Topic 9 Review Book Weathering and Erosion

Transcription

1 Topic 9 Review Book Weathering and Erosion Define the Vocabulary 1. abrasion 2. arid climate 3. bedrock 4. chemical weathering 5. deposition 6. delta 7. discharge (stream) 8. erosion 9. flood plain 10. glacial parallel scratches 11. horizontal sorting 12. mass movement (mass wasting) 13. meander 14. outcrop 15. physical weathering 16. precipitate (definition 2) 17. sandblasting 18. sediment 19. soil 20. sorted

2 21. transported soil 22. tributary 23. unsorted sediment 24. U shaped valley 25. V shaped valley 26. watershed (drainage basin) 27. weathering Answer the following questions based on the reading: WEATHERING 1. The chemical and physical breakdown of rocks at or near Earth s surface is called. 2. When does weathering occur? 3. What are the two types of weathering? and 4. Why is water called the universal solvent? 5. Exposing iron to oxygen causes rust this is called 6. Figure 9 1 Explain what happens when groundwater becomes acidic. 7. What 2 rocks are particularly susceptible or at risk? and 8. Figure 9 2 What is frost action and how do potholes form? 9. When rock particles grind against one another it is called. After a rock has been abraded by running water it has a particular shape. What is the shape of a rock that has been abraded by running water, such as a river? FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE AND TYPE OF WEATHERING 10. Both the rate and type of weathering are dependent on the exposure of rocks to,, and Figure 9 2 is important! Rate of weathering fast Particle size large

3 11. When the rock particles are smaller, the total surface area per unit volume exposed to weathering is. Therefore, the rate of weathering is. 12. Why do some rocks, like limestone and marble, weather rapidly? 13. Almost all the sand grains you see are quartz. Why does quartz make up such a large portion of sand? 14. In what type of climate is chemical weathering most pronounced? A. What does most pronounced mean? 15. What type of weathering is dominant in cold climates? 16. When does frost action become especially intense? Notice moisture is a key factor for both chemical and physical weathering! 17. Know how to analyze Figure 9 4. SOIL FORMATION Figure Define Humus: Humus is mostly in topsoil. 19. If the minerals in the soil match the minerals of the local bedrock, then the soil is residual. If the minerals in the soil DO NOT match the minerals of the local bedrock then the soil is transported. Are most of the soils covering NYS residual or transported? 20. In NY, what was the driving force behind getting sediment particles of soil to their current location?

4 EROSION 21. The first component of a transporting system is an AGENT OF EROSION (DOES THE WORK OF EROSION). List the six examples given: 22. What is the driving force behind most of the agents of erosion? GRAVITY EROSION 23. What are the two fundamental forces involved in mass movements? 24. Carefully examine Table 9 1. What are the main differences between soil creep, debris flow, mud flow, and rock falls? 25. Which type of mass movement would you probably not notice in 1 year? RUNNING WATER EROSION AND STREAMS 26. What is a rill? What other term is more commonly used to describe this feature? 27. According to this book, what is a stream? 28. Streams carry sediment in three ways. Dissolved minerals are carried in. Solid sediments of small size including clay sized sediments are carried in the water. Larger solid sediments are usually carried by rolling, sliding, or bouncing along the stream bottom, resulting in rounding of sediments by. 29. Figure 9 6 Rivers create V Shaped Valleys. What actions combine to create the V shaped valley of a river? 30. What is another name for watershed? 31. What separates one watershed from another? STREAM VELOCITY 32. The 3 factors that control a stream s average velocity are:

5 33. What is a stream s gradient? 34. What is a stream s discharge? The stream channel shape controls the amount of surface area (perimeter in figure 9 8) between the water and the ground. With more surface area between the water and the ground there is more friction or drag and turbulence slows the streams velocity. FIGURE 9 9 IS VERY IMPORTANT! YOU MUST LEARN IT. 35. If a stream channel is straight (A, A ), where is the fastest flowing water? (hint: crosssection) 36. Where is the fastest flowing water when a stream channel curves (B,B AND C,C )? Figure 9 10 is almost exactly the same diagram from p.6 of your ESRT. Be able to use the chart what velocity of water will transport what kind of sediment. EVOLUTION OF A STREAM 37. In the early stages of the stream, most of its energy is used to a narrow valley. There is usually a slope and many abrupt changes in elevation resulting in and. 38. As the stream grows larger, it begins to shift its course in a series of bends or turns called 39. Where do deltas form? WIND EROSION FIGURE Where does wind erosion usually take place? 41. Figure 9 12 How do mushroom rocks form? GLACIER EROSION 41. Define a glacier. 42. What are the two types of glaciers? AND 43. What has to happen in order for a glacier to advance?

6 44. How are glacial grooves and glacial parallel scratches (usually called STRIATIONS) formed? 45. The book says that large glacial sediment, called erratics, can be transported hundreds of miles. Recent research states that this is not true. It is now believed that large boulders cannot travel more that miles. 46. Rivers and streams create V shaped valleys. What is the shape of a glacier valley? Figures 9 13 and 9 14 are important! WAVE AND CURRENT EROSION 47. What is a long shore current (look at figure 9 16B the zig zag motion of sand)? Why doesn t it exist if waves strike the beach head on? Sediment Features and Erosional Agents Learn figure 9 17! DESCRIBE SEDIMENT FEATURES Running water Glacial Ice Wind Gravity (Mass Movement) Characteristics