SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT BASICS. Organic Soil Amendments and Fertilizers
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1 SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT BASICS Organic Soil Amendments and Fertilizers
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3 What are Your Objectives for Soil and Crops? Increase soil organic matter Improve soil tilth Enhance nitrogen availability Increase nutrient holding capacity Build and maintain active microbial populations Suppress crop disease Create a balanced soil environment
4 Soil Management Relies on a Biological Complex The main function of soil organisms is to break down the remains of plants and other organisms This process releases energy, nutrients, and carbon dioxide, and creates soil organic matter Bacteria Fungi Actinomycetes Mycorrhizae Insects Nematodes Clayhumus
5 Organic fertilizers (meals, emulsions) Organic additions (manure, compost, crop residues) Below ground (roots and poop) Soil Rapid Decay (Sugars, proteins) Decomposition (microbes) Microbial Active SOM Slow Decay (Cellulose, lignin) Decomposition (microbes) Microbes Plants Nutrients (N,P,S) Slow SOM Humus Resistant SOM
6 Organic Matter Management Concepts Critical factors that control the rate of decay, nutrient release, and conservation of OM in soil Soil texture, temperature, and moisture The quality of organic matter additions C:N ratio and lignin content (L:N ratio) Quantity of organic matter Placement of materials Tillage
7 Important Amendments are not Exclusively Organic Limestone Gypsum Elemental Sulfur Boron Chilean nitrate Mined Potassium Processed macro and micronutrients Rock dusts and some BD preparations
8 Soil structure Aeration, root penetration, water Soil with Structure Soil without Structure Granular Single Grain Blocky Massive
9 Soil structure Aggregation is a natural process caused largely by biological activity Soil organic matter is an important binding agent for soil structure Some soils have inherent excellent structure due to clay types and OM
10 Organic Amendments Disease Suppression Basal plate endrot (compost) Sclerotinia (compost) Verticillium (compost and cover crop) Pythium (cover crop) Nematodes (cover crop) Powdery mildew (compost tea)
11 RAW and AGED MANURES Benefits Organic Matter NPK Micronutrients Nitrogen availability Beneficial microbes Challenges Salinity Ammonia toxicity Moisture Content (Handling/Transport) Microbial pathogens Nutrient Runoff
12 Nitrogen and other Macronutrients Manures Vary in Composition and Quality Source lbs/dry ton Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium (as excreted) (after losses) (as excreted) (after losses) (as excreted) (after losses) Beef Cows Milk Cows Heifers & Heifer Calves Steers, Calves, Bulls Breeding Hog & Pig Other Hog & Pig Hens&Pullets Laying Age Pullets under 3 Mo Broiler Turkeys for Slaughter Turkey Hens for Breeding
13 COMPOSTS Benefits Organic Matter Nitrogen availability Slower nutrient release Beneficial microbes Microbial pathogen reduction Reduced salinity/toxicity Reduced moisture content Decreased pollution risk Challenges Costs Reduced nutrient release Quality Assurance
14 FACTORS AFFECTING COMPOST QUALITY Raw organic feedstocks and proportions Initial and final particlesize Degree of initial blending Desired production time Size of piles/windrows Moisture management Aeration Frequency and equipment Curing
15 COMPARISON OF YARD WASTE AND MANURE COMPOSTS Sample OM Total N C/N NH 3 N ph Salts NPK Moisture < 2 mm % [ppm] [mmhos] % Yard Blend Poultry
16 Cover and Green Manure Crops Benefits Organic Matter Nitrogen and Phosphorus availability Microbial activity Selective pathogen reduction? Challenges Reduced soil moisture content Potential for nitrogen tieup Incorporation and decomposition Stimulation of diseases (e.g. Pythium)
17 Nitrogen Management Concepts Critical factors that control the rate of Nitrogen (N) release Soil texture, temperature, and moisture The quality of organic matter additions C:N ratio, L:N ratio, and watersolubility Quantity of organic matter Placement of materials Tillage
18 Organic fertilizer (meals, emulsions) Organic additions (manure, compost, crop residues) Nfixation (legumes and bacteria) Soil Soil Organic Nitrogen Plants and soil microbes
19 Organic fertilizer (meals, emulsions) Organic additions (manure, compost, crop residues) Nfixation (legumes and bacteria) Soil Decomposition (microbes) Soil Organic Nitrogen NH 4 ammonium Uptake Plants and soil microbes
20 Organic fertilizer (meals, emulsions) Organic additions (manure, compost, crop residues) Nfixation (legumes and bacteria) Soil Decomposition (microbes) Soil Organic Nitrogen NH 4 ammonium Mineralization (microbes) Uptake Plants and soil microbes Nitrification (microbes) NO 2 nitrite Gaseous Nitrogen
21 Organic fertilizer (meals, emulsions) Organic additions (manure, compost, crop residues) Nfixation (legumes and bacteria) Soil Decomposition (microbes) Soil Organic Nitrogen NH 4 ammonium Mineralization (microbes) Uptake Plants and soil microbes Nitrification (microbes) NO 2 nitrite NO 3 nitrate Gaseous Nitrogen Leaching
22 COMPARISON OF CARBON QUALITY OF SOME ORGANIC MATERIALS (washed) MATERIAL Protein Celluloses Lignin Inorganic percent by weight Cottonseed meal Alfalfa hay Blood meal Horse manure Cow manure Humus product From: Rubins and Bear, 1942
23 COMPARISON OF POTENTIAL N VALUE OF SOME ORGANIC MATERIALS MATERIAL UNWASHED WASHED Total Nitrogen Insoluble N N Release Total Nitrogen C:N Ratio percent by weight N Release Cottonseed meal Soybean meal Alfalfa hay Wheat straw Bone meal Blood meal Fish meal (acid) Peruvian guano Chicken manure Horse manure Cow manure Humus product
24 NITROGEN RELEASE POTENTIAL RELATED TO MATURITY OF COMPOSTS BLEND YARD 20 VIM MM MM M M M VM VIM VIM MM M M VM COMPOST MATURITY
25 TIMING OF N RELEASE IN RELATION TO SPRING LETTUCE SCHEDULE Material 85 Days [planting] 190 Days [harvest] 240 Days [POSTharvest] N released lbs/day N released lbs/day N released lbs/day Sandy loam soil Yard compost [IM] Blend compost [M] Material Postharvest [190 to 240 Days] lbs/day % total release Sandy loam soil Yard compost [IM] Blend compost [M]
26 WHAT MIGHT BE IMPORTANT TO KNOW ABOUT COMPOST BEFORE BUYING? Constituents Analytical Values Interpretation Organic Matter (%) 37.7 Average Total Nitrogen (%) 2.3 Excellent AmmoniumNitrogen (ppm) 170 OK NitrateNitrogen (ppm) 1400 High Total Phosphorus (%) 0.84 Excellent Total Potassium (%) 1.7 Excellent Boron (ppm) 32 Good Lead (ppm) 36 Zinc (ppm) 180 ph 6.7 OK Salinity (EC) (mmhos) 7.2 Restricts some uses C:N Ratio 9.8 Good to excellent Particle Size Distribution (%) 38.9 > ¼ inch Restricts some uses Maturity Mature to very mature Restricts some uses E. coli Salmonella (MPN) < 2 and <3 Very clean
27 What are Your Objectives for Soil and Crops? Increase soil organic matter High applications of bulky organics Grass cover crops (root mass) Higher C:N or L:N amendments Reduce tillage How much time do you have?
28 What are Your Objectives for Soil and Crops? Improve soil tilth Avoid working wet soil reduce tillage Encourage microbial activity Grass cover crops (root mass) Crop rotation
29 What are Your Objectives for Soil and Crops? Enhance nitrogen availability Apply soluble fertilizers Green manure cover crops Early plowdown Green, preflowering, low L:N Exploit wetdry cycles w/tillage Build organic matter
30 What are Your Objectives for Soil and Crops? Increase nutrient holding capacity Be patient Humus building is slow Clay SOM
31 What are Your Objectives for Soil and Crops? Build and maintain active microbial populations Provide regular and diverse food Crop rotation Grass and legume cover crops Active microbial composts Avoid working wet soil Avoid concentrating raw manures Maintain uniform moisture
32 What are Your Objectives for Soil and Crops? Suppress crop disease Management not control Understand ecology of diseases Practice informed rotations Choose specific cover crops Avoid planting soon behind heavy manure applications Avoid old, mineralized composts Avoid sole reliance on any input Diversify, diversify
33 What are Your Objectives for Soil and Crops? Create a balanced soil environment Observe crop health Learn what is missing Consider organic and inorganic Know your materials Manage irrigation Avoid excessive applications
34 THANK YOU
35 Microbial Pathogens in Formarket Composts Feedstocks: Yard wastes Manures Food and Process Wastes 11 of 31 samples [34%] had a negative pathogen index score Fecal Coliform (MPN/g) 0 20,000,000 (42,000) E. coli (MPN/g) 0 20,000,000 (37,000) E. Coli strain 157 (PosNeg) 3 Positives Salmonella (MPN/4g) all < 0.9 or zero Fecal Streptococci (MPN/g) 0 23,000,000 (5,300,000) Listeria (MPN/g) (88) Clostridium perfringens (MPN/g) 0 76,000 (3,400)
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