1. Measuring Corruption
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1 Johann Graf Lambsdorff Economics of Corruption Measuring Corruption Literature 7
2 Why Measure Corruption? 8 Objective Data 9
3 Objective Data Court Cases and Perceived Corruption 1000 Court Cases in Fraud per 100,000 inhabitants, DEU POL CZE FIN KOR HUN HRV SVK SVN DNK MUS GBR ISL BLR TUR Est NOR CHE PSE DZA ISR SRB SWE ROM LVA KGZ ZWE PRT MNG BGR HKG AZE UKR ITA NLD TKM ARM MDA GEO ECU UGA MEX CRI BHR CHL Corruption Perceptions Index Objective Data 11
4 Objective Data 12 Objective Data Experienced and Perceived Corruption Corruption Perceptions Index 2008 DNK FIN SGP 9.00 CHE NLDISL CAN LUX 8.00 AUT HKG GBR NOR JPN USA 7.00 CHL ESP PRT ISR BRN KOR MYS CZE HUN POL GRC TUR HRV KWT GEO MKD COL ROM BGR PER PAN IND THA BIH SRB ARG KOS LBN MDA NGA UKR PAK IDN PHL BLR LTU MNG BOL KEN RUS VEN SEN GHA ARM AZE CMR KHM UGA 1.00 IRQ "On the past 12 months, have you or anyone living in your household paid a bribe in any form" Share stating "yes", TI Barometer
5 The Corruption Perceptions Index Position, relative to 125 other countries (position 1 is least corrupt) Slovak Republic Peru Mali India Greece Czech Republic Argentina Algeria Influecing of laws, policies, regulations or decrees to favour selected business interests? Getting favourable judicial decisions? Awarding of püblic contracts (investment projects)? Annual tax payments? Connection to public utilites (telephone or electricity)? Export and import permits? 14 The Corruption Perceptions Index 15
6 16 Field Data 17 GBR NLD UAE AUS AZE BFA CAF CAN COL DNK ECU GRC IRL ISR JAM JPN LVA NOR OMN PAN DOM FIN GTM NZL CHE KOR MDA ERI DEU LBN MYS TTO GMB SLV POL RUS LTU AUT GAB GUY CYP BLR BEL JOR HTI BOL PER HUN MKD SGP ROM UGA ARG MEX NAM SWZ TJK URY NIC SVN KGZ HND PNG TKM FRA IND LAO SVK HRV DJI KEN COG LBY TZA MDG PRT UZB YEM VEN CHN GEO VNM COM TGO ARM CRI MNG EST GIN MRT GHA PHL ESP RWA UKR MWI PRY LBR ITA FJI IRN CHL TUN NPL LKA BTN BWA LSO CZE NER MUS KAZ THA DZA SLE BRA BGD SAU ZAF GNB IDN MLI BHR BDI YUG CMR ZWE BEN SYR NGA ETH MAR ZMB CIV PAK SEN AGO ALB MOZ BGR SDN TCD EGY KWT Violations per Diplomat (log. Scale) Perceived Corruption High Low Field Data
7 Field Data 18 Field Data Low Corruption High Corruption 19
8 Laboratory Data 20 Laboratory Data 21
9 Measuring Anticorruption 22 Measuring Anticorruption Global Integrity and Freedom House Freedom House Cross at the Crossroads (2006 and 2007): Anticorruption and Transparency Weakest Strongest Consensus-Line Georgia Sri Lanka Mozambique Jordan Kazakhstan Egypt Azerbaijan Global Integrity: Anticorruption and Rule of Law 23
10 Measuring Anticorruption World Economic Forum and Global Integrity 7.0 WEF 2007: Effective Measures to Successfully Combat Corruption Inexistent or not Effective Exist and Effective China Georgia Algeria Mexico Nigeria Timor-Leste Canada Ecuador Ukraine Romania Argentina Bulgaria Consensus- Line Italy Jordan Global Integrity: Anticorruption and Rule of Law 24 Measuring Anticorruption 25
11 Measuring Anticorruption 26 Measuring Anticorruption Anti-Social Punishment und Absence of Corruption 4.00 Muscat 3.50 Athens 3.00 Anti-Social Punishment, Herrmann et al. (2008) Riyadh Minsk Samara Dnipropetrovs'k Chengdu Istanbul Seoul Bonn Copenhagen Zurich/St.Gallen 0.50 Nottingham Boston Melbourne Absence of Corruption in Respective Country (Transparency Int. 2008) 27
12 Acceptability of Bribery 28 Acceptability of Bribery 0.80 Acceptability of Bribes/gift-giving Sum of Acceptability out of 3 Vignettes, Country Averages Taking of money by Public Servant not acceptable acceptable VEN MDA PAN IRQ GHA KEN CHE THA AUT BOL IDN COL CMR SGP CZE ARM ZMB PHL KOR LUX POL USA NLD ISR AZE GRC GBR BLR ARG HRV HKG HUN MYS MKD PRT BRN CHLESP FIN SRB UKR CAN SEN ROM PER GEO DNK NOR SLV BIH ISL LTU KOS BGR JPN TUR MAR MNG not acceptable acceptable Payment by Shopkeeper 29
13 Acceptability of Bribery 30 Takehome Points 31
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