge formula of a compound draw the other representations. 2. Give examples

More information

Determining the Structure of an Organic Compound

Determining the Structure of an Organic Compound Determining the Structure of an Organic Compound The analysis of the outcome of a reaction requires that we know the full structure of the products as well as the reactants In the 19 th and early 20 th

More information

2. Couple the two protected amino acids.

2. Couple the two protected amino acids. General Considerations The Strategy of Peptide Synthesis Making peptide bonds between amino acids is not difficult. The challenge is connecting amino acids in the correct sequence. andom peptide bond formation

More information

Ch17_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Ch17_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Ch17_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which molecule is a carboxylic acid? A) 1) B) C) D) E) CH3 CH2 CH2 NH2 2) Which molecule

More information

1. The functional group present in carboxylic acids is called a A) carbonyl group. B) carboxyl group. C) carboxylate group. D) carbohydroxyl group.

1. The functional group present in carboxylic acids is called a A) carbonyl group. B) carboxyl group. C) carboxylate group. D) carbohydroxyl group. Name: Date: 1. The functional group present in carboxylic acids is called a A) carbonyl group. B) carboxyl group. C) carboxylate group. D) carbohydroxyl group. 2. Which of the following statements concerning

More information

CHEM 322 Organic Chemistry II - Professor Kathleen V. Kilway. CHAPTER 14 Substitution Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

CHEM 322 Organic Chemistry II - Professor Kathleen V. Kilway. CHAPTER 14 Substitution Reactions of Aromatic Compounds CHEM 322 Organic Chemistry II - Professor Kathleen V. Kilway "Organic Chemistry" by Maitland Jones, 4 th edition Chapter 14 Homework: 1, 2, 5, 7, 13, 19, 20, 23, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 41, 46,

More information

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Electrophilic substitution is the typical reaction type for aromatic rings. Generalized electrophilic aromatic substitution: E E Electrophile Lewis acid: may be or neutral.

More information

22.7 ALKYLATION OF ESTER ENOLATE IONS

22.7 ALKYLATION OF ESTER ENOLATE IONS 1084 CHAPTER THE CHEMITRY F ENLATE IN, ENL, AND a,b-unaturated CARBNYL CMPUND H H CA CL CoA + enol form of acetyl-coa _ C N NH acetyl-coa carboxylase H H R H carboxybiotin HN NH _ LC LCH LCLCoA + H H malonyl-coa

More information

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones Structure Deduction using lassification Tests 1 Determination of Structure Determining the structure of an unknown organic compound is an exercise in deductive reasoning.

More information

Laboratory 22: Properties of Alcohols

Laboratory 22: Properties of Alcohols Introduction Alcohols represent and important class of organic molecules. In this experiment you will study the physical and chemical properties of alcohols. Solubility in water, and organic solvents,

More information

2. Rank the following three compounds in decreasing order of basicity. O NHCCH 3 NH 2

2. Rank the following three compounds in decreasing order of basicity. O NHCCH 3 NH 2 1. To convert a nitrile to a primary amine you must: A) hydrolyze it with water. B) oxidize it with chromic acid. C) reduce it with hydrogen or lithium aluminum hydride. D) substitute it with an alkyl

More information

Chapter 5 Classification of Organic Compounds by Solubility

Chapter 5 Classification of Organic Compounds by Solubility Chapter 5 Classification of Organic Compounds by Solubility Deductions based upon interpretation of simple solubility tests can be extremely useful in organic structure determination. Both solubility and

More information

Suggested solutions for Chapter 3

Suggested solutions for Chapter 3 s for Chapter PRBLEM Assuming that the molecular ion is the base peak (00% abundance) what peaks would appear in the mass spectrum of each of these molecules: (a) C5Br (b) C60 (c) C64Br In cases (a) and

More information

EXPERIMENT 9 (Organic Chemistry II) Pahlavan - Cherif Synthesis of Aspirin - Esterification

EXPERIMENT 9 (Organic Chemistry II) Pahlavan - Cherif Synthesis of Aspirin - Esterification EXPERIMENT 9 (rganic hemistry II) Pahlavan - herif Materials Hot plate 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask Melting point capillaries Melting point apparatus Büchner funnel 400-mL beaker Stirring rod hemicals Salicylic

More information

Chapter 11 Homework and practice questions Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitutions and Eliminations

Chapter 11 Homework and practice questions Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitutions and Eliminations Chapter 11 Homework and practice questions Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitutions and Eliminations SHORT ANSWER Exhibit 11-1 Circle your response in each set below. 1. Circle the least

More information

partial positive an acid is a hydrogen ion donor, or proton donor base is a hydrogen ion acceptor, or proton acceptor acidic protons acid base

partial positive an acid is a hydrogen ion donor, or proton donor base is a hydrogen ion acceptor, or proton acceptor acidic protons acid base INTRDUCTIN T INIC MECANISMS PART I: FUNDAMENTALS F BRNSTED-LWRY ACID-BASE CEMISTRY YDRGEN ATMS AND PRTNS IN RGANIC MLECULES - A hydrogen atom that has lost its only electron is sometimes referred to as

More information

RESONANCE, USING CURVED ARROWS AND ACID-BASE REACTIONS

RESONANCE, USING CURVED ARROWS AND ACID-BASE REACTIONS RESONANCE, USING CURVED ARROWS AND ACID-BASE REACTIONS A STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO: 1. Properly use curved arrows to draw resonance structures: the tail and the head of every arrow must be drawn in exactly

More information

REACTIONS OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

REACTIONS OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS A STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO: REACTIONS OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS 1. Predict the product(s) of Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS), Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (S N Ar) and Elimination-Addition

More information

Chapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases

Chapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases John E. McMurry http://www.cengage.com/chemistry/mcmurry Chapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases Javier E. Horta, M.D., Ph.D. University of Massachusetts Lowell Polar Covalent Bonds: Electronegativity

More information

4/18/2011. 9.8 Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Substitutions. Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Substitutions

4/18/2011. 9.8 Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Substitutions. Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Substitutions 9.8 Substituent effects in the electrophilic substitution of an aromatic ring Substituents affect the reactivity of the aromatic ring Some substituents activate the ring, making it more reactive than benzene

More information

1 General introduction

1 General introduction General introduction Peptides and peptidomimetics _ 1 1 General introduction 1.1 Peptides and peptidomimetics umerous small and large peptides, which are sequence and length-specific polymers composed

More information

Q.1 Draw out some suitable structures which fit the molecular formula C 6 H 6

Q.1 Draw out some suitable structures which fit the molecular formula C 6 H 6 Aromatic compounds GE 1 BENZENE Structure Primary analysis revealed benzene had an... empirical formula of and a molecular formula of 6 6 Q.1 Draw out some suitable structures which fit the molecular formula

More information

Chapter 7 Substitution Reactions

Chapter 7 Substitution Reactions Chapter 7 Substitution Reactions Review of Concepts Fill in the blanks below. To verify that your answers are correct, look in your textbook at the end of Chapter 7. Each of the sentences below appears

More information

INTDUCTIN T LEWIS ACID-BASE CEMISTY DEINITINS Lewis acids and bases are defined in terms of electron pair transfers. A Lewis base is an electron pair donor, and a Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor.

More information

Guide to Solving Sophomore Organic Synthesis Problems

Guide to Solving Sophomore Organic Synthesis Problems Paul Bracher Chem 30 Synthesis eview Guide to Solving Sophomore rganic Synthesis Problems Disclaimer mission of a topic on this handout does not preclude that material from appearing on the final exam.

More information

11.4 NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS OF EPOXIDES

11.4 NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS OF EPOXIDES .4 NUEPII SUBSTITUTIN REATINS F EPXIDES 495 (d When tert-butyl methyl ether is heated with sulfuric acid, methanol and -methylpropene distill from the solution. (e Tert-butyl methyl ether cleaves much

More information

The dipolar nature of acids

The dipolar nature of acids I. Introduction arboxylic Acid Structure and hemistry: Part 1 Jack Deuiter arboxylic acids are hydrocarbon derivatives containing a carboxyl () moiety. ecall that carbon has four valence electrons and

More information

Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination

Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination What does the term "nucleophilic substitution" imply? A nucleophile is an the electron rich species that will react with an electron poor species A substitution

More information

These instructions are for a classroom activity which supports OCR A Level Chemistry A.

These instructions are for a classroom activity which supports OCR A Level Chemistry A. Lesson Element Keyword activities Instructions for teachers These instructions are for a classroom activity which supports OCR A Level Chemistry A. Just a minute! To run this activity you will need a set

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Ch14_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Compounds with the -OH group attached to a saturated alkane-like carbon are known as A)

More information

Everything You Need to Know About Mechanisms. First rule: Arrows are used to indicate movement of electrons

Everything You Need to Know About Mechanisms. First rule: Arrows are used to indicate movement of electrons Everything You eed to Know About Mechanisms A) The orrect Use of Arrows to Indicate Electron Movement The ability to write an organic reaction mechanism properly is key to success in organic chemistry

More information

Solving Spectroscopy Problems

Solving Spectroscopy Problems Solving Spectroscopy Problems The following is a detailed summary on how to solve spectroscopy problems, key terms are highlighted in bold and the definitions are from the illustrated glossary on Dr. Hardinger

More information

Q.1 Carbonyl compounds are formed by oxidation of alcohols;

Q.1 Carbonyl compounds are formed by oxidation of alcohols; arbonyl compounds 814 1 ARBYL MPUDS - Aldehydes and Ketones Q.1 arbonyl compounds are formed by oxidation of alcohols; a) Which type of alcohol is oxidised to an aldehyde? b) Which type of alcohol is oxidised

More information

CHEM 51LB EXP 1 SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS: INFRARED AND NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY

CHEM 51LB EXP 1 SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS: INFRARED AND NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY CHEM 51LB EXP 1 SPECTRSCPIC METHDS: INFRARED AND NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESNANCE SPECTRSCPY REACTINS: None TECHNIQUES: IR Spectroscopy, NMR Spectroscopy Infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

More information

Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases 1 According to Brønsted and Lowry, an acid-base reaction is defined in terms of a proton transfer. By this definition, the reaction of Cl in water is: Cl(aq) + Cl (aq) +

More information

Saturated NaCl solution rubber tubing (2) Glass adaptor (2) thermometer adaptor heating mantle

Saturated NaCl solution rubber tubing (2) Glass adaptor (2) thermometer adaptor heating mantle EXPERIMENT 5 (Organic Chemistry II) Pahlavan/Cherif Dehydration of Alcohols - Dehydration of Cyclohexanol Purpose - The purpose of this lab is to produce cyclohexene through the acid catalyzed elimination

More information

Unit 2 Review: Answers: Review for Organic Chemistry Unit Test

Unit 2 Review: Answers: Review for Organic Chemistry Unit Test Unit 2 Review: Answers: Review for Organic Chemistry Unit Test 2. Write the IUPAC names for the following organic molecules: a) acetone: propanone d) acetylene: ethyne b) acetic acid: ethanoic acid e)

More information

CHEM 211 CHAPTER 16 - Homework

CHEM 211 CHAPTER 16 - Homework CHEM 211 CHAPTER 16 - Homework SHORT ANSWER Consider the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction below to answer the following question(s): 1. Refer to the reaction above. Draw the structure of the electrophilic

More information

Chapter 17. How are acids different from bases? Acid Physical properties. Base. Explaining the difference in properties of acids and bases

Chapter 17. How are acids different from bases? Acid Physical properties. Base. Explaining the difference in properties of acids and bases Chapter 17 Acids and Bases How are acids different from bases? Acid Physical properties Base Physical properties Tastes sour Tastes bitter Feels slippery or slimy Chemical properties Chemical properties

More information

Amides and Amines: Organic Nitrogen Compounds

Amides and Amines: Organic Nitrogen Compounds Chapter 25 Amides and Amines: Organic Nitrogen Compounds Nylon is one of the materials used to give these colorful sails their strength and durability. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry,

More information

What does pka tell you?

What does pka tell you? ph and pka What does pka tell you? pka tells you if a given molecule is going to either give a proton to water at a certain ph, or remove a proton A pka of 2 for substance X means that at a ph of 2, X

More information

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced as a result of an electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring

More information

Chapter 15 Radical Reactions. Radicals are reactive species with a single unpaired electron, formed by

Chapter 15 Radical Reactions. Radicals are reactive species with a single unpaired electron, formed by Chapter 15 Radical Reactions Radicals are reactive species with a single unpaired electron, formed by homolysis of a covalent bond; a radical contains an atom that does not have an octet of electrons,

More information

EXPERIMENT 6 (Organic Chemistry II) Identification of Ketones and Aldehydes

EXPERIMENT 6 (Organic Chemistry II) Identification of Ketones and Aldehydes EXPERIMENT 6 (rganic hemistry II) Identification of Ketones and Aldehydes Pahlavan/herif hemicals 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine(DNP) 0.10 M AgN 3 2-propanol Benzaldehyde 10% Na 2-butanol Methyl ethyl Ketone

More information

Oxidation of Cyclohexanol to Cyclohexanone

Oxidation of Cyclohexanol to Cyclohexanone Reminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace, the laboratory manual. Oxidation of Cyclohexanol to Cyclohexanone History and Application: Oxidation reactions are incredibly important in the

More information

Willem Elbers. October 9, 2015

Willem Elbers. October 9, 2015 S N 1 and S N 2 reactivity of 3 alkyl bromides Willem Elbers ctober 9, 2015 1 Abstract n this experiment, we investigate the relative reactivities of three alkyl bromides with increasing steric bulk. We

More information

CHM220 Nucleophilic Substitution Lab. Studying S N 1 and S N 2 Reactions: Nucloephilic Substitution at Saturated Carbon*

CHM220 Nucleophilic Substitution Lab. Studying S N 1 and S N 2 Reactions: Nucloephilic Substitution at Saturated Carbon* CHM220 Nucleophilic Substitution Lab Studying S N 1 and S N 2 Reactions: Nucloephilic Substitution at Saturated Carbon* Purpose: To convert a primary alcohol to an alkyl bromide using an S N 2 reaction

More information

Addition Reactions of Carbon-Carbon Pi Bonds - Part 1

Addition Reactions of Carbon-Carbon Pi Bonds - Part 1 Addition eactions of arbon-arbon Pi Bonds - Part 1 3 δ+ 2 δ 3 3 3 + 2 3 2 3 What Is an Addition eaction? Addition reaction: Atoms or groups are added to opposite ends of a pi bond. X Y Why should I study

More information

INCOMPATIBILITY OF COMMON LABORATORY CHEMICALS

INCOMPATIBILITY OF COMMON LABORATORY CHEMICALS INCOMPATIBILITY OF COMMON LABORATORY CHEMICALS When certain hazardous chemicals are stored or mixed together, violent reactions may occur because the chemicals are unsuitable for mixing, or are incompatible.

More information

Conjugation is broken completely by the introduction of saturated (sp3) carbon:

Conjugation is broken completely by the introduction of saturated (sp3) carbon: Chapter 16 Conjugation, resonance, and dienes Conjugation relies on the partial overlap of p-orbitals on adjacent double or triple bonds. A common conjugated system involves 1,3-dienes, such as 1,3-butadiene.

More information

How to Interpret an IR Spectrum

How to Interpret an IR Spectrum How to Interpret an IR Spectrum Don t be overwhelmed when you first view IR spectra or this document. We have simplified the interpretation by having you only focus on 4/5 regions of the spectrum. Do not

More information

Assessment Schedule 2013 Chemistry: Demonstrate understanding of the properties of organic compounds (91391)

Assessment Schedule 2013 Chemistry: Demonstrate understanding of the properties of organic compounds (91391) NCEA Level 3 Chemistry (91391) 2013 page 1 of 8 Assessment Schedule 2013 Chemistry: Demonstrate understanding of the properties of organic compounds (91391) Evidence Statement Q Evidence Achievement Achievement

More information

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I PRACTICE EXERCISE Sn1 and Sn2 Reactions

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I PRACTICE EXERCISE Sn1 and Sn2 Reactions ORGANIC CEMISTRY I PRACTICE EXERCISE Sn1 and Sn2 Reactions 1) Which of the following best represents the carbon-chlorine bond of methyl chloride? d d - d - d d d d - d - I II III IV V 2) Provide a detailed,

More information

How to Quickly Solve Spectrometry Problems

How to Quickly Solve Spectrometry Problems How to Quickly Solve Spectrometry Problems You should be looking for: Mass Spectrometry (MS) Chemical Formula DBE Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) Important Functional Groups o Alcohol O-H o Carboxylic Acid

More information

HOMEWORK PROBLEMS: IR SPECTROSCOPY AND 13C NMR. The peak at 1720 indicates a C=O bond (carbonyl). One possibility is acetone:

HOMEWORK PROBLEMS: IR SPECTROSCOPY AND 13C NMR. The peak at 1720 indicates a C=O bond (carbonyl). One possibility is acetone: HMEWRK PRBLEMS: IR SPECTRSCPY AND 13C NMR 1. You find a bottle on the shelf only labeled C 3 H 6. You take an IR spectrum of the compound and find major peaks at 2950, 1720, and 1400 cm -1. Draw a molecule

More information

IB Chemistry 1 Mole. One atom of C-12 has a mass of 12 amu. One mole of C-12 has a mass of 12 g. Grams we can use more easily.

IB Chemistry 1 Mole. One atom of C-12 has a mass of 12 amu. One mole of C-12 has a mass of 12 g. Grams we can use more easily. The Mole Atomic mass units and atoms are not convenient units to work with. The concept of the mole was invented. This was the number of atoms of carbon-12 that were needed to make 12 g of carbon. 1 mole

More information

Properties of Alcohols and Phenols Experiment #3

Properties of Alcohols and Phenols Experiment #3 Properties of Alcohols and Phenols Experiment #3 Objectives: To observe the solubility of alcohols relative to their chemical structure, to perform chemical tests to distinguish primary, secondary and

More information

ammonium salt (acidic)

ammonium salt (acidic) Chem 360 Jasperse Ch. 19 otes + Answers. Amines 1 eactions of Amines 1. eaction as a proton base (Section 19-5 and 19-6) amine base -X (proton acid) a X ammonium salt (acidic) Mechanism: equired (protonation)

More information

Experiment #7: Esterification

Experiment #7: Esterification Experiment #7: Esterification Pre-lab: 1. Choose an ester to synthesize. Determine which alcohol and which carboxylic acid you will need to synthesize your ester. Write out the reaction for your specific

More information

ALKENES AND ALKYNES REACTIONS A STUDENT WHO HAS MASTERED THE MATERIAL IN THIS SECTION SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

ALKENES AND ALKYNES REACTIONS A STUDENT WHO HAS MASTERED THE MATERIAL IN THIS SECTION SHOULD BE ABLE TO: ALKENES AND ALKYNES REACTINS A STUDENT W AS MASTERED TE MATERIAL IN TIS SECTIN SULD BE ABLE T: 1. Given the starting materials and reaction conditions, predict the products of the following reactions of

More information