Performance of Nitrogen Stabilizers in Manure and Fertilizer
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1 Performance of Nitrogen Stabilizers in Manure and Fertilizer Tom Morris University of Connecticut Iowa Soybean Association On-Farm Network Conference Ames, Iowa, Feb 23, 2010
2 N stabilizers Data from companies that sell stabilizers show an increase in yield on average 9 bushels is often cited On-Farm Network data from 2009 suggests no benefit in Iowa for corn Why?
3 Outline Forms of N in soil Materials used to stabilize N Which form, timing and placement of N have greatest potential for benefit from stabilizers Research results from around US on N stabilizers On-Farm Network results from strip trials
4 N is the tricky element Has many 3 major forms Some forms easily lost from field Others not easily lost Factors not in our control, (rainfall, temp, soil type) affect the forms lost from field Factors in our control, (timing of N, type of N, placement) can reduce losses
5 Form of N affects gains and losses of N 3 major forms of N in soil: - organic N (not easily lost) - ammonium N (not easily lost; stays on soil particles) - nitrate N (easily lost; moves with water)
6 Organic N Soil organic matter (5% organic N) Plant residues Manures
7 Organic N Not easily lost; stays put Need microorganisms to convert to ammonium N 1.5% to 4.0% of organic N in soil organic matter converted to ammonium every season
8 How much organic N converted to ammonium N? Soil with 3% organic matter: 1.5% of organic N converted = 45 lbs of ammonium-n/acre 4.0% of organic N converted = 120 lbs of ammonium-n/acre More ammonium produced if soil has manure history or legume history
9 Not easily lost Ammonium N Attaches strongly to clay in soil Is converted quickly to nitrate in warm moist soils (nitrification) Above 50 degrees fast conversion (days) Below 50 degrees, slow (weeksmonths)
10 Nitrate N Easily lost; moves with water Leaches from soil with water Is lost to atmosphere when converted to N gas if soil is saturated with water (denitrification) Plants mostly uptake nitrate N
11 How N is lost from soils Leaching: nitrate moving thru soil Denitrification: nitrate escaping as gas to atmosphere when soil saturated Volatilization: N is lost to atmosphere as ammonia gas from urea fertilizer, ammonium fertilizer or manure
12 N processes in soils Nitrification is the conversion of ammonium to nitrate by bacteria when soil is warm and moist Urea fertilizer and urea in manures is converted to ammonia by urease enzyme
13
14 N stabilizers Nitrification inhibitors O O O N-serve (Nitrapyrin) Instinct (Encapsulated nitrapyrin) DCD (Dicyandiamide) Urease inhibitors O Agrotain Controlled release urea O Poly coated urea (ESN)
15 Why use stabilizers? More efficient use of N Slow conversion of ammonium to nitrate (nitrification inhibitors) Slow conversion of urea to ammonia (urease inhibitors) Physically protect urea (ESN)
16 Nitrification inhibitors Delay the conversion of ammonium to nitrate Reduce the chance for loss of nitrate N-Serve used with fall applications of anhydrous ammonia Instinct used with manures and UAN DCD used with Agrotain (a urease inhibitor)
17 Effect of N Serve on Nitrification Ammonium-N (ppm) 150 lb N/acre as spring-applied NH 3 Maddux et al., 1985 (SSSAJ) Three Sites in Kansas
18 Iowa: N-Serve Ammonium sulfate in spring Each bar is average of 18 sites Corn Grain Yield (bu/ac) Cerrato and Blackmer, 1990 Only 2 of 72 comparisons were significant
19 Minnesota: N-Serve 1999 Corn Grain Yield (bu/ac) Randall and Vetsch
20 Urease inhibitors Urease enzyme converts urea to ammonia, which is a N gas Urease inhibitors slow the conversion of urea to ammonia If conversion occurs in soil, ammonia gas goes to ammonium If conversion occurs on soil surface, can be lost to atmosphere
21 Urease inhibitors Argotain (NBPT) Impregnated onto urea Tank mixed with UAN
22 Ammonia volatilization NITROGEN VOLATILIZED (%) More wind = greater loss Rain < 0.5 inch = greater loss Broadcast greater loss than band ph > 7.0 = greater loss More residue = greater loss DAYS SINCE APPLICATION OF UREA FERTILIZER Overdahl et al., 1987
23 PA Study (Fox & Piekielek, 1993) Corn Grain Yield (bu/acre) year study PREPLANT UREA without (-) & with (+) Agrotain UREA- UREA TYPE OF NITROGEN TREATMENT Avg
24 Nitrification and urease inhibitors Argotain with DCD is Agrotain plus O Used with UAN Super U is urea formed with Agrotain plus Nutrisphere (NSN)
25 Delaware CORN GRAIN YIELD (bu/ac) Applied June 1 Four days w/o rain Temp: 74, 88, 81, 65 Rain on day 5 = 1.6 RATE OF N APPLIED (lb N/acre)
26 NutriSphere N (NSN) A maleic-itaconic calcium salt co-polymer Urease inhibitor: Theory is NSN inhibits urease when impregnated on urea by tying up nickel (Ni) ions in the soil rendering the urease enzyme (which contains Ni in its structure) inactive Nitrification inhibitor: Theory behind NSN s nitrification inhibiting abilities is the complex of copper by NSN; copper needed for nitrification
27 Ammonia Volatilization: AT/NSN NITROGEN VOLATILIZED (%) Dr. Rick Norman, Univ. of Arkansas DAYS SINCE APPLICATION OF UREA FERTILIZER
28 Ammonia Volatilization: NSN NITROGEN VOLATILIZED (%) Dr. R. Jay Goos North Dakota State University DAYS SINCE APPLICATION OF UREA FERTILIZER
29 NSN Effect on Nitrification (4-week incubation) Nitrate or Ammonium (ppm N) Dr. R. Jay Goos North Dakota State University
30 Stabilizer Effect on Nitrification (14-day incubation) Recovery of N Applied (%) Rick Norman, Univ. of Arkansas
31 Poly coated urea ESN environmentally smart N Slow-release N based on polymer break down Volatilization not a concern Sidedress N better than ESN (Del) Surface application slower release than incorporated Apply earlier than normal if no-till
32 ESN technology
33 ESN preplant vs UAN sidedress Greg Binford, U. Delware Corn Grain Yield (bu/ac) Nine Sites in Delaware from 2004 through 2008
34 ESN vs Urea Both preplant Greg Binford, U. Delware Corn Grain Yield (bu/ac) SANDY SOILS Nine Sites in Delaware from 2004 through 2009
35 Urease inhibitor
36 Nitrification inhibitors Greatest benefit - Fall anhydrous, if warm fall (N-serve) - Fall manure, if warm (Instinct) Lower benefit - Spring manure, if warm, rainy (Instinct) - Spring UAN, if warm rainy (Instinct)
37 Urease inhibitors Greatest benefit - Surface applied urea, UAN (Agrotain) - Surface applied chicken manure; N in chicken manure mostly uric acid that converts to urea Lower benefit - Banded urea or UAN No benefit - Injected or tilled-in urea, UAN, Chick.
38 Nitrification and urease inhibitors Greatest benefit - Surface applied urea, UAN (Agrotain plus) - Surface applied chicken manure; N in chicken manure mostly uric acid that converts to urea Lower benefit - Banded urea or UAN No benefit - Injected or tilled-in urea, UAN, Chick.
39 On-Farm Network results
40 On-Farm Evaluations of NutriSphere-N with Sideressed UAN on Corn in 2009 Rainfall, in Yield Trial ID UAN Rate Spring June July UAN with NutriSphere-N UAN Yield Diff lb N/acre bu/acre Soybeans Corn (3) Soybeans Soybeans Corn (5) Soybeans Soybeans Soybeans Average All sites injected as sidedress
41 Stalk Values 8 NutriSphere N Trials 100% 80% 60% 40% Excessive Optimal Marginal Deficient 20% 0% UAN UAN+NutriSphere
42 On-Farm Evaluations of Agrotain Plus with Sidedressed UAN Corn Previous Crop Additional N Time of UAN UAN Rate lb N/acre Total N Rate Sp Rainfall, in June July Yield Agrot ain Plus UAN bu/acre Yield Diff Corn (5) Side Corn (3) Side Soybeans Side Corn (3) 104, Sw. Man. Plant Soybeans Side Soybeans 22, DAP, Fall Side Corn (5) 75, UAN, Plant Side Soybeans75, UAN, Plant Side Corn (5) 75, UAN, Plant Side Soybeans75, UAN, Plant Side Corn (4) Side Average All sites injected as sidedress
43 Stalk Values 11 UAN Agrotain Plus Trials with UAN sidedressed 100% 80% 60% 40% Excessive Optimal Marginal Deficient 20% 0% UAN UAN+Agrotain
44 On-Farm Evaluations of Instinct TM with Spring-Applied UAN Corn Previous Crop Additional N Time of UAN UAN rate Rainfall Yield Sp June July Instinct UAN inches bu/acre Yield Diff Soybeans Spring Soybeans Spring Soybeans 31, DAP, Fall Spring Soybeans 31, DAP, Fall Spring Corn (7) Split Soybeans Split Alfalfa 100, NH3, SD Spring Corn (3) 125, NH3, Fall Spring Corn (3) 240, Dairy,SP Spring Corn (3) 240, Dairy,SP Spring Corn (3) 240, Dairy.,SP Spring Corn (4) 90, Sw., SP Spring Corn (4) 180, NH3, Fall Spring Corn (4) 130, UAN, SD Spring Soybeans 140, Sw. Fall Spring Incorporated in most fields
45 Stalk Values 15 Instinct TM Trials with Spring UAN 100% 80% 60% 40% Excessive Optimal Marginal Deficient 20% 0% UAN UAN+InstinctTM
46 On-Farm Evaluations of Instinct TM with Liquid Swine Manure on Corn Previous Crop Total N Rate Manure Rainfall Yield Additional N Sp Jun July Manure Instinct lb N/acre inches bu/acre Manure Yield Diff Corn (3) , UAN, SD beans beans , UAN, SD beans , UAN, SD beans beans beans , UAN, SP beans beans Corn (3) , UAN, SD Corn (12) , UAN, SD Fall app exc. last All injected
47 Stalk Values 11 Instinct TM Trials with Liquid Swine Manure 100% 80% Excessive 60% Optimal 40% Marginal Deficient 20% 0% Manure +InstinctTM Manure
48 Instinct, fall LSM 3.7 bu increase
49 Instinct, fall LSM 5.8 bu decrease
50 On-Farm Network data different? Company data from many locations in US Expensive to test for all conditions Need to test products and practices for conditions in Iowa 2009 season cooler early
51 On-Farm Network data different? Rainfall in spring and in June and July normal or slightly below normal Corn yield response to N lower than in previous two seasons Some On-Farm Network data not from conditions when N stabilizers have greatest potential for benefit
52 Summary Need to know when N stabilizers will most likely provide a benefit Not likely profitable in situations with minimal chance for benefit
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