The Geologic History of New York State
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1 The Geologic History of New York State The Taconic Orogeny Cambrian - Ordovician Geology Ontario, Mohawk, Hudson, Wallkill Lowlands Taconic Mts. Manhattan Prong Cambrian - Ordovician Geology NE SW Helderberg Escarpment Niagara Escarpment Tug Hill Plateau Adirondack Dome SW NE
2 Cambrian-Ordovician Stratigraphy Western NY Lower Cambrian Potsdam Sandstone Lower Cambrian Potsdam Sandstone, Ausable Chasm, New York
3 Upper Cambrian Hoyt Limestone, Saratoga Springs, New York Stromatolites Stromatolites Middle Ordovician Limestone, Watertown, New York
4 Upper Ordovician Utica Shale, Mohawk Valley, New York Upper Ordovician Greywacke and Shale, Tug Hill, New York transgression Simplified Stratigraphy of Western New York Upper Ordovician Deep Basin Lower and Middle Ordovician Shallow Shelf Cambrian Beach Lorraine Shale Utica Shale Beekmantown, Trenton, Black River Limestones Active Margin Passive Margin Potsdam Sandstone unconformity Proterozoic Adirondack metamorphic rock
5 Cambrian-Ordovician Stratigraphy Eastern NY Lower Cambrian quartzite Grenville Gneiss Proterozoic nonconformity - southeastern NY Lower Ordovician Wappinger Group dolostones, S.E. New York
6 Upper Ordovician Normanskill Greywackes, Wallkill Valley, New York Simplified Stratigraphy of Western New York Middle to Upper Ordovician Deep Basin Normanskill Shale and Greywacke Active Margin transgression Lower Ordovician Shallow Shelf Wappinger Group Dolostones and Limestones Passive Margin Cambrian Beach Poughquag Quartzite unconformity Proterozoic Grenville metamorphic rock Cambrian-Ordovician Stratigraphy Southeastern NY High Grade Metamorphism
7 Manhattan Prong - high grade metamorphism Manhattan schist, Inwood marble, Hartland gneiss Deeply buried during metamorphism. Roots of a high mountain range. Inwood Marble (450 million years old) Fordham Gneiss (1 billion years old) Metamorphic Rocks of Manhattan Inwood Marble East bank of the Hudson R.
8 Manhattan Schist / Hartland Gneiss (450 my) Inwood Marble (450 million years old) Fordham Gneiss (1 billion years old) Metamorphic Rocks of Manhattan Manhattan Schist, Central Park Manhattan Schist
9 Hartland Gneiss and igneous intrusion Orchard Beach, Bronx Cambrian-Ordovician Stratigraphy Southeastern NY Low Grade Metamorphism Taconic Mountains - low grade metamorphism Slates and phyllites Thick pile of sediments shoved westward. Taconic rocks are allochthonous (out of place). Klippe - large region of allochthonous rock.
10 Evidence for the Upper Ordovician Taconic Orogeny Eroded sediments from eastern mountains deposited in a deep basin Shoved crust Metamorphic roots Collision of North America with a volcanic island arc. Middle to Late Ordovician First orogeny caused by the closing of the Iapetus Ocean basin (also called protoatlantic ). Taconic Orogeny
11 Taconic Mountain Building Event (450 million years ago) Taconic Mountain Building Event (450 million years ago)
12 Shale and Greywacke Marble and Mica Schist Amphibolite and Gneiss Taconic Mountain Building Event (450 million years ago) Bedrock geology of the southern Manhattan Prong. Cameron s Line - the suture line between metamorphosed rocks of ancient North America and metamorphosed rocks of the Taconic volcanic arc. 0 Ma Phanerozoic 540 Ma Proterozoic 2500 Ma Archean 3800 Ma Hadean 4600 Ma C M P Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Quat. Carb. Tertiary Paleogene Neogene Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Permian Pennsylvanian Mississippian Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian Quat. = Quaternary Carb. = Carboniferous Modern Geologic Time Scale Holocene Pleistocene Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene Ma Taconic Orogeny Passive margin
13 Silurian Geology Appalachian Fold Belt Shawangunk Ridge Wallkill Valley and the Gunks, New York Shawangunk Ridge, near New Paltz, NY
14 Shawangunk Conglomerate, New York Cement mine in Upper Silurian carbonates, eastern New York Taconic Angular Unconformity Lower Devonian Upper Ordovician Upper Silurian
15 Upper Silurian carbonates Ordovician shale and sandstone Taconic Angular Unconformity Simplified Stratigraphy of Eastern New York transgression regression Lower Devonian Late Silurian Tidal Flats Shallow Shelf Shoreline Manlius dolostone Rondout limestone Shawangunk Conglomerate Angular unconformity Passive Margin Ordovician Uplifted shales and siltstones After the Taconic Orogeny Taconic Mountains erode. Collision uplifts previously deposited strata. Angular Unconformity is created. Silurian - sea level rise floods unconformity surface. Shawangunk conglomerate and sandstone deposited. Upper Silurian carbonates (limestones and dolostones) deposited. Lower Devonian carbonates deposited.
16 0 Ma Phanerozoic 540 Ma Proterozoic 2500 Ma Archean 3800 Ma Hadean 4600 Ma C M P Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Quat. Carb. Tertiary Paleogene Neogene Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Permian Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian Modern Geologic Time Scale Pennsylvanian Mississippian Quat. = Quaternary Carb. = Carboniferous Holocene Pleistocene Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene Ma Passive margin Taconic Orogeny Passive margin Silurian Geology Niagara Frontier Ontario Lowlands Lake Ontario Niagara River Lake Erie
17 Ontario Grand Island Silurian Rock Niagara Falls New York Ordovician Rock Niagara Escarpment Silurian Rock N Ordovician Rock
18 Late Silurian limestones and shales Niagara Gorge Horseshoe Fall, Niagara NY
19 American Falls and view up-river (south) Canadian Falls
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