ECON 260 Theories of Economic Development. Instructor: Jorge Agüero. Fall Lecture 1 September 29,
|
|
- Dustin Cameron
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ECON 260 Theories of Economic Development. Instructor: Jorge Agüero. Fall Lecture 1 September 29,
2 General information Time and location: TR 2:10-3:30 p.m. SPR 3123 Office hours: T 10am-11am, W 11am-12pm (4108 Sproul Hall) Phone: jorge.aguero@ucr.edu Website: Lecture 1 September 29,
3 Requirements and grading Two research ideas (due Oct. 28 and Nov. 25) 15% each. Two referee reports (due Oct. 14 and Nov. 11) 15% each. One presentation (to be scheduled later) 10%. One take-home final (December 9, 10 a.m.) 30%. Lecture 1 September 29,
4 Reports The referee report is a critical (but constructive) evaluation of an academic paper. The list of papers is available on the course website. Choose two out of three papers. The research ideas can cover any topic related in applied economics. Must have: goal and motivation in detail, (if possible) the model, data and methodology. Limit your writings to five pages per piece. Lecture 1 September 29,
5 Textbooks Aghion, P. and S. Durlauf, eds. (2005) Handbook of Economic Growth, Vol. 1A. North Holland [AD, HD75.5.H , available at Science Direct]. Banerjee, A., R. Bènabou, and D. Mookherjee (2006) Understanding Poverty. Oxford University Press. [BBM, HC79.P6 U ] Barro, R. and X. Sala-i-Martin (2004) Economic Growth. Second edition. MIT Press. [BSM] Rodrik, D. editor (2003) In Search of Prosperity: Analytic Narratives on Economic Growth Princeton University Press. [HD73.I ] D. Mookherjee and D. Ray (2001) Readings in the Theory of Economic Development. Blackwell Pubs. [HD75.R ]. Lecture 1 September 29,
6 Economic growth: measurement Lecture 1 September 29,
7 GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2000 international $) Relation between GDP percapita with PPP and US$: 2002 ZAR IRL USA NOR AUS AUT CHE BEL CAN DNK EMU FRA DEU FIN GBR HKG HICISL ESP CYP ISR ITA NLD SWE OEC JPN SGP NZL ARE CZE SYC MLT SVN PRT GRC KOR BHR KWT BHS HUN OMN SVK EST ARG KNA SAU LTU MUS HRV POL ZAF ATG BWALVA CHL TTO UMC MYS CRI MEX RUS BRA BGR ECA GRD COL DOM LAC URY WLD TON IRN ROM NAM THA TUN TUR BIH BLZ GAB CPV BLR KAZ MKD DZA MIC PAN WSM FJI DMALCA EAP CHNLMC MNA VCT VEN UKR LBN GUY SWZ PER PHLLMY ALB PRY SLV ECU EGY GTM JOR LKA MAR JAM ARM AZE NIC SYR IDN IND HND VUT VNM SAS LSO ZWE PNG BOL GEO GHAKHM GIN CMR COM LIC PAK AGO DJI GMBBGD HTI KGZLAOMNG SDN SSA MDA MRT UZB SEN CIV SLB NPL TGO UGA RWA BFA CAFLDC HPC ERI TCD MOZ BEN KEN TJK MLI NGA COG ETH ZMB YEM GNB NER MDG BDI SLE MWI TZA GDP per capita (constant 2000 US$) Source: WDI LUX Lecture 1 September 29,
8 Agriculture, value added (% of GDP) GDP per capita and agriculture: 2002 CAF GNB ZAR LAO SLE TZA ETH RWA SDN BDI NPL COM CMR MWI NER TCD TGOKGZ GHA MLI BEN UZB KHM MDG HPC NGABFA UGA GUY LDC KEN GMB HTI TON PNG ARM ALB TJK MOZ CIV GIN SYR MDA LIC PAK BGD VNM PRY ZMB GTM MNG SAS MRT GEO IND LKA SSA NIC DMA LSO IDN EGY MAR YEM SEN BOL VUTAZE PHL UKR FJI BLZ ZWE ERI HND EAP SWZ CHN BLR BIH COL LMY LMC MNAMKD TUR IRN BGR ROM DOM PER NAM ARG DZA GRD ISL AGO ECU SLV VCT MIC TUN THA KAZ ECA BRA URYCRI MYS HRV COG CPV GABLAC LBN PAN GRC JAM LCA LTU MUS RUS UMC CHL MEX LVA EST ATG POLSAU VEN WLD ZAF HUN KOR BWA CZE ARE ESP FIN JOR KNA SVK SVN PRT EMU ITA FRA AUS OMN SYC DNK BEL AUT NLD IRL TTO DEU JPN SWE GBR HIC OECCHE NOR KWT USA SGPHKG LUX GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2000 international $) Source: WDI Lecture 1 September 29,
9 GDP per capita and industry: 2002 Industry, value added (% of GDP) AGO COG DZA OMN BWA SAU AZE VEN ARE KWT SWZ MYS GAB PNG CHN NGA IDN EAP LSO MNA THA TTO IRL YEM LMC IRN TJK CHL VNM KAZ ROMBRA CZEKOR NOR GIN BLR MIC ARM EGY LMY UKR RUS SVN SGP LAC DOM ARG MRT HND JAM PHL SLV ZAF NAM UMC BOL COL ECA FIN SSA MAR MKD LTU MUS AUT GUY BGR CRI HRV HUN NIC PER KNA SYC JPN SYR TUN ESP DEU CHE MLI ECU BGD BIH EST ITA LIC KHM IND JOR WLD POL SVK PRT SWE EMU ZMB MOZ SAS LKA FJI MEX AUS GBR BEL HIC DNK ERI LDC OEC NLD SLE LAO GHAGEO PRY ISL KGZ LBNVCT URY MDA GRD CAF GRC HPC MNG PAK TUR LVA ZAR RWAUGA NPL UZB ATG CIV DMA FRA USA SEN SDN ZWE BLZ BDI GTM BFA TGO ALB LCA NER MWI TZA KEN HTI TCD CMR CPV PAN TON MDGETH BEN GMB GNB COM HKG VUT LUX GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2000 international $) Source: WDI Lecture 1 September 29,
10 GDP per capita and energy consumption: 2002 Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita) TZA ZAR UZB NGA ZWE MDA SSA ZMB AGO GEO KGZ VNM BOL HND IND TJKEN LIC SDNPAK SAS MOZ CMR CIV GHA HPC TGO NPL ETH YEM BEN LDC SEN HTI COG BGD PER LKA MAR ISL BHR ARE TTO KWT CAN USA FIN NOR SGPSWE SAU AUS BEL HIC OEC OMN NLD NZL RUS FRA CZEKOR DEU EMU JPN GBR DNK AUT CHE IRL ESTSVK SVN KAZ CYP ISR ESP ITA UKR ECA GRC BLR BGR UMCZAF LTU HUN PRT HKG VEN POL MYS IRN MLT HRV ROM LVA WLD CHL AZE JAM LBN MEX ARG MIC THA GAB MNA LAC JOR BIH TUR BRA SYR LMY CHN LMC DZA DOM EAP PAN CRI TUN IDN ECU EGY URY PRY ARM GTM ALB SLV COL NAM NIC PHL LUX GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2000 international $) Source: WDI Lecture 1 September 29,
11 Life expectancy at birth, total (years) GDP per capita and life expectancy: 2002 JPN HKG CHE ITA SWE AUS CAN CRI CYPESP FRA ISL GRCNZL MLT ARE ISRSGP EMU AUT DEU CHL FIN BEL HIC OEC NLD NOR GBR IRL DMA KWT PRT DNK USA SVN KOR ATG CZE PAN URY ECU MEX HRV ARG POL LKA BHR ALB LCA BIH OMN VEN SVK SYR MKDTUNGRD MYS SYC AZE BLZ COL HUN BGR ARM CHN DZA EST GEO JAM JOR LBN TON LAC LTU MUS SAU KNA PRY PHL SLV VCT BRA EGYEAP CPV IRN ROM LVA VNM NIC MAR LMC PER WSM MIC THA TTO BHS KGZ VUT MNA TUR UMC UKRBLR ECA MDA HND FJI UZB GTM DOM IDN WLD KAZ MNG LMY RUS TJK PAK BOL SASIND BGD GUY SLB NPL COM YEM LIC SDNGHA GMB KHM MDG SEN PNG TGO LAO GAB ERI BEN GIN MRT DJI COG LDC HTI HPC NAM MLI KEN BFA UGA ZAF TZA CIV SSACMR GNB NER BDI NGA TCD RWA SWZ ZAR ETH MOZ SLE AGO MWI CAF LUX ZMB ZWE LSO BWA GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2000 international $) Source: WDI Lecture 1 September 29,
12 Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) TJK ARM AZE BLR EST KGZ ALB UKR KAZ LVALTU MDA BGR TON RUS SVK MNG HRV BIH ROM ECA ARG MKD CHL CRI PHL VEN COL UMC PAN THA VNM IDNECU LKA EAP CHN JOR LAC MEX MIC LMC BRA MYS PER BOL TUR DOM NAM MUS LSO ZAF BWA OMN HND SYRJAM LMYSWZ SAU NIC IRN KEN KHM VUT TUN MDG EGY MNA TZA GTM DZA ZMB LAO ZAR AGO CMR UGA MWI RWA BDI SLE NER MLI BEN TCD BFA HPC CAF TGO MRT NPLCIV SEN SDNLIC GHA PAK GIN IND SAS PNG MAR GRC CYP ISR ITA GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2000 international $) Source: WDI GDP per capita and literacy: 2004 KWT SYC MLT BHR SGP Lecture 1 September 29,
13 Urban population (% of total) GDP per capita and urban population: 2002 SGPHKG KWT BEL BHR MLT VEN URY ISR ISL ARG BHS GBR AUS LBN CHL NZL DJI DNK SWE BRA JOR GAB SAU KOR CAN USA NLD ARE LAC ESP FRA HIC OEC NOR MEX DEU RUS CZE EMU CHE PER DMA BLR COL UMC OMN BGR EST CYP UKR PAN LVA MKD LTU ITA TUR AUT ARM IRN HUN JPN TUN DOM BOL ECA MYS ECU DZA POL PHL FIN CRI COG SLV GRC IRL NIC ZAF MNG MAR PRY MNAKAZ CPV HRV SVK BWA PRT ROM AGO CMRGEO JAM GMB AZE MIC SYC SYR SVN FJI LMC BLZ WLD NGA MDA GHA HND GTM CIV IDN VCT ALB BIH EGY LMY MUS SEN MRT SLE BEN EAP CAF TGO UZB SDN CHN ATG HTI ZMB KGZCOM SSAPAK ZWE NAM MOZ GIN KNA ZAR THAGRD GNB MLI HPC LIC SASIND GUY LCA MDGYEM TJK LDC TCD VNM TZA BGD SWZ TON VUT WSM MWI KEN LAO ERI BFA KHM LSO NER ETH RWA SLB LKA NPL UGA PNG TTO BDI LUX GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2000 international $) Source: WDI Lecture 1 September 29,
14 Rank by human development index Comparing rankings by GDP per capita and HDI: 2003 Sweden Australia Iceland Norway Belgium Switzerland Canada Luxembourg Ireland United Finland Netherlands JapanUnited States Kingdom Denmark New Hong Czech BarbadosCyprus Korea, Portugal Greece Israel Spain Zealand Italy France Austria Kong, Germany China (SAR) Slovenia Singapore Rep. of Argentina Brunei Republic Malta Darussalam ChilePolandHungary Lithuania Estonia Slovakia Uruguay Costa Latvia PanamaBulgaria Tonga Mexico Seychelles Saint Rica Croatia Bahrain Kuwait United Qatar Arab Emirates Kitts and Bahamas Nevis Macedonia, TFYRAntigua Trinidad Romania Russian Malaysia and and Barbuda Tobago Bosnia Albania Dominica and Belarus Herzegovina Grenada Brazil Federation Mauritius Colombia Samoa Venezuela Saint (Western) Lucia Thailand Oman Ecuador Armenia Peru Ukraine Saudi Arabia Philippines Lebanon Kazakhstan Jordan Paraguay Saint China Vincent and the Grenadines Sri Lanka Fiji Belize Tunisia Jamaica Georgia Turkmenistan Dominican TurkeyRepublic Azerbaijan Iran, Islamic Rep. of Syrian Arab Republic El Salvador Algeria Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Viet Nam GuyanaCape Verde Moldova, Rep. Mongolia of Bolivia Nicaragua Indonesia Honduras Vanuatu Egypt Guatemala Tajikistan South Africa São Tomé and Solomon Principe Morocco Islands Lao Comoros Cambodia India Namibia Gabon Equatorial Guinea People s Dem. Nepal Bhutan Pakistan Rep. Botswana Congo BangladeshGhana Papua New Guinea Madagascar Uganda Togo Sudan Zimbabwe Yemen Kenya Haiti Mauritania Djibouti Cameroon Lesotho Swaziland Nigeria Eritrea Rwanda Senegal Gambia Guinea Tanzania, Congo, Malawi U. Rep. Burundi Dem. Rep. Zambia of Benin Angola Côte d Ivoire of Guinea Bissau Ethiopia Mozambique the Central African Sierra Leone Mali Niger Burkina Chad Republic Faso Rank by GDP per capita, PPP (constant US$) Source: Human development report 2005 Lecture 1 September 29,
15 Economic growth: facts Lecture 1 September 29,
16 Income disparities (Durlauf et. al 2005) Table 1: International Disparities in GDP per Worker Country Population(m, 2000) R1960 R2000 USA United Kingdom Argentina France Italy South Africa Mexico Spain Iran Colombia Japan Brazil Turkey Philippines Egypt Korea, Republic of Bangladesh Nigeria Indonesia Thailand Pakistan India China Ethiopia Mean Median Notes: - R is GDP per worker as a fraction of that in the USA. Lecture 1 September 29,
17 Figure 2: Output Per Worker: 1960 versus 2000 Relative GDP per worker Log GDP per worker relative to USA, 2000 USA HKG SGP AUT ITA BEL NOR FIN FRA DNK NLD TWN ESP ISR GBR SWE AUS CAN KOR CYP JPN PRT GRC MUS MYS TTO CHL BWA MEX ARG ZAF URY BRA IRN GAB VEN SYR TUR DOMPAN JOR NAM FJI EGY THA GTM SLV CRI MAR ECU COL GUY PRY PER ROM IDN PHL LKA PAK CHN IND BGD PNGGIN HND JAM BOL ZWE NIC CIV CMR COG LSO NPL SEN GMB KEN BEN GHA MRT TCD ZMB MWI UGA BFA TGO MOZ AGO MDG MLI RWA NER CAF GNB ETH NGA TZA BDI ZAR Log GDP per worker relative to USA, 1960 Lecture 1 September 29,
18 Economic miracles: (Durlauf et. al 2005) Country Growth Factor increase Taiwan Botswana Hong Kong Korea, Republic of Singapore Thailand Cyprus Japan Ireland China Romania Mauritius Malaysia Portugal Indonesia Lecture 1 September 29,
19 Economic disasters: (Durlauf et. al 2005) Country Growth Ratio Peru Mauritania Senegal Chad Mozambique Madagascar Zambia Mali Venezuela Niger Nigeria Nicaragua Central African Republic Angola Congo, Democratic Rep Lecture 1 September 29,
20 Unpredictable growth?: (Durlauf et. al 2005) Unpredictable growth? Growth, CHN MUS KOR TWN HKG IRL CYP THA MYS UGA IND BGD ROM SGP LKA PAKIDN GNBNPL PRT CHL NOR EGY DOM TUR FIN JPN BFA GBR DNK USA ISR BEL AUT CAN AUSIRN FRA ITA GIN SWE MWI SYR ESP BEN NLD LSO NZL GUY MAR BRA GRC MOZ SEN SLV FJI ETH NAM URY CHE GMB MEXTTO PNGZAF PAN COG JAM CRI PHLGTM GAB NER ARG GHA KEN JOR MDG RWA HND COL TZA CMR CIV PRY ECU ZWE VEN BDI MLI ZMB BOLTGO PER TCD CAF AGO NIC NGA MRT BWA Growth, Lecture 1 September 29,
21 Summary: growth facts Between the relative distribution of world income seems stable. The rich countries remain rich and the poor remain poor. However, there are miracles and disasters. Is this evidence against poverty traps? Is growth predictable? Lecture 1 September 29,
22 Economic growth: explanations Lecture 1 September 29,
23 Figure 1. Income per person, 1995(with sub-national data for 19 countries) Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn GDPPPP1995 $465-1,999 $2,000-4,999 $5,000-9,999 $10,000-15,999 $16,000-44,000 No data Note: GDP PPP = 1995Gross Domestic Product per person in purchasing power parity international dollars. Lecture 1 September 29,
24 Malaria risk- 1946, 1966, 1994 Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn High risk of Malaria Lecture 1 September 29,
25 Latitude and income (Acemoglu et. al). Log GDP per capita, PPP, in SGP CHE HKG NOR QAT JPN AUT AUS FRA BEL DNK CAN DEU NLD FIN ISL ITA IRL GBR SWE ARE ISR GRC ESP NZL KOR BRB PRT BHSBHR KWT MLT ARG CZE SAU SVN HUN MUS CHL EST MYS SVK MEX URY TTO OMN LBY ZAF POL BLR FJI LTU LVA RUS GAB BRA CRI THAKNA BWA IRNTUN TUR COL VEN PAN DOM DZA BGRHRV ROMKAZ PER GUY LCA PRY GEO GRD PHL DMA SLV GTM NAM SWZ JAM EGY JOR MAR CHN TKM UKR BLZ ECU IDNLKA SYR VCT BTN AZE NICHND BOL LSO ARM MDA PNG IRQ UZB ZWE IND YUG GHA VNM MRT PAK CMR CAF CIV SEN BGD BIH KEN TGO CPV HTI NPL GIN MMR UGA STP GMBSDN TJK COG LBR BEN BFATCD MOZ NGA DJI GNB MWI NER YEM ZMBMLI RWA TZA COM AGO MDG AFG ZAR BDI ETH SLE SOM Latitude USA LUX Lecture 1 September 29,
26 Pritchett (1997) How did the world income distribution evolved since 1870? How did the rich countries growth? How did the poor countries growth? Is evidence presented by Pritchett consistent with the geography hypothesis? Lecture 1 September 29,
27 Expropriation and income (Acemoglu et. al). Log GDP per capita, PPP, in ZAR HTI SDN MLI KWT ARE BHR MLT GRC BHS CHL OMN SAU ARG URY VEN MEX BWA GAB PAN ZAF MYS CRI COL TTOTHA BRA IRN TUR POL TUN ECU PER DOM DZA ROM GTM JORPRYJAM PHL SUR SYR MAR IDN SLV BOL GUY EGY CHN AGO HND ZWE LKA NIC CMR COG SEN CIV GHA GIN PAK VNM MNG TGO KEN UGA MDG BFA BGD NGA ZMB NER YEM MOZ MWI QAT HKG GMB IND ISR RUS KOR CZE HUN BGR LUX USA SGP CHE BEL DNK CAN AUT JPN FRA NOR AUSITA ISL SWE FIN GBR NLD NZL IRL ESP PRT 6 SLE ETH TZA Avg. Protection Against Risk of Expropriation, Lecture 1 September 29,
28 Corruption and income (Acemoglu et. al). Log GDP per capita, PPP, in VEN ARG COL PAN MEX THA LBN TUR ECU DOM RUS BGRHRV ROM PER KAZ LVA JAM IDN PHL BOL EGY CHN UKR ARM ZWE LKA NGA TZA PAK GEO KEN ZMB UGA MDGBFA MLI MOZ GHA SEN VNM IND MWI SVK BRA TUN KOR LTU JOR MAR CZE URY ZAF MYS HUN POL BEL JPN ITA SGP CHE CANDNK NLD SWE FIN NZL Control of Corruption GRC SVN CHL USA HKG FRA AUT NOR AUS DEU GBR ISR IRL ESP PRT Lecture 1 September 29,
29 Reversal of fortune 1 (Acemoglu et. al). 10 USA CAN AUS SGP HKG NZL GDP per capita, PPP, in CHL ARG URY VEN BRA PRY GUY DOM JAM PHL MYS COL PAN CRI BLZ GTM IDN SLV LKA HND NIC ECU PER BOL TUN DZA MEX EGY MAR 7 HTI VNM LAO PAK IND BGD Urbanization in 1500 Lecture 1 September 29,
30 Reversal of fortune 2 (Acemoglu et. al). 10 CAN AUS USA SGP HKG NZL GDP per capita, PPP, in ARG URY BWA BRA NAM SUR GUY CHL BHS BRB VEN ZAF MYS KNA GAB MEX COL PAN TTO CRI LCA ECU TUN DOM GRD PER DMA BLZ DZA VCT GTM PRY JAM SWZ PHL IDN MAR CPV BOL SLV AGO ZWE HND LKA CMR NIC GIN COG MRTCOM CIV LSO GHA SEN GMB SDN PAK IND HTI CAF TGO VNM LAO KEN BEN UGA NPL TCD MDG BFA BGD ZMB ZAR NGA NER MLI ERI BDI MWI MOZ RWA EGY TZA SLE Log Population Density in 1500 Lecture 1 September 29,
The new gold standard? Empirically situating the TPP in the investment treaty universe
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Center for Trade and Economic Integration Working Paper Series Working Paper N IHEIDCTEI2015-08 The new gold standard? Empirically situating
More informationFigure 1.1 The Parade of World Income. Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 1-1
Figure 1.1 The Parade of World Income Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 1-1 Copyright 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 1-2 Growth and Development: The Questions
More informationThe Fall of the Final Mercantilism
The Fall of the Final Mercantilism Labour Mobility in the Caribbean and the World, from Arthur Lewis to the 21 st Century Eastern Caribbean Central Bank Michael Clemens November 3, 2010 1 2 Migration
More informationAddressing institutional issues in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper process
SESSION 1 Addressing institutional issues in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper process Scoping notes, detailed diagnostics, and participatory processes Public Sector Reform and Capacity Building Unit
More informationToday s tips for the Country Buy Report
High level outline Today s tips for the Country Buy Report Stephen Malpezzi Introduction Overview of the country and economy Basic indicators (GDP, employment, etc.) Key institutions, the setting How does
More informationBuilding Capacity in PFM
Building Capacity in PFM Measuring economic governance in the context of national development planning LAMIA MOUBAYED BISSAT Beirut, Lebanon, 13 June 2014 The Institut des Finances Basil Fuleihan 1996
More informationKen Jackson. January 31st, 2013
Wilfrid Laurier University January 31st, 2013 Recap of the technology models Do the models match historical data? growth accounting Estimating technology change through history A revised model of technology
More informationDoes Absolute Latitude Explain Underdevelopment?
AREC 345: Global Poverty and Economic Development Lecture 4 Professor: Pamela Jakiela Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics University of Maryland, College Park Does Absolute Latitude Explain
More informationChina: How to maintain balanced growth? Ricardo Hausmann Kennedy School of Government Harvard University
China: How to maintain balanced growth? Ricardo Hausmann Kennedy School of Government Harvard University China s growth process An unprecedented miracle China has been the fastest growing country in the
More informationHuman Resources for Health Why we need to act now
Human Resources for Health Why we need to act now Progress towards the MDGs, particularly in Africa is slow, or even stagnating. Poor people cannot access basic services for want of doctors, nurses and
More informationA new metrics for the Economic Complexity of countries and products
A new metrics for the Economic Complexity of countries and products Andrea Tacchella Dept. of Physics, La Sapienza - University of Rome Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, CNR Roma CRISISLAB ANALYTICS FOR
More informationLecture 21: Institutions II
Lecture 21: Institutions II Dave Donaldson and Esther Duflo 14.73 Challenges of World Poverty Institutions II: Plan for the lecture Discussion of assigned reading (Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson) Causes
More informationEconomic Complexity and the Wealth of Nations
Economic Complexity and the Wealth of Nations Cesar A. Hidalgo ABC Career Development Professor MIT Media Lab Faculty Associate, Center for International Development Harvard University EARTH WIND WATER
More informationFear of flying: Policy stances in a troubled world economy
Fear of flying: Policy stances in a troubled world economy UNCTAD G-24 Technical Meeting Luxor, 10-11 March 2014 Session 1 Global Economy A weakening economic performance reflects inability to address
More informationMovement and development. Australian National University Jan. 17, 2013 Michael Clemens
Movement and development Australian National University Jan. 17, 2013 Michael Clemens ? 60% Benefits Little Haiti Cap-Haïtien Gibson and McKenzie 2010 Tongan seasonal workers in NZ NZ$1,400/family
More informationNatural Resources and Development in the Middle East and North Africa: An Alternative Perspective
Natural Resources and Development in the Middle East and North Africa: An Alternative Perspective Daniel Lederman and Mustapha K. Nabli The World Bank Presentation at the Workshop on Natural Resources
More informationEstimating Global Migration Flow Tables Using Place of Birth Data
Estimating Global Migration Flow Tables Using Place of Birth Data Guy J. Abel Wittgenstein Centre (IIASA, VID/ÖAW, WU) Vienna Institute of Demography/Austrian Academy of Sciences 1 Introduction International
More informationEconomic Growth: the role of institutions
ECON 184 Economic Growth: the role of institutions ECON 184: Institutions and Growth January 26, 2010 1 Contents 1 Institutions and growth: initial analysis 3 2 How can institutions affect economic growth?
More informationTHE QUALITY OF GOVERNMENT CA FOSCARI INTERNATIONAL LECTURE
THE QUALITY OF GOVERNMENT CA FOSCARI INTERNATIONAL LECTURE Andrei Shleifer December 12, 2012 1 Richer countries almost always have better governments Less corrupt More efficient Quality of government improves
More informationEconomic Growth: The Neo-classical & Endogenous Story
Density of countries Economic Growth: The Neo-classical & Endogenous Story EC307 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1960 Dr. Kumar Aniet University of Cambridge & LSE Summer School Lecture 4 1980 2000 created on July
More informationInfrastructure and Economic. Norman V. Loayza, World ldbank Rei Odawara, World Bank
Infrastructure and Economic Growth thin Egypt Norman V. Loayza, World ldbank Rei Odawara, World Bank Motivation Questions How does Egypt compare internationally regarding public infrastructure? Is Egypt
More informationLecture 9: Institutions, Geography and Culture. Based on Acemoglu s L. Robbins lectures
Lecture 9: Institutions, Geography and Culture Based on Acemoglu s L. Robbins lectures 1 The Wealth of Nations Vast differences in prosperity across countries today. Income per capita in sub-saharan Africa
More informationDeep Roots of Comparative Development
Deep Roots of Comparative Development Oded Galor AEA Continuing Education Program Lecture III - AEA 2014 Oded Galor Roots of Comparative Development Lecture III - AEA 2014 1 / 41 Deep Roots of Comparative
More informationAddressing The Marketing Problem of the Social Market Economy
Addressing The Marketing Problem of the Social Prepared for: KAS-Conference on 60 Years of Social Market Economy Sankt Augustin, November 30, 2009 Marcus Marktanner, American University of Beirut Outline
More informationPolitical Economy of Growth
1 Political Economy of Growth Daron Acemoglu Department of Economics, MIT Milan, DEFAP June 11, 2007 The Wealth of Nations Vast differences in prosperity across countries today. Income per capita in sub-saharan
More informationTrade Policy Restrictiveness in Transportation Services
Trade Policy Restrictiveness in Transportation Services Ingo Borchert, Batshur Gootiiz and Aaditya Mattoo Development Research Group Trade and International Integration, The World Bank OECD Expert Meeting
More informationMacroeconomics II. Growth
Macroeconomics II Growth Growth Possibilities We previously referred to the aggregate production function Y = A K α L 1- α. The growth rate of real GDP, Y, is generated by the contributions of A, K and
More informationBringing Up Incentives: A Look at the Determinants of Poverty. Alice Sheehan
Bringing Up Incentives: A Look at the Determinants of Poverty Alice Sheehan Outline presentation What s going on out there? Growth, Human Development indicators, Poverty rates, etc. A look at determinants
More informationLecture 12 The Solow Model and Convergence. Noah Williams
Lecture 12 The Solow Model and Convergence Noah Williams University of Wisconsin - Madison Economics 312 Spring 2010 Recall: Balanced Growth Path All per-capita variables grow at rate g. All level variables
More informationDoes Export Concentration Cause Volatility?
Does Export Concentration Cause Volatility? Christian Busch 14. Januar 2010 Overview Countries with undiversified export structure are plausibly more vulnerable to external shocks. But difficult to evaluate
More informationProforma Cost for international UN Volunteers for UN Partner Agencies for 2016. International UN Volunteers (12 months)
Proforma Cost for international UN Volunteers for UN Partner Agencies for 2016 Country Of Assignment International UN Volunteers (12 months) International UN Youth Volunteers (12 months) University Volunteers
More informationCountry Risk Classifications of the Participants to the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits
Country Risk Classifications of the Participants to the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits 19992013 8 9 10 11 12 13 01Jan99 22Jan99 19Mar99 1Jun99 14Oct99 24Jan00 29Jan99 26Mar99 24Jun99
More informationInternational Investment Patterns. Philip R. Lane WBI Seminar, Paris, April 2006
International Investment Patterns Philip R. Lane WBI Seminar, Paris, April 2006 Introduction What determines aggregate capital inflows and outflows? What determines bilateral patterns in international
More informationFinancial services and economic development
GDP per capita growth 03/11/2014 Financial services and economic development Thorsten Beck Finance why do we care? 0.04 BWA 0.02 0.00-0.02 COG SLE ALB GAB IND KOR TUR SGP MUS SDN MOZ IRLLUX IDN MAR EGY
More informationInstitute for Development Policy and Management (IDPM)
Institute for Development Policy and Management (IDPM) Development Economics and Public Policy Working Paper Series WP No. 33/212 Published by: Development Economics and Public Policy Cluster, Institute
More informationBangladesh Visa fees for foreign nationals
Bangladesh Visa fees for foreign nationals No. All fees in US $ 1. Afghanistan 5.00 5.00 10.00 2. Albania 2.00 2.00 3.00 3. Algeria 1.00 1.00 2.00 4. Angola 11.00 11.00 22.00 5. Argentina 21.00 21.00 42.00
More informationGeography and Economic Transition
Global Spatial Analysis at the Grid Cell Level Mesbah Motamed Raymond Florax Will Masters Department of Agricultural Economics Purdue University March 2009 Urbanization at the grid cell level Growth regimes
More informationFDI performance and potential rankings. Astrit Sulstarova Division on Investment and Enterprise UNCTAD
FDI performance and potential rankings Astrit Sulstarova Division on Investment and Enterprise UNCTAD FDI perfomance index The Inward FDI Performance Index ranks countries by the FDI they receive relative
More informationDiversification versus Polarization: Role of industrial policy in Asia and the Pacific
TOWARDS A RETURN OF INDUSTRIAL POLICY? ARTNeT SYMPOSIUM 25-26 JULY 211 ESCAP, BANGKOK Diversification versus Polarization: Role of industrial policy in Asia and the Pacific Sudip Ranjan Basu* International
More informationRethinking the Wealth of Nations. Daron Acemoglu, MIT FEEM Lecture, December 14, 2009.
Rethinking the Wealth of Nations Daron Acemoglu, MIT FEEM Lecture, December 14, 2009. 1 The Failure of Nations Vast differences in prosperity across countries today. Income per capita in sub-saharan Africa
More informationSubjective Well-Being, Income, Economic Development and Growth
Subjective Well-Being, Income, Economic Development and Growth Dan Sacks, Betsey Stevenson and Justin Wolfers Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania and NBER Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics--Stockholm,
More informationEvaluation with stylized facts
Evaluation with stylized facts AMPERE Subgroup on IAM Validation Valeria Jana Schwanitz Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research 27. Mai 2013 Content Fundamental laws and stylized facts Systematic
More informationNGO PERSPECTIVE: FROM WORDS TO DEEDS
MMSD & IIED Managing Mineral Wealth NGO PERSPECTIVE: FROM WORDS TO DEEDS Miguel Schloss Executive Director Transparency International Issues Policy distortions Institutional incentives Governance Implications
More informationAccounting For Cross-Country Income Di erences
Accounting For Cross-Country Income Di erences January 2011 () Aggregation January 2011 1 / 10 Standard Primal Growth Accounting Aggregate production possibilities frontier: where Change in output is )
More informationNon-market strategy under weak institutions
Lectures 5-6 Non-market strategy under weak institutions 1 Outline 1. Does weakness of institutions matter for business and economic performance? 2. Which institutions matter most? 3. Why institutions
More informationGovernance, Rule of Law and Transparency Matters: BRICs in Global Perspective
Governance, Rule of Law and Transparency Matters: BRICs in Global Perspective Daniel Kaufmann * Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution http://www.brookings.edu/experts/kaufmannd.aspx Panel on Transparency
More informationDEPENDENT ELITES IN POST- SOCIALISM: ARE LAND-BASED POST- COLONIAL SYSTEMS SO DIFFERENT FROM THE TRANSCONTINENTAL ONES? by Pal TAMAS [Institute of
DEPENDENT ELITES IN POST- SOCIALISM: ARE LAND-BASED POST- COLONIAL SYSTEMS SO DIFFERENT FROM THE TRANSCONTINENTAL ONES? by Pal TAMAS [Institute of Sociology, HAS Budapest] STRUCTURE OF THE PAPER 1. STATE
More informationAction required The Committee is requested to take note of the position of 2010 11 income and expenditure as of 30 September 2010.
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE Governing Body 309th Session, Geneva, November 2010 Programme, Financial and Administrative Committee GB.309/PFA/1 PFA FOR INFORMATION FIRST ITEM ON THE AGENDA Programme and
More informationSubjective Well Being, Income, Economic Development and Growth
Subjective Well Being, Income, Economic Development and Growth Dan Sacks, Betsey Stevenson and Justin Wolfers Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania and NBER CSLS ICP Conference on Happiness December
More informationOFFICIAL NAMES OF THE UNITED NATIONS MEMBERSHIP
OFFICIAL NAMES OF THE UNITED NATIONS MEMBERSHIP Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Republic of Albania People s Democratic Republic of Algeria Principality of Andorra Republic of Angola Antigua and Barbuda
More informationInfrastructure and Economic Growth in Egypt
Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 5177 WPS5177 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Infrastructure and Economic Growth in Egypt Norman V. Loayza Rei Odawara
More informationDepartment of Economics
Department of Economics Dr. Seo-Young Cho Platz der Göttinger Sieben 3, D-37073 Göttingen Tel. +49 (0) 551 / 39-7368 Fax +49 (0) 551 / 39-7302 scho@uni-goettingen.de Göttingen, 17.02.2012 Several Developed
More informationReported measles cases and incidence rates by WHO Member States 2013, 2014 as of 11 February 2015 2014 data 2013 data
Reported and rates by WHO s 2013, 2014 as of 11 February 2015 Number of by confirmation rate AFR Algeria DZA 49 0 0.00 0.12 0 0.00 0.22 AFR Angola AGO 12301 12036 547 11173 316 54.37 1.20 6558 30.54 1.20
More informationFertility Convergence
Fertility Convergence Tiloka De-Silva a Silvana Tenreyro a,b a London School of Economics, CfM; b CEP, CEPR July 2015 Abstract A vast literature has sought to explain large cross-country differences in
More information2006/SOM1/ACT/WKSP/007a Recasting Governance for the XXI Century - Presentation
2006/SOM1/ACT/WKSP/007a Recasting Governance for the XXI Century - Presentation Submitted by: Miguel Schloss, Managing Partner DamConsult Ltd. APEC Workshop on Anti-Corruption Measures for the Development
More informationUNHCR, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Belgium 22 Jul 1953 r 08 Apr 1969 a Belize 27 Jun 1990 a 27 Jun 1990 a Benin 04 Apr 1962 s 06 Jul 1970 a Bolivia 09 Feb 1982 a 09 Feb 1982 a Bosnia and Herzegovina 01 Sep 1993 s 01 Sep 1993 s Botswana
More informationThe contribution of trade in financial services to economic growth and development. Thorsten Beck
The contribution of trade in financial services to economic growth and development Thorsten Beck Finance why do we care? 0.04 BWA GDP per capita growth 0.02 0.00-0.02 COG SLE ALB GAB IND KOR TUR SGP MUS
More informationThe Global Crisis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: How the IMF Responded
The Global Crisis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: How the IMF Responded Andrea F. Presbitero Alberto Zazzaro 1 Università Politecnica delle Marche 2 Money and Finance Research group (MoFiR) Real and
More informationCountries Ranked by Per Capita Income A. IBRD Only 1 Category iv (over $7,185)
Page 1 of 5 Note: This OP 3.10, Annex C replaces the version dated September 2013. The revised terms are effective for all loans that are approved on or after July 1, 2014. Countries Ranked by Per Capita
More informationGrowing Together with Growth Polarization and Income Inequality
Growing Together with Growth Polarization and Income Inequality Sudip Ranjan Basu, Ph.D. Economist, United Nations ESCAP UN DESA Expert Group Meeting on the World Economy (LINK Project) United Nations
More informationStates Parties to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol
States Parties to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol Date of entry into force: 22 April 1954 (Convention) 4 October 1967 (Protocol) As of 1 October 2008 Total
More informationTrade and International Integration: A Developing Program of Research
Trade and International Integration: A Developing Program of Research World Bank Development Economics Research Group Geneva, June 2013 Three areas of focus I. Implications of the changing patterns of
More informationThe Role of Trade in Structural Transformation
1 The Role of Trade in Structural Transformation Marc Teignier UNIVERSIDAD DE ALICANTE European Summer Symposium in International Macroeconomics 23 May 2012, Tarragona Question Contributions Road Map Motivation
More informationIndustrial Policy, Capabilities, and Growth: Where does the Future of Singapore lie? Jesus Felipe Asian Development Bank
Industrial Policy, Capabilities, and Growth: Where does the Future of Singapore lie? Jesus Felipe Asian Development Bank Purpose of the talk Understand the economic challenges that Singapore faces Discuss
More informationRelative Prices and Sectoral Productivity
Relative Prices and Sectoral Productivity Margarida Duarte University of Toronto Diego Restuccia University of Toronto August 2012 Abstract The relative price of services rises with development. A standard
More informationLIST OF RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AT ITS SIXTY-EIGHTH SESSION ON THE RECOMMENDATION OF THE THIRD COMMITTEE
LIST OF AT THE LEVEL OF THE THIRD COMMITTEE ITEM 27: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ITEM 27 (a) Implementation of the outcome of the World Summit for Social Development and of the twenty-fourth special session of
More informationמדינת ישראל. Tourist Visa Table
Updated 22/06/2016 מדינת ישראל Tourist Visa Table Tourist visa exemption is applied to national and official passports only, and not to other travel documents. Exe = exempted Req = required Press the first
More informationTrends in global income inequality and their political implications
Trends in global income inequality and their political implications LIS Center; Graduate School City University of New York Talk at the Stockholm School of Economics, September 1, 2014 A. National inequalities
More informationInformality in Latin America and the Caribbean
WPS4888 Policy Research Working Paper 4888 Informality in Latin America and the Caribbean Norman V. Loayza Luis Servén Naotaka Sugawara The World Bank Development Research Group Macroeconomics and Growth
More informationSenate Committee: Education and Employment. QUESTION ON NOTICE Budget Estimates 2015-2016
Senate Committee: Education and Employment QUESTION ON NOTICE Budget Estimates 2015-2016 Outcome: Higher Education Research and International Department of Education and Training Question No. SQ15-000549
More informationExport Survival and Comparative Advantage
Export Survival and Comparative Advantage (Work in progress) Regional Seminar on Export Diversification, October 27-28, 2010 Bolormaa Tumurchudur, UNCTAD Miho Shirotori, UNCTAD Alessandro Nicita, UNCTAD
More informationLife-cycle Human Capital Accumulation Across Countries: Lessons From U.S. Immigrants
Life-cycle Human Capital Accumulation Across Countries: Lessons From U.S. Immigrants David Lagakos, UCSD and NBER Benjamin Moll, Princeton and NBER Tommaso Porzio, Yale Nancy Qian, Yale and NBER Todd Schoellman,
More informationThe Impact of Primary and Secondary Education on Higher Education Quality 1
The Impact of Primary and Secondary Education on Higher Education Quality 1 Katharina Michaelowa University of Zurich katja.michaelowa@pw.unizh.ch 1. Introduction Undoubtedly, the overall education system
More informationInstitutional Change and Growth-Enabling Governance Capabilities
Institutional Change and Growth-Enabling Governance Capabilities Nicolas Meisel Strategy and Research Dept - French Development Agency (AFD) Jacques Ould Aoudia Treasury and Economic Policy Directorate
More informationINDEX FOR RISK MANAGEMENT RESULTS 2015
INDEX FOR RISK MANAGEMENT RESULTS 2015 INFORM 2015 INFORM MEASURES THE RISK OF HUMANITARIAN CRISES AND DISASTERS IN 191 COUNTRIES COUNTRY RISK 3 YR TREND Afghanistan 7.88 æ Albania 2.61 à Algeria 4.64
More informationIncen%ves The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
Incen%ves The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Vale Columbia Center Interna%onal Investment Conference New York, Nov 13-14, 2013 Sebas%an James The World Bank Group 1 Prevalence of Tax Incen%ves around the Number
More informationSession 5x: Bonus material
The Social Statistics Discipline Area, School of Social Sciences Session 5x: Bonus material Mitchell Centre for Network Analysis Johan Koskinen http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/staff/jk.htm! johan.koskinen@manchester.ac.uk
More informationCisco Global Cloud Index Supplement: Cloud Readiness Regional Details
White Paper Cisco Global Cloud Index Supplement: Cloud Readiness Regional Details What You Will Learn The Cisco Global Cloud Index is an ongoing effort to forecast the growth of global data center and
More informationFinance, Growth & Opportunity. Implications for policy
Finance, Growth & Opportunity Implications for policy Today, I will make three points 1) Finance matters for human welfare beyond crises. 2) Financial innovation is associated with arguably necessary for
More informationThe distribution of household financial contributions to the health system: A look outside Latin America and the Caribbean
The distribution of household financial contributions to the health system: A look outside Latin America and the Caribbean Priyanka Saksena and Ke Xu 3 November, 2008 Santiago 1 The distribution of household
More informationHow To Increase Crop Output
Adaptation to land constraints: Is Africa different? Derek Headey International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Thom Jayne Michigan State University (MSU) 1 1. Introduction Some 215 years ago, Malthus
More informationOnline Appendix to The Missing Food Problem: Trade, Agriculture, and International Income Differences
Online Appendix to The Missing Food Problem: Trade, Agriculture, and International Income Differences Trevor Tombe, Uversity of Calgary Contents 1 Proof of Propositions 2 2 Data and Sample of Countries
More informationBUILDING A DATASET FOR BILATERAL MARITIME CONNECTIVITY
Région et Développement n - BUILDING A DATASET FOR BILATERAL MARITIME CONNECTIVITY Marco FUGAZZA *, Jan HOFFMANN *, Rado RAZAFINOMBANA * Abstract - This paper presents a unique database reporting the shortest
More informationMigration and Remittances: Top Countries
Migration and Remittances: Top Countries Top Immigration Countries a, 010 number of immigrants, millions United States b Russian Federation b Germany b Saudi Arabia b Canada b United Kingdom b Spain b
More informationEligibility List 2015
The Global Fund adopted an allocation-based approach for funding programs against HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria in 2013. The Global Fund policy states that countries can receive allocation only if their components
More informationOutsource International Ltd
Providing global technology solutions for: Carriers Systems Integrators Resellers Outsource Manufacturers International Ltd Government agencies Financial sector Global Technology Solutions Providing global
More informationChanging nature of South-South trade: Implications for world trade prospects
Changing nature of South-South trade: Implications for world trade prospects Sudip Ranjan Basu* UNCTAD, Geneva Project LINK Spring Meeting St. Petersburg International Economic Forum St. Petersburg, Russia
More informationAFR EUR MENA NAC SACA SEA WP
250000 200000 Millions (USD) 150000 100000 50000 0 AFR EUR MENA NAC SACA SEA WP India China USA Russian Federation Brazil Germany Pakistan Japan Indonesia Mexico Bangladesh Egypt France Italy Turkey Thailand
More informationThe Role of Women in Society: from Preindustrial to Modern Times
CESifo Economic Studies Advance Access published May 22, 2014 CESifo Economic Studies, 2014, doi:10.1093/cesifo/ifu019 The Role of Women in Society: from Preindustrial to Modern Times Paola Giuliano UCLA
More informationIn Defense of Wall Street - Does Finance Cause Creative Destruction?
In Defense of Wall Street The Social Productivity of the Financial System Finance is powerful Mobilizes Researches and allocates Monitors and exerts corporate control Provides risk diversification and
More informationBUILDING A DATASET FOR BILATERAL MARITIME CONNECTIVITY. Marco Fugazza Jan Hoffmann Rado Razafinombana
U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T POLICY ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND COMMODITIES STUDY SERIES No. BUILDING A DATASET FOR BILATERAL MARITIME CONNECTIVITY
More informationConsolidated International Banking Statistics in Japan
Total (Transfer Consolidated cross-border claims in all currencies and local claims in non-local currencies Up to and including one year Maturities Over one year up to two years Over two years Public Sector
More informationGuidelines for DBA Coverage for Direct and Host Country Contracts
Guidelines for DBA Coverage for Direct and Host Country Contracts An Additional Help document for ADS Chapter 302 New Reference: 06/14/2007 Responsible Office: OAA/P File Name: 302sap_061407_cd48 BACKGROUND:
More informationInformality in Latin America and the Caribbean
Public Disclosure Authorized Policy Research Working Paper 4888 WPS4888 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Informality in Latin America and the Caribbean Norman V. Loayza Luis Servén
More informationTripartite Agreements for MEPC.2/Circ. Lists 1, 3, 4 received by IMO following issuance of MEPC.2/Circ.20
The following is a list of tripartite agreements reported to IMO during the period between the issuance of the annual MEPC.2/Circular, disseminated in December of each year. Any countries wishing to join
More informationPOPULATION DENSITY, LAND, AND FUTURE TRAJECTORIES OF STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN AFRICA
POPULATION DENSITY, LAND, AND FUTURE TRAJECTORIES OF STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN AFRICA T.S. Jayne, Jordan Chamberlin, Milu Muyanga, Derek Headey Michigan State University, USA Plenary presentation at
More informationEntrance Visas in Brazil (Updated on July 08, 2014)
Ministry of External Relations Immigration Division Padip Holders of diplomatic passports Pasof Holders of official or service passports Entrance Visas in Brazil (Updated on July 08, 2014) Caption Vitem
More informationTechnical partner paper 8
The Rockefeller Foundation Sponsored Initiative on the Role of the Private Sector in Health Systems in Developing Countries Technical partner paper 8 Regulation of Health Service Delivery in Private Sector:
More informationGlobal Value Chains in the Current Trade Slowdown
MARCH 14 Number 137 Global Value Chains in the Current Trade Slowdown Michael J. Ferrantino and Daria Taglioni Real growth in global trade has decelerated significantly since its sharp recovery in 1. Year-on-year
More informationGLOBAL. 2014 Country Well-Being Rankings. D Social (% thriving) E Financial (% thriving) F Community (% thriving) G Physical (% thriving)
0 0 GLOBAL 0 Country Rankings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : >0.0% 0.% 0.0% 0.% 0.0% 0.% 0.0% 0.0% A Country s global rank B in three or more elements of well-being C (% thriving) D (% thriving) E
More information