Impact of climate Change on Indian coastal ecology and marine fisheries: Adaptations & mitigation measures

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1 Impact of climate Change on Indian coastal ecology and marine fisheries: Adaptations & mitigation measures Dr Vinay Deshmukh Retired Principal Scientist, Mumbai Research Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Versova, Mumbai.

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3 Heat budget of Earth

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6 More Carbon dioxide = Ocean acidification

7 Ocean acidification? Corals in peril: Coral bleaching

8 Sea level rise & coastal erosion

9 Tropical waters are more vulnerable to climate change

10 Indian fisheries Among top 10 fish producing countries (2 nd ) Annual total fish landings: 9.68 million tonnes Marine fish landings: 3.59 million t (2014) Value at first point of sale: Rs 78,053 Crores ( ) Exports: 9.2 lakh t; Rs 33,442 Crores (US $ 5.5 billion)

11 Physical profile of marine environment Coastline: 8,118 km EEZ: 2.02 million Sq km Continental shelf: 0.53 m Sq.km Coastal area (<50 m depth): 0.18 m Sq km Fishing villages: 3,288 Landing centres: 1,511

12 Contribution of fisheries sector Contributes significantly to socio-economic development of coastal population: 3.6 million tonnes of fish generates Rs 78, 053 Crores Contributes 1.1% to GDP (5% to Agricultural GDP) Foreign exchange earnings: Rs 33,442 Crores (US $ 5.5 billion) Source of livelihood for about 14 million people. Marine fisheries employs 1.24 million people (2010 Census, CMFRI) directly (full & part time fishers) Almost equal employment in allied activities (selling, marketing, processing, repairs etc).

13 Marine fish landings in India: Declining trend since 2012.

14 Major Resources in India Resource Landings in lakh t Leading state % of catch Oil sardine 5.45 Kerala 28% Indian mackerel 2.37 Karnataka 29% Perches 2.46 Gujarat 25% Carangids 2.10 Kerala 26% Ribbonfishes 2.09 Gujarat 48% Penaeid prawns 2.06 Kerala 19% Other sardines 2.06 Tamil Nadu 54% Non-penaeid prawns 1.83 Gujarat 58% Cephalopods 1.73 Gujarat 33% Croakers 1.62 Gujarat 34%

15 Thousands * Crafts State wise & Sector wise fishing fleet in India. West Bengal Odisha Andhar Pradesh Tamilnadu Puducherry Kerala Karnataka Goa Maharashtra Gijarat Daman Diu 25 Non Motorized Motorized Mechanized

16 Traditional resources in India Oil sardine Indian mackerel Bombay duck

17 Landings in 10^5 t Marine fish landings in Maharashtra y = x x x x x R² = Declining trend since 2003

18 Diversity of fishery organisms About 2,500 finfish species; 930 in freshwater & 1,570 in marine & estuarine waters (Jayaraman, 2002). About 1000 species of shell fishes (Crustacean, molluscs and echinoderms). India harbours 11.5% of the world s fish fauna. About 27,300 fish species in the world (Nelson, 2006), about 58% marine, 41% freshwater & 1% diadromous. Species diversity maximum tropical waters.

19 Biodiversity : Commercially exploited species About 200 species of fin fishes & shellfishes. Pelagic: Sardine, mackerel, seer fish, tuna, ribbonfish. Demersal: Catfish, lizard fish, sciaenids, sharks, skates, & rays. Shellfishes: Shrimp, prawn, lobster, crab, squid & cuttlefish.

20 Exploitation of fish: Subsistence level

21 Fish catch at subsistence level

22 Exploitation of fish: Subsistence level

23 Exploitation of fish: Artisanal scale

24 Exploitation of fish: Commercial scale trawling

25 Exploitation of fish: Mass scale (industrial)

26 Bag net fishing in Maharashtra Fishing areas: traditionally owned Bag net: fixed at the bottom

27 All is not well!

28 Pollution & ecosystem damage

29 Problems & issues facing marine fisheries Unregulated open access fisheries Over capitalization Excessive fishing pressure in coastal waters up to 50 m depth Decrease in fishing area/active fisherman Discards & indiscriminate exploitation of juveniles of commercially important fishes Damage to bottom ecology: Habitat degradation Inter and intra-sectoral conflicts (artisanal & mechanized) Pollution & ecosystem damage Lack of effective Marine Fisheries Regulation Act Tardy implementation of Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing Global pressures on trade

30 Now, problems in marine fisheries are exacerbated by climate change Climate threats

31 Sea-surface temperature along Indian coast

32 Threats from climate change Distributional shifts of oil sardine and mackerel Early maturation at smaller size Less fecundity (less number of eggs/kg body weight. Change in trophic interactions of species Loss of spawning synchrony with seasons, so less recruitment to fishery. Coral bleaching and loss of habitat of coral organisms

33 Warming of Arabian sea: Small pelagics extending northwards Surface waters are warming by 0.04 C/decade Malabar coast landings have not declined, so sardine is extending northwards not shifting. Indian mackerel is getting deeper & downwards.

34 Latitude( o N) Extension of Oil sardine production along the coast of India (Coloured line indicates the % of oil sardine production in India) Longitude( o E) Source: Vivekanadan, 2010

35 Degradation of breeding & nursery areas

36 Changes in fish phenology: Life cycle changes Bombay duck is maturing early at smaller size from 232 mm (Bapat,1958) to 192 mm (Deshmukh, 2009). Silver pomfret matured earlier at 410 g size now it is maturing first at 280 g size. Both fishes maturing at smaller size means less reproductive output (less number of eggs). So, less recruitment to the fishery.

37 Source: CMFRI newsletter,2006

38 Vulnerability of Arabian Sea due to OMZ

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42 Adaptations & mitigation Develop knowledge base for climate change and marine fisheries Adopt the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) Increase awareness on the impacts of climate change. Strategies for evolving adaptive mechanisms.

43 Mitigation measures 1. Reduce fossil fuel consumption by fishing boat. 2. Mangrove protection & conservation to reduce sea erosion. 3. Energy efficient mechanism for propelling fishing boats. 4. Reduce fishing ground/area searching time by finding potential fishing zones. 5. As far as possible use of wind energy by having sail boats with appropriate engine facility. 6. Better preservation of fish to prevent spoilage by using ice and insulated boxes at sea. 7. Better marketing and cold chain facilities in up country places.

44 M-Krishi mobile service for fishermen

45 Present fish marketing

46 Our fish marketing

47 For new generation, we must change!

48 Capture based fish culture in small cages

49 Need for a policy National climate change response strategies are under preparation. A specific policy document on the implications of climate change for fisheries needs to be developed for India. The document should take into account all relevant social, economic and environmental policies and actions including education, training and public awareness related to climate change. It is required to raise awareness of the impact, vulnerability, adaptation and mitigation related to climate change among all stakeholders

50 Thank you