Minerals & Rocks. Interactive Student Notebook: Chapters 3 & 4. Name: Date: Class Period:

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1 Interactive Student Notebook: Chapters 3 & 4 Minerals & Rocks Name: Date: Class Period: Next Generation Science Standard MS-ESS2-1: Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth s materials and the flow of energy that drives this process. Common Core Standard SL.8.5: Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest.

2 Is it a mineral? Why, or why not? Leaf: Granite: Bones: Petrified Wood: Chapter 3 Notes: What is a mineral? What is a rock? What is a mine? What is reclamation? 1

3 Minerals and Their Properties (Textbook Chapter 3, Sections 1 & 2) Video Review (DX0502) Directions: During the course of the program, answer the You Decide questions as they are presented in the video. Use the word bank to answer the Video Quiz questions at the end of the video. You Decide: A. What was that mineral? B. What is the name of this place? C. What is the name for hot, molten rock? D. Which rock do you think will float? E. What is the main mineral found in the Golden Gate Bridge? Video Quiz 1: 1. A is an inorganic substance. 2. Salt consists of crystals shaped like. 3. Each group of crystal shapes is called a. 4. The crystalline structure tends to give minerals their. 5. An is a chemically pure substance made of one kind of atom. 6. Lava or magma is derived from rock. 7. are minerals that contain silicon and oxygen. 8. The way a mineral reflects light is called. 9. occurs when minerals split along flat surfaces. 10. When rocks break along jagged surfaces it is called. Word Bank for Video Quiz 1: cleavage crystal system cubes element fracture luster mineral molten shape silicates 2

4 Directions: Fill in the blank with the correct word. A list of answers is provided. 1. A is a material from the earth that is made of one or more minerals. 2. The shape of a mineral largely depends on its structure. 3. The term fool s gold refers to the mineral. 4. A mineral or rock that is capable of producing a usable amount of metal is called. 5. are colorful, highly prized minerals. Word Bank for Video Quiz 2: crystal streak gems ore pyrite rock 6. The color of powder left behind on a piece of porcelain is a mineral s. Mohs Scale of Hardness (Textbook Chapter 3, Section 2) Interpreting Charts: Answer each question using Mohs hardness scale. Which mineral is the hardest? Which mineral is the softest? List four minerals that will scratch feldspar. List two minerals that are softer than calcite. If a mineral will scratch quartz, but it will not scratch corundum, what is the hardness of that mineral? If a mineral will scratch gypsum, but will not scratch calcite, what is the hardness of that mineral? 3

5 Mineral Identification Lab Objective: Students will identify minerals by observing and recording their physical characteristics. Background Information: Minerals possess a set of specific properties that can be used to help identify them. Color is one of the most obvious properties, yet it can also be the least helpful in identifying minerals because one mineral can often come in many different colors, and two minerals can have the same color. A mineral s hardness can be determined by a scratch test. Mohs scale of hardness (created by geologist Friedrich Mohs) ranks minerals from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest). You can use the materials in the table below to approximate Mohs Scale of Hardness. Material Hardness Fingernail 2.5 Copper Penny 3.0 Glass 5.5 Nail 6.5 Minerals are also identified based on how they break. Cleavage refers to a mineral s tendency to break along flat surfaces, and fracture refers to a mineral s tendency to break along irregular or curved surfaces. A mineral s streak refers to the color of powder it leaves when rubbed against a piece of porcelain. Minerals can also be identified based on their luster, which is the way the surface of a mineral reflects light. Metallic, nonmetallic, waxy, earthy, glossy, and dull are common terms used to describe luster. Materials: 5 numbered samples of unknown minerals copper penny glass square nail porcelain streak plate magnifying lens mineral identification key Procedure: Record your observations in the chart on the following page. 1. Observe and record the color of each mineral. 2. Note whether the luster of each mineral is metallic or nonmetallic. If nonmetallic, is it glossy, pearly, greasy, earthy, or dull? 3. Rub each mineral against the streak plate and determine the color of the mineral s streak. 4. Using a fingernail, copper penny, glass square, and a nail, test each mineral to determine its hardness according to the hardness scale provided above. 5. Your teacher will tell you whether the surface of each mineral displays cleavage or fracture. 6. Use the Mineral Identification Key to help identify your unknown mineral samples. 4

6 Mineral Identification Key 5

7 Mineral Identification Lab Sample # Color Luster Streak Hardness Cleavage or Fracture Mineral Name

8 Birdseed Mining Background Information: Mining is a complex process in which relatively small amounts of valuable or useful minerals or metals are extracted from very large masses of rock. Vocabulary: Mine to extract minerals; or a place where minerals can be obtained Ore mineral deposit large enough and pure enough to be mined for a profit Reclamation returning land to its original condition after mining Profit money earned after expenses are paid 15 ml = 1 Tablespoon Materials: Birdseed/bead mixture Paper plate Graph paper Toothpicks or paper clips Procedure: Purchase Land: 1. Cut the graph paper into four pieces. Give one piece to each person at the table. Leave any extras on the tray. 2. This graph paper is your land. Set it on your paper plate. The cost of this property is $25 for every 15 ml of seed/bead mixture that is on it. 3. Purchase your land from the owner and enter the cost on your Birdseed Spreadsheet. Purchase Equipment and Pay Workers: 4. Do not touch the seed/bead mixture with your hands. You will only use your mining equipment $5 and/or paper $10) to mine. Purchase your equipment from the tray, and write the cost on your spreadsheet. 5. Your mining operation costs are $5 for each piece of equipment that you purchase. This covers wages for workers operating your equipment, fuel and other expenses. Enter the correct amount on your spreadsheet. Begin Mining: 6. Use the toothpicks or paper clips to sort through the mixture and mine the ores. If this equipment breaks, you cannot use it, and must purchase more. 7. Neatly separate the different materials into their own piles on your piece of land. Messy mines will be given an environmental damage fine. 8. Count your mined material and enter the amounts on the spreadsheet. Begin Reclamation of the Land: 9. Now, figure your reclamation cost by putting all of the waste material on a pile on your property, taking up as little space as possible. Count the number of squares that it is taking up, and multiply the number of squares by $ Write the reclamation costs on the spreadsheet. Calculate your Profit/Loss: 11. Subtract all of your expenses from the total value of your mined minerals. Did you earn a profit or take a loss? 12. Enter your profit or loss on the spreadsheet. 7

9 Birdseed Spreadsheet Expenses: Property cost ($25 per 15 ml) $ Equipment purchase: Toothpicks ($5 each) Paper Clips ($10 each) $ $ Mining operation cost: ($5 for each piece of equipment being used) Reclamation ($1 per square) $ $ Total expenses $ Income: Value of Minerals: Sunflower Seeds = iron = $4 each Quantity Value $ Pink/red beads = copper = $5 each Quantity Value $ Blue/purple beads = silver = $6 each Quantity Value $ White beads = diamond = $25 each Quantity Value $ Total income (value of all minerals) $ Subtract total expenses Equals your profit (positive number) or your loss (negative number) Circle one: profit/loss = $ 8

10 Mining: Impact on the Environment (Textbook Chapter 3, Section 3) Making Connections 1. Birdseed mining was similar to real-life mining because What is an ore? 9

11 Chapter 4 Notes What are the three types of rock, and how do they form? Oregon s state gemstone is the SUNSTONE. 10 Oregon s state rock is the THUNDEREGG.

12 Sedimentary Rocks (Textbook Chapter 4, Section 3) Video Review (DX1135) Directions: During the course of the program, answer the You Decide questions as they are presented in the video. Answer the Video Quiz questions at the end of the video. You Decide: 1. What do sedimentary rocks consist of? 2. What is the name of this large canyon? 3. What are these formations called? 4. What is the meaning of the word organic? 5. What is this large expanse of white? 6. What are these colorful objects lying on the ground? Video Quiz: 1. Sedimentary rocks are made up of. 2. occurs when the weight of layers presses particles together. 3. A is a bed of rock. 4. The rock layers are at the top of the Grand Canyon. 5. contain large, smooth rock fragments. 6. These hoodoos are made primarily of. 7. Rocks which form as a result of chemical reactions are called rocks. 8. is the process in which once living things are replaced by minerals. 9. When an organism decays and the mold fills with sediment, a fossil forms. 10. rocks are rocks made of once living things. Word Bank for Video Quiz: cast chemical compaction conglomerates limestone organic petrification rock layer sediments youngest 11

13 Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks (Textbook Chapter 4, Sections 2 & 4) Video Review (DX0501) Directions: During the course of the program, answer the You Decide questions as they are presented in the video. Answer the Video Quiz questions at the end of the video. You Decide: 1. Where do you think molten rock is formed? 2. From what substance is this red candle formed? 3. This igneous rock called gabbro is large grained. Where do you think it formed? 4. What will happen to these small beads of clay if you squeeze and heat them in your hand? 5. From what metamorphic rock is this roof made? Video Quiz: 1. rocks are formed from molten rock. 2. Molten rock on the surface of the earth is called. 3. rock is formed inside the earth. 4. Igneous rocks with large crystals cool. 5. rocks are created via heat and pressure from existing rocks. 6. Metamorphic rocks that break along flat, even bands are. 7. is an igneous rock which is mined from quarries such as this. 8. Igneous rocks on the earth s surface cool. 9. Under heat and pressure, limestones may form. 10. metamorphism occurs over large areas. 12 Word Bank for Video Quiz: basalt foliated igneous intrusive lava marble metamorphic quickly regional slowly

14 Igneous Rock (Textbook Chapter 4, Section 2) 1. Why is some igneous rock coarse-grained and some fine-grained? 2. What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rock? 3. List three different types of intrusive igneous rock formations. 13

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18 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Video Review (DX0503) Directions: During the course of the program, answer the You Decide questions as they are presented in the video. Answer the Video Quiz questions at the end of the video. You Decide: 1. What makes rocks different from elk? 2. What twisted this rock? 3. How did these pebbles get so smooth? 4. Where did all this sand come from? Video Quiz: 1. The Grand Canyon was formed primarily via. 2. A rock contains one or more. 3. The main types of rocks are sedimentary, metamorphic, and rocks. 4. Sedimentary rocks may be formed from solidified layers of. 5. Metamorphic rocks are created from other rocks undergoing and pressure. 6. Slate is a rock used for buildings and roofing. 7. Sand originally comes from. 8. rock is formed when rock becomes liquid. 9. The rock illustrates that rocks are continually changing form. 10. involves the wearing down of rocks over time. Word Bank for Video Quiz: cycle erosion heat igneous metamorphic minerals molten rock sediments weathering 17

19 Rock Cycle Vocabulary: Weathering: Erosion: Sediment: Compacting: Cementing: Morph: Ignite: 18

20 Processes (Key Words) Type of Rock that is Formed Sedimentary Metamorphic Igneous 19

21 Practice Test Fill in the processes that lead to the formation of each rock type. Sedimentary Igneous Metamorphic 20

22 Practice Test Write a paragraph explaining how sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rock form. Use the following key words in your paragraph: weathering erosion sediment compact cement strata or layers heat pressure change melt or molten magma lava solidify intrusive extrusive 21

23 How do I earn an A? Writing Answers to Questions: Sentences are complete and make sense. Part of the question is in the answer. Explanations are complete and detailed. Each step is described in the correct sequence. All of the relevant vocabulary words are used. All information is accurate. Example: Question: Describe the processes that occur when sedimentary rock is formed. Answer that would earn an A: Sedimentary rock is formed when rock is broken down into smaller pieces in a process called weathering. The small pieces of rock are then moved by wind, water or ice, which is called erosion. Then the sediment settles and is compacted and cemented together into layers of sedimentary rock. Answer that would NOT earn an A: sedimentary rock forms by weathering and erosion and compacting and cementing Drawing Illustrations: Images show action or meaning. A background is drawn to give context to the drawing. Labels or captions clearly explain what is happening in the pictures. Color makes the features of the drawing stand out. Example: Drawings that would earn an A: Drawings that would NOT earn an A: Cooling and Solidifying I made it out of the volcano! Now I m getting cool and turning into solid rock! Igneous Rock We re extrusive igneous rock. We cooled fast out here on the Earth s surface! Cooling and Solidifying Igneous Rock Cool. Cool. We re OBSIDIAN! Hi. 22