The Beginnings of Human Culture

Transcription

1 ANT 1010, Culture and Human Experience, Salt Lake Community College, Spring Test Week 3, Haviland et al., Chapters 3. Instructor: Lolita Nikolova, Ph.D. The Beginnings of Human Culture MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Humans are classified by biologists as belonging to the Primate Order, a group that also includes which of the following? (pp. 55,57) a. Lorises b. Lemurs c. Tarsiers d. Monkeys e. all of the above 2. Which of the following characteristics distinguishes primates from other mammals? (p. 59) a. a large complex brain in which the area devoted to smell is quite large b. the development of more teeth of a highly specialized nature c. increased visual acuity because of stereoscopic and color vision d. the development of a specific breeding season and increased number of offspring 3. The transition to bipedalism probably occurred in a context where primates spent a lot of time in the trees but ventured out periodically onto the open savanna to exploit the food resources there. This transition occurred because bipedalism conferred the advantage of (p. 69) a. being able to climb trees more effectively. b. being able to run faster on the ground. c. freeing hands for a variety of purposes.. d. being able to scan for danger more effectively.. 4. Australopithecus was more like an ape than a human in its (p. 68) a. teeth. b. jaws. c. brain-body ratio. d. posture and form of locomotion. 5. The earliest known tool tradition (p. 70) a. is called Oldowan. b. begins about 2.5 million years ago. c. marks the beginning of the Paleolithic. d. All of the above e. None of the above 6. Between and years ago the human brain had reached its modern size. (p. 72) a. 100,000/50,000 b. 400,00/200,000 c. 500,000/300,000 d. 1,000,000/900,000 e. 350,000/100,000 7.These people were the first to develop an extensive art and decorative tradition.(p.79) a. Homo habilis b. Homo erectus c. Neanderthal d. Upper Paleolithic e. fully modern Homo sapiens 8.Jane Goodall is highly respected for her work with (p. 62) a. chimpanzees.

2 b. gorillas. c. orangutans. d. macaques. e. lorises. 9.The primates most closely related to humans are the (p. 63) a. baboons and macaques. b. chimpanzees and bonobos. c. lorises and lemurs. d. orang-utan and tarsiers. e. none of the above. 10.The area of the brain which enlarged dramatically in primates is the (p. 59) a. cerebellum. b. cerebral hemispheres. c. medulla. d. notochord. 11.Which of the following examples of learned behavior have NOT been observed among chimpanzees? (pp ) a. making tools by stripping branches to use as a fishing rod for termites b. using ready-made tools such as grass stalks to fish for termites c. an infant building a play nest after watching its mother building her own nest d. cooperative hunting and sharing of meat have been observed among chimpanzees 12.As the forests diminished and the savanna expanded, populations of primates living at the edge of the savanna faced selective pressures in favor of (p.67) a. the development of cheek pouches to carry food. b. increased numbers of offspring in a litter. c. bipedal locomotion. d. smaller, more lightweight animals that could climb spindly thorn bushes. 13.ossils indicate that the evolutionary line of humans separated from that of the bonobos and chimpanzees at least million years ago.(p.68) a. 4.4 b. 10 c. 9.5 d. 1.3 e The protein problem faced by early bipeds may be best described as (p.70) a. the absence of sufficient protein on the savanna. b. the inability to satisfy amino-acid requirements from available plant resources. c. the inability to digest cooked legumes. d. the inability to digest eggs and insects. e. the insufficiency of the teeth for chewing meat. 15.Early bipeds probably solved the protein problem by (p.70) a. eating plant foods in the right combination to satisfy amino-acid requirements. b. evolving a new form of digestive system which enabled them to digest the proteins available in leaves and legumes. c. evolving a smaller body which did not require as much protein. d. increasing their consumption of animal protein. 16.The term Oldowan (p.70) a. refers to the earliest identifiable tools found. b. means the old man of the forests.

3 c. refers to tools which first appeared over two million years ago. d. refers to early Paleolithic tools. e. All except b. 17.The selection for increased intelligence in early bipeds has been attributed to (p.69) a. the role played by females as food-gatherers, who needed to recognize and remember good sources of food, transport it to a remembered meeting place, and keep it safe until it could be shared. b. the role played by males who, as hunters, got more meat and thus could develop larger brains. c. the role played by males as scavengers and hunters who needed to outwit other predators and plan effective strategies. d. Both a and c e. Both b and c 18.This biped dates back as many as 4.2, if not 5.6 to 5.8 million years ago, whereas the most recent ones are only about 1 million years old. They have been discovered along the length of eastern Africa from Ethiopia to South Africa, and westward into Chad. rom this description identify this biped. (p.68.70) a. Ardipithecus b. H. habilis c. Australopithicus d. H. erectus e. H. sapiens 19.The tool tradition of Homo erectus was more technologically efficient than the Olduwan tradition, as indicated by which of the following? (p.74) a. a greater range of tool types being developed for specific purposes b. more economical use of raw materials c. more techniques being developed to create straighter, sharper edges d. All of the above e. None of the above 20.Remains found in southern Africa suggest that may have learned to use fire by 1 million years ago. (p.74) a. A. afarensis b. H. sapiens c. H. habilis d. Ardipithecus ramidus e. H. erectus 21.The biped fossils found in Africa and Europe dating to about 400, ,000 years ago are transitional between (p.75) a. Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. b. Australopithecus and Homo erectus. c. Australopithecus and Homo habilis. d. Homo habilis and Homo erectus. e. Homo sapiens and Homo ludens. 22.The tool making tradition of the Neanderthals of Europe, Southwest Asia and North Africa was called (p.77) a. Mousterian. b. Olduwan. c. Cro-Magnon. d. Upper Paleolithic. e. The chopper-chopping tradition. 23.The out of Africa hypothesis refers to (p.80) a. the molecular evidence that all modern humans derive from a common African ancestor. a. the belief that humans did not evolve, but were created by God. b. the fossil evidence that Neanderthal was wiped out by modern humans.

4 c. the primate evidence suggesting that humans are descended from modern chimpanzees. e. none of the above. 24.The use of bone, antler, or wood to press off small flakes from a flint core (p. 78, 79) a. was characteristic of the Mousterian tradition. b. gave the toolmaker greater control over the shape of the tool than was possible with percussion flaking. c. was characteristic of Upper Paleolithic traditions. d. Both a and b e. Both b and c 25.A pioneer in the study of primate behavior. (p.62) a. Ruth Benedict b. Margaret Mead c. Jane Goodall d. Benjamin Beck e. Ashley Montegue 26.On the cave wall at Grotte de Chauvet, rance is a painting that provides tangible proof of the human ability to create cultural symbols. The cave painting was done years ago during the last ice age. (p.54) a. 100,000 b. 32,000 c. 55,000 d. 15,000 e. 22, Present evidence suggests that humans evolved from small, African apes between and million years ago. a. 10/15 b. 1/4 c. 12/20 d. 8/5 e. 50/ study human evolutionary history. (p.56) a. Molecular anthropologists b. Primatologists c. Paleoanthropologists d. Ethnologists e. Biologists 29.This woman primatologist studied gorillas.(p.62) a. Birute Galdikas b. Diane ossey c. Jane Goodall d. Laura Nader e. Mary Leakey 30. In July of 1960 Jane Goodall arrived at the Gombe Chimpanzee Reserve, on the shores of Lake Tanganyika in (p.62) a. Zaire b. Kenya c. Mozambique d. Tanzania e. Uganda 31. The first undoubted bipeds are represented by fossils from East Africa that lived between 5.8 and 4.4 million years ago. All are extremely fragmentary, fragments of one individual known as was discovered at a site in Ethiopia.(p.68)

5 a. Sivapithecus b. Ardipithecus c. Neanderthal d. Homo habilis e. Homo sapien 32.Traveling through trees demands judgments concerning depth, direction, distance, and the relationships of objects hanging in space. In monkeys, apes, and humans, this is achieved through (p.59) a. cybernetics. b. stereoscopic color vision. c. radar sensing abilities. d. sonar-like skills. e. none of the above. 33.At times evolution occurs through a process known as, a series of beneficial adjustments of organisms to their environment. (p.56) a. adaptation b. natural selection c. assimilation d. acculturation e. accomodation 34.The earliest stone tools and evidence of significant meat eating date to years ago. (p.70) a. 3.5/2.5 million b. 2.5 million to 200,000 c. 10/3 million d.6/5 million e. 4/1 million 35.By chance, the ancestral primates possessed certain characteristics that allowed them to adapt to life in the (p.58) a. savanna. b. ocean. c. forests. d. highlands. e. deserts. 36.Unique to is the use of trail signs to indicate their whereabouts to others not immediately present. (p.67) a. orangutans b. gorillas c. bonobos d. macaques e. lorises 37.Chimps are capable of which of the following behaviors? (p.67) a. pick up and prepare objects in anticipation of future use at some other location. b. communicate at the level of 8 year old human. c. read at the level of a human 5 year old. d. use objects as tools to solve problems. e. a and d. 38.Humans are unique in their biological capacity to produce a rich array of to the environment. (p.56) a. cultural adaptations. a. physiological adaptations. b. natural selection. c. environmental accommodations.

6 d. developmental attibutes 39.With the benefit of detailed field studies over the last forty years, many of which were pioneered by female primatologists like, the nuances of primate social behavior and the importance of female primates has been documented.(p.61) a. Jennifer Thompson b. Ruth Benedict c. Margaret Mead d. Jane Goodall e. Laura Nader 40.Microscopic analysis of cut marks on bones has revealed that the earliest members of the genus Homo were not hunters but (p.71) a. trackers. b. fierce warriors. c. tertiary scavengers. d. secondary scavengers. e. trappers. 41.Both the Multiregional Hypothesis and the Recent African Origins theories place human origins firmly in (p.80) a. China. b. Australia. c. Africa. d. Europe. e. North America. 42. s book Man s Most Dangerous Myth: The allacy of Race was published in That book scientifically exposed the fallacy of human races as biological entities. (p.84) a. Ashley Montegu b. Johann Blumenbach c. ranz Boas d. Claude Levi-Strauss e. A.R. Radcliffe-Brown TRUE/ALSE 1. The environment that selected for the distinctive characteristics of the primates was arboreal. (p.58) T 2. A particular feature of primate evolution has been the increase in the sense of smell.(p.59) T 3. The earliest stone tools are found in association with Homo habilis. (p.70) T 4. It now seems clear that Homo erectus became extinct when it was wiped out by Neanderthals with superior tools. (p.75) T 5. Jane Goodall s long-term study with the orangutans of Indonesia have made clear that higher primates can make and use tools and frequently hunt cooperatively. (p.62) T 6. Studies of monkeys and apes living today indicate that learned social behavior does not play an important role in adaptation. (p.62) T 7. The biological concept of race is useful for studying physical variation in the human species. (pp. 55,82) T 8. Evolution does not allow for chance or random events to contribute to biological change through time. (p.56) T 9. Humans do not merely adapt to the environment through biological change, but also shape the environment to suit their own needs and desires. (p.56) T 10. As we discover the remarkable intelligence and behavioral sophistication of our primate cousins, caging them and using them for medical experimentation becomes untenable. (p.67) T 11. Human populations are genetically open, which means genes flow between them. As such no fixed

7 racial groups can exist. (p.84) T 12. Lightly pigmented skin color is likely an ancient development. (p.85) T 13. Generally among chimpanzees, males outrank females, however high-ranking (alpha) females may dominate low-ranking males. (p.63) T 14. Some recent genetic studies indicate that Africa is not the sole source of DNA in modern humans. (p.80) T 15. rom a biological perspective culture has rendered skin color differences largely irrelevant.(p.86) T 16. Studies in genetics, biochemistry, and anatomy confirm that chimpanzees and gorillas are not closely related to humans. (p.67) T MATCHING Homo habilis Homo erectus Australopithecus Ardipithecus Homo sapiens a. learned to use fire b. first biped c. first stone tool maker d. spread to Australia and the Americas e. a human-ape ancestor SHORT ANSWER 1.What are the distinguishing anatomical features of the primates? (pp ) 2. What was the protein problem and how did it impact biped evolution? (p. 70) 3.What advantages did bipedalism confer? (p. 68) 4.What was the impact of fire on our fossil ancestors? (p. 74) ESSAY CHOOSE AMONG THE OLLOWING TOPICS: 1. Discuss the impact of diet on human evolution, drawing on the sivapithecines and on Homo habilis as key examples. 2. Discuss the major steps in the development of stone tools, focusing on Olduwan, Mousterian, and Upper Paleolithic traditions. 3. Below you can see two skeletons, one of a chimpanzee and the other of a modern human. Describe the major differences between the two, pointing out the selective pressures that led to them. 4. rom the study of both ancient and modern primates, anthropologists have worked out a list of anatomical characteristics common to them all. Identify those characteristics and explain how each facilitated the adaptation to an arboreal environment. 5. Discuss when and how human culture evolved. 6. Explain the process of evolution. 7. Why is race as a biological concept flawed?