IGNEOUS ROCKS. Ocean crust is thin, dense, and young. Continent crust is thick, light, and old. How do oceans and continents differ?
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1 Chapter 4 IGNEOUS ROCKS The average ocean depth is 3000m. If the Earth s surface is 30% land and 70% ocean, why is there any land at all? Why are there not just a few little islands? Ocean crust is thin, dense, and young. Continent crust is thick, light, and old. 1
2 Polymerization of Silica Each Si atom is surrounded by 4 oxygens. Polymerization is the degree to which the oxygens are shared with other Si atoms. Polymerization is the number of Si-O-Si bonds per tetrahedron. Olivine has none: isolated SiO 4 groups Pyroxene has 50% shared: SiO 3 chains Mica has has 75% shared: Si 4 O 10 sheets Quartz and feldspar have 100% (Si,Al)O 2 framework. Polymerization of Silica Tetrahedron Polymerization of Silica Pyroxene MgSiO 3 Olivine (Mg 2 SiO 4 ) Tetrahedron Polymerization of Silica Mica (Sheet) Quartz (Framework) MAGMA Magma is the term for any molten silicate material, whether below the surface or on top. Volcanic rocks are erupted on the surface. Volcanic rocks are fine-grained (<1 mm) Intrusive igneous rocks crystallize from magma below the surface. Intrusive igneous rocks are coarsegrained (> 1mm) Pegmatites are very coarse-grained (> 1cm) 2
3 Igneous Rocks: Learning Goals What does igneous mean? Composition Mineralogy Mantle Oceanic Crust Continental Crust Igneous Fractionation How the chemistry evolves Intrusive Igneous Rocks Composition Mineralogy Geologic Setting Mantle Oceanic Crust Continental Crust Igneous Fractionation How the chemistry evolves Igneous Rock Compositions Rock compositions are described in weight percents of oxides: SiO 2, MgO, FeO, Al 2 O 3, etc The principal variation in igneous rock compositions is silica (SiO 2 ) content. The degree of polymerization of silica increases with silica content. (in both crystals and melt). Igneous Rock Compositions Igneous rocks vary in composition (SiO 2 content) ultramafic (~40 wt%) (peridotite) mafic (45-55%) (gabbro / basalt) intermediate (55-65%) (diorite/andesite) silicic (65-75 wt %) (rhyolite/granite) The mantle is peridotite (ultramafic). The ocean crust is gabbro (mafic). The continents are granite (silicic) Igneous Rock Names and Compositions Igneous Rock Mineralogy Composition Name Ultramafic Mafic Intermediate Silicic (felsic) Intrusive Volcanic Rock Name Rock Name Peridotite (Komatiite) Gabbro Basalt Diorite Andesite Granite Rhyolite Peridotite (Ultramafic) Olivine ((Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 ) Pyroxene ((Mg,Fe,Ca)SiO 3 ) Garnet (Mg3Al2Si3O12) or Spinel (MgAl2O4) Gabbro (Mafic) Feldspar (CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 ) Pyroxene ((Mg,Fe,Ca)SiO 3 ) Olivine ((Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 ) 3
4 Igneous Rock Mineralogy Diorite (Intermediate) Feldspar (CaAl 2Si 2O 8) Feldspar (NaAlSi 3O 8) Pyroxene ((Mg,Fe,Ca)SiO 3) Mica K(Mg,Fe,) 3(Si,Al) 2O 10(OH) 2 Granite (Silicic) Quartz (SiO 2) Feldspar (NaAlSi 3O 8) Feldspar (KAlSi 3O 8) Mica (biotite) (K(Mg,Fe,) 3(Si,Al) 4O 10(OH) 2 Mica (muscovite) (KAl 2(Si,Al) 4O 10(OH) 2 Igneous Rock Names and Compositions Composition Name Ultramafic Mafic Intermediate Silicic (felsic) Intrusive Volcanic Rock Name Rock Name Peridotite (Komatiite) Gabbro Basalt Diorite Andesite Granite Rhyolite Geologic Settings Compositions Ultramafic Mafic Intermediate Silicic (felsic) Where? Mantle Oceanic Subduction Zones Continental Mass Geologic Settings: Mantle Mid-ocean ridges Oceanic Islands Island arcs Continental There appear to be 13 major plates that cover the globe. Igneous Fractionation: Peridotite-basalt-granite Partial Melting Rocks have a melting interval of several hundred degrees C. First melt is rich in silica, water and trace elements. Fractional Crystallization First-formed crystals low in silica settle to the bottom. 4
5 Peridotite Peridotite Partial Melting Peridotite Partial Melting First melt at 3-mineral junctions Garnet Orthopyroxene Clinopyroxene Olivine Melt composition is different from host Melt is less dense 5
6 Melt flows when pockets touch Peridotite + Basalt Melt Igneous Fractionation: 6
7 Layered Mafic Intrusion Granite Outcrop Intrusive forms Dikes: Tabular discordant Pluton: Any large discordant intrusion at depth Batholith: large > 100 km2 Stock: small < 100 km2 Dike: Tabular non-conformable Sill: Tabular conformable Dikes: Tabular discordant Sills: Tabular conformable 7
8 Sills: Tabular conformable Oceanic crust is: Thin (~7 km), Dense (~3.1g/cm 3 ) Mafic (45-50% SiO 2 ) Young (< 200 my) Continental Crust is: Thick (>30 km), Light (~2.7 g/cm 3 ) Silicic (> 60% SiO 2 ) Old (> 1000 my) Difference is result of partial melting and fractional crystallization. Mid ocean ridge makes basalt from peridotite. Partial melting at subduction zones makes andesite from basalt. Polymerization Magma Pegmatitie Igneous Fractionation Partial melting Fractional Crystallization Ultramafic Mafic Intermediate Terms Silicic Peridotite Gabbro Diorite Granite Pluton Stock Batholith Dike Sill 8
9 Assignment Grotzinger Chapter 5 Sedimentary Rocks What is the most likely geologic setting in which conglomerate was deposited? A. Continental alluvial fans B. Continental deserts and beaches C. Shallow-water marine D. Deep-water marine E. Reefs What is the most likely geologic setting in which sandstone was deposited? A. Continental alluvial fans B. Continental deserts and beaches C. Shallow-water marine D. Deep-water marine E. Reefs What is the most likely geologic setting in which shale was deposited? A. Continental alluvial fans B. Continental deserts and beaches C. Shallow-water marine D. Deep-water marine E. Reefs (Tropical Shallow Marine) Crust and Mantle Lithosphere and Asthenosphere 1 The term for any molten silicate material on or below the Earth s surface is: A. Granite B. Basalt C. Magma D. Pegmatite E. Lava 9
10 1 The term for any molten silicate material on or below the Earth s surface is: A. Granite B. Basalt C. Magma D. Pegmatite E. Lava 2 The most abundant element in the Earth is: A. Hydrogen B. Oxygen C. Magnesium D. Silicon E. Iron 2 The most abundant element in the Earth is: A. Hydrogen B. Oxygen C. Magnesium D. Silicon E. Iron 3 The composition of the mantle is said to be: A. Ultramafic B. Mafic C. Intermediate D. Silicic E. Sedimentary 3 The composition of the mantle is said to be: A. Ultramafic B. Mafic C. Intermediate D. Silicic E. Sedimentary Any small or large discordant intrusion at depth is known as a 10
11 Any small or large discordant intrusion at depth is known as a A small conformable intrusion between and parallel to sedimentary layers is known as a A small conformable intrusion between and parallel to sedimentary layers is known as a A small discordant intrusion that cuts across sedimentary layers is known as a A small discordant intrusion that cuts across sedimentary layers is known as a 11
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