Cranial Nerves and Spinal Cord Flashcards

Transcription

1 1. Name the cranial nerves and their Roman numeral. 2. What is Cranial Nerve I called, and what does it do? 3. Scientists who are trying to find a way to make neurons divide to heal nerve injuries often study the body s only mitotic neurons. These neurons are the 4. What is Cranial Nerve II called, and what does it do? 5. What is Cranial Nerve III called, and what does 6. What is Cranial Nerve IV called, and what does 7. What is Cranial Nerve V called, and what does it do? 8. What hole does Cranial Nerve V pass through in the skull? There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, numbered with Roman numerals. Make sure you know the NAME AND the Roman numerals! I Olfactory II Optic III Occulomotor IV Trochlear V Trigeminal VI Abducens VII Facial VIII Vestibulocochlear IX Glossopharyngeal X Vagus XI Accessory Nerve XII Hypoglossal OLFACTORY nerves Transmits the sense of smell. olfactory receptors II. OPTIC NERVE: Transmits visual information from the eye s retina. III Occulomotor Nerve: this controls most of the extrinsic muscles of the eye (that move the eyeball). They also have parasympathetic innervation in the iris (pupil) and cilliary (controls the lens). IV. Trochlear Nerve: supplies one of the extrinsic eye muscles V. Trigeminal Nerve: This is the main sensory nerve of the face. It has a large branch that passes through the foramen ovale of the skull. 9. Irritation of CN V is called what? Problems with CN-V are called TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA, which is excruciating pain in the face from nerve inflammation. 10. What is Cranial Nerve VI called, and what does VI: Abducens controls one of the eye muscles (lateral rectus). 11. What is Cranial Nerve VII called, and what does 12. A person who cannot blink or smile may have damage to what nerve? VII Facial Nerve: This innervates the muscles of facial expression and salivary glands. VII Facial Nerve

2 13. A person who cannot easily taste sweet, sour, or salty substances has damage to what nerve? 14. The primary gustatory (taste) cortex is located in which lobe of the brain? 15. Bell s Palsy is damage to what nerve? What other disorder does it look like? 16. What is Cranial Nerve VIII called, and what does 17. What is Cranial Nerve IX called, and what three things does A person who cannot easily taste sweet, sour, or salty substances has damage to what nerve? VII Facial Nerve Temporal lobe (in the insula) BELL S PALSY is damage of the facial nerve Needs to be distinguished from a stroke. VIII. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR nerve transmits hearing and balance. IX: GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL signals the pharynx to constrict (along with X) during swallowing. Innervates top of tongue Carries information from baroreceptors 18. What is Cranial Nerve X called, and what four things does 19. Which cranial nerve travels into the abdomen? X Vagus Nerve 20. The majority of all parasympathetic fibers are X Vagus Nerve from what cranial nerve? 21. What is Cranial Nerve XI called, and what does 22. What is Cranial Nerve XII called, and what does X Vagus Nerve Parasympathetic supply to organs Moves the larynx during speech Signals pharynx to constrict during swallowing (with CN IX) Carries information from baroreceptors XI: ACCESSORY NERVE enters the skull through foramen magnum and leaves through the jugular foramen. It just supplies the shoulder muscles. XII. HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (hypo=under; glossal=tongue) - supplies the under surface of the tongue. 23. What does damage to Cranial Nerve XII cause? Damage causes impairment of speech. 24. Where does spinal cord begin and end? FORAMEN MAGNUM. It goes to L1-2. In infants, it ends at L4-5, because it doesn t grow as fast as the rest of the body. 25. What is the spinal cord called beyond L1-2? CAUDA EQUINA ( Horse s tail ), which exit through the intervertebral foramina. 26. Where does the SACRAL PLEXUS exit the spinal cord? 27. What spinal nerve has a number that does not correspond to a vertebra? The SACRAL PLEXUS is made up of the spinal nerves exiting the spinal cord from the level of L4 to S5. There is a spinal nerve C8, although there is no C8 vertebrae.

3 28. CROSS SECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD CENTRAL CANAL, GREY MATTER, WHITE MATTER, POSTERIOR MEDIAN SULCUS, ANTERIOR MEDIAN FISSURE, DORSAL HORN, VENTRAL HORN, DORSAL ROOT, DORSAL ROOT GANGLION, VENTRAL ROOT, and SPINAL NERVE 29. Define a GANGLION (plural is ganglia) Ganglion = a group of neuron cell bodies. 30. Are they motor or sensory? Some are motor, some are sensory. 31. Are they in the CNS, PNS, or both? All ganglia are in the PNS only 32. Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons Posterior root ganglion of the spinal nerves located? 33. Most synapses are in what part of the nervous Most synapses are in the CNS system? 34. Define SENSORY NEURONS: 35. Where do they come in to the spinal cord? 36. Where is their cell body 37. Where do they synapse 38. What pathway do they take to the brain 39. In what part of the brain do they terminate? 40. Axons in the DORSAL COLUMN PATHWAY go to what part of the brain? SENSORY NEURONS come in through the posterior root, their cell body is in the posterior root ganglion, and its axon goes into the posterior horn and synapses in the grey matter. It also sends a branch to an area of the white matter called the DORSAL COLUMN PATHWAY, which goes into the brain (thalamus). Thalamus

4 Regarding LOWER MOTOR NEURONS: 41. Where is their cell body 42. Where does their axon exit the spinal cord 43. Where do they synapse LMN s have their cell body in the anterior horn (of the gray matter), and their axon goes out the anterior root, and synapses in a muscle. 44. Where are the cell bodies of interneurons? Their cell bodies are in the dorsal half of the gray matter in the spinal cord. 45. Where do interneurons synapse? on the cell body of the motor neuron 46. What is another name for interneurons? association neurons 47. The complexity of the CNS can be attributed to The complexity of the CNS can be attributed to what? Interneurons 48. Where is the site of neuronal integration? Grey matter 49. What is the correct path of a simple spinal Receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent reflex? neuron, effector 50. What types of sensory information are conveyed Pain and temperature toward the brain in the spinothalamic tracts? 51. What region of the brain interprets signals for Somatosensory association area touch and temperature? 52. What are the 3 nerves that form a simple reflex Sensory, lower motor, and interneuron forms the arc? SIMPLE REFLEX ARC. 53. Example of a withdrawal reflex. 54. Simple reflex behavior involves how many If you touch a hot stove, the sensory input comes into the spinal cord, the association neurons send the information to the lower motor neurons, the muscle contracts, and you take your hand off the stove before your brain even knows it. Simple reflex behavior involves three nerves, and no

5 nerves? 55. Any brain involvement? 56. Are the automatic or voluntary events? brain involvement. Reflexes are automatic events. 57. Define reflexes: 58. Are they motor, sensory, or both 59. Are they fast or slow 60. Are they voluntary or involuntary 61. Do they involve one or multiple synapses 62. What is an example of a three-neuron reflex? KNEE-JERK REFLEX 63. How does a sensory signal get from a finger to the brain? 64. What is the difference between a nerve and a tract? 65. WHAT IS AN UPPER MOTOR NEURON? 66. What is a LOWER (SOMATIC) MOTOR NEURON? They involve both motor and sensory neurons, they are rapid, involuntary, and they involve multiple synapses. SENSORY TOUCH SPINAL NERVE POSTERIOR ROOT GANGLION POSTERIOR ROOT POSTERIOR HORN TRACT THALAMUS Inside the brain nerves are called tracts; outside the brain, they are called nerves (for example, optic and olfactory nerves are outside the CNS, while optic and olfactory tracts are inside the CNS) Upper motor neuron: cell body is in the brain, synapses on a lower motor neuron (in the spinal cord) Lower motor neuron: cell body is in the spinal cord, and synapses on skeletal muscle. Primary motor cortex 67. What region of the brain contains the upper motor neurons? 68. When the nerves leave the spinal cord, they a plexus. travel together in what? One of these is known as the brachial plexus (in the 69. Give one example armpit; innervates the muscles of the arm). 70. Starting at the spinal cord and preceding rami, trunks, divisions, cords laterally, the subdivisions of a plexus are in what order? 71. What do PROPRIOCEPTION neurons sense? the amount of force and movement in muscles and joints 72. What tract do they travel in? Proprioception nerves travel up the spinocerebellar tract. 73. An example of a test for proprioception is? Close eyes and touch finger to nose. 74. Symptoms of an upper motor neuron disease Cannot move extremity on their own (paralysis) but reflexes are present 75. Symptoms of a lower motor neuron disease Cannot move extremity on their own (paralysis) and reflexes are also not present 76. How many spinal nerves are there? 31 Pairs 77. What region of the spinal cord do spinal nerves exit? OUTSIDE of vertebral canal Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral 78. Are spinal nerves motor or sensory or both? They are motor and sensory

6 79. What do lower motor neurons do? Carry motor commands to the skeletal muscles