INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Transcription

1 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION England had banks, a gov t that encouraged trade & invention, & money to invest in industry England had large deposits of natural resources, especially iron & coal England s colonies provided cheap raw materials & markets to sell industrial goods

2 FACTORY SYSTEM New textile machinery led to the factory system

3 MASS PRODUCTION Power-driven machines were able to mass-produce goods very fast & cheap Factory owners made huge profits selling mass-produced clothes

4 JAMES WATT In 1765, James Watt invented the first steam engine Steam engines produced more power & allowed factories to be built in cities near workers

5 HENRY BESSEMER Henry Bessemer invented a cheap process for making steel which is stronger than iron Steel allowed engineers to design more powerful machines, taller buildings, & longer bridges

6 URBANIZATION Urbanization increased dramatically during the Industrial Revolution. The increase in population and enclosure of farms forced people to move to cities.

7 TENEMENTS Poor families lived in poorly constructed apartments built by factory owners called tenements in neighborhoods called slums. Many families shared cramped apartments that lacked running water or sanitation. Hard factory jobs and disease led to short life expectancies for urban workers.

8 CHILD LABOR Rather than working for their parents on family farms, many children in the cities worked in factories, brickyards, or mines. Living in cities was expensive so poor families needed their kids to work. Child workers earned 10% of an adult wage, worked long hours in dangerous conditions, were often beaten.

9 UNIONS Workers joined unions & demand better pay, fewer hours, safer work conditions When union demands were not met, workers went on strike

10 KARL MARX Karl Marx introduced a radical form of socialism called communism Marx & Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto which predicted a war between the haves & have nots Marx encouraged workers to overthrow owners, seize control of factories, distribute goods evenly, & create economic equality for all people

11 SOCIALISM This would create equality & end poverty by redistributing wealth from rich capitalists to the poor workers Socialists argued that the government should plan the economy by controlling factories, farms, railroads, mines, & important industries

12 IMPERIALISM The Industrial Revolution led to imperialism in Africa, India, China and the Pacific in the mid- 1800s; Empires needed raw materials to fuel the demand for factory goods.

13 SOCIAL DARWINISM The ideology that applies biological concepts of Darwinism or survival of the fittest to sociology and politics, often with the assumption that conflict between groups in society leads to progress as superior groups outcompete inferior ones.

14 BERLIN CONFERENCE The race for African colonies was so fierce that Europeans became afraid wars would break out In 1884, 14 nations met at the Congress of Berlin to set the rules for colonizing in Africa No African nations were invited to attend; No concern was given to ethic divisions in Africa

15 SUEZ CANAL Constructed in 1859, the Suez Canal is a shipping canal that connects the Mediterranean Sea at Port Said with the Red Sea.

16 SEPOY MUTINY To protect their trade & territories, British officials hired Indian soldiers called sepoys In 1857, rumors spread that sepoy gun cartridges supplied by the British by were greased with pork & beef fat Hindu & Muslim sepoys were outraged & rebelled against the British The Sepoy Mutiny lasted over 1 year; The British gov t had to send troops to help the East India Co

17 OPIUM WAR In the 1800s, the British smuggled opium from India into China By 1835, 12 million Chinese citizens were addicted to opium The British refused to end the opium trade & China declared war on Britain Britain used its modern navy to easily win the Opium Wars ( )

18 EXTRATERRITORIAL RIGHTS The Treaty of Nanjing ended the Opium Wars: Britain received Hong Kong & extraterritorial rights in China ( foreigners were not subject to Chinese laws)

19 SPHERES OF INFLUENCE Britain & other industrial powers took advantage of China s weakness to force China to sign unequal trade treaties in particular ports By 1900, China was carved into a series of spheres of influences: areas where a foreign nation had exclusive trade rights

20 OPEN DOOR POLICY The division of China worried the USA that it would be shut out of Chinese trade In 1899, the USA proposed an Open Door Policy in China so merchants from all nations can trade freely

21 TAIPING REBELLION In addition to its foreign problems, China also faced major problems with its own people By 1850, China s population grew so rapidly that agriculture could not keep up In 1853, Hong Xiuquan led the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in an attempt end poverty among peasants

22 BOXER REBELLION The growth of foreign influence, poverty among peasants, & Christianity upset many Chinese In 1900, frustrated Chinese led the Boxer Rebellion to expel foreigners from China An army of 19,000 British, French, American soldiers finally ended the Boxer Rebellion

23 COMMODORE PERRY In 1853, U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Tokyo Harbor with 4 wellarmed, steamships & demanded that the Japanese trade with the USA When Matthew Perry returned in 1854, Japanese officials signed the Treaty of Kanagawa which opened two ports to American merchants

24 MEIJI RESTORATION In 1867, the Tokugawa shogun stepped down which brought an end to 600 years of military dictatorship Emperor Mutsuhito took control of the government & took the title Meiji ( enlightened rule )

25 RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR After Japan s victory over China, a rivalry developed between Japan & Russia From 1904 to 1905 Russo-Japanese War began over control of Port Arthur & Manchuria During the war, Japan shocked the world by defeating a western power In 1905, U.S President Teddy Roosevelt helped draft the treaty that Korea to Japan & removed Russia from Manchuria

26 YOUNG TURKS Members of one or more of the insurgent groups in Turkey in the late 19th century who rebelled against the absolutism of Ottoman rule.

27 MONROE DOCTRINE In 1823, the U.S. declared a new foreign policy called the Monroe Doctrine The USA remained committed to neutrality in Europe but promised to protect the Western Hemisphere from European colonization

28 PANAMA CANAL By 1900, one of America s main goals was to build a canal in Panama In 1903, Panama allowed the U.S. to build the canal & the canal was completed by 1914

29 NATIONALISM In 1848, a surge of nationalism swept through Europe which sparked revolutions for democracy & the formation of new nations

30 OTTO VON BISMARCK

31 REALPOLITIK