Describe the events which led to Germany becoming the Weimar Republic (4)

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1 Describe the events which led to Germany becoming the Weimar Republic (4) Germany lost the war Allies offered Germany peace if it became a democracy 9 Nov 1918 the Kaiser abdicated 10 Nov Ebert announced the new Republic Explain why Germany suffered from hyper inflation in 1923 (6) Identify reasons It was because of what the government did The government printed worthless money The reparations imposed on Germany affected the economy, they could not afford to pay them There was no trade The occupation of the Ruhr by France made things worse Explain one reason =4 marks The occupation made things worse, the Government had to print money to pay the strikers which increased inflation Explain two reasons or explain one reason in lots of detail = 5/6/ marks From 1921 to pay reparation Germany paid in Kind which meant sending goods to France and Belgium. This meant there were less goods in Germany and so the process went up.. The reparations were very high and Germany was never able to pay these. Because it had less goods to trade the government just printed more money. What were the features of the Weimar constitution (4) It was a democracy 20 and over had the vote Elections were decided by PR-proportional representation The chancellor was head of government A president, elected every 7 years, was head of state The president had emergency powers to close the Reichstag and rule himself There were lots of coalitions because of PR The president was voted for by the people

2 Explain why the Weimar republic was under threat in the period up to the end of 1923 (6) The threat from the left wing Spartacists The signing of the treaty of Versailles angered the public In 1923 France and Belgium invaded the Ruhr Threat from the right with the Kapp Putsch1923 Germany suffered from Hyperinflation In 1923 Hitler attempted the Munich Putsch The Spartacists were communists and hated democracy, they were stopped by the Freikorps When Ebert signed the treaty many people sais he had betrayed Germany and that Germany had been stabbed in the back Kapp tried to take power in Berlin. He was supported by the army. The workers went on strike and Kapp called off his attempt. Describe the development of the Nazi party from 1924 to 1928 At first Hitler was in prison Little progress was made at first as the party was banned until 1925 Hitler decided to win by legal means, the Reichstag principle, but the success of Stresemann meant that few supported extreme parties like the Nazis In 1928 the Nazis won just 12 seats in the Reichstag. Explain why the Nazis were increasingly successful in elections between 1930 and 1932 Identify reasons They were anti communist and appealed to people who hated them. The industrialist feared the communists. They also liked that the Nazis would tackle the trade unions. They promised to rip up the treaty of Versailles They promised jobs- they tackled the unemployment during the depression- millions were out of work and this attracted the middle class and unskilled They promised discipline They blamed the Jews- this was highly effective. Hitler told people the Jews caused the problems along with Weimar and the communists. The Jews were a convenient scapegoat. Explain why the Munich Putsch was not a complete disaster for the Nazis? 6 It showed the Nazis would not gain power by violence it changed Hitler s thinking It highlighted that the Nazis needed to look at their ideas and beliefs It gained Hitler lots of publicity Hitler spent time in prison which gave him time to reflect on what the Nazis had achieved and he realised that he could only gain power through elections- Reichstag Principle To gain 4 or5 marks develop your ideas e.g. The Putsch turned Hitler into a politician who was known throughout Germany. At his trial he earned lots of publicity; his ideas were reported in newspapers. He was able to tell everyone about what the Nazis stood for.

3 How far was the threat of communism the main reason for Hitler becoming chancellor in 1933? Explain your answer Remember 3 sections- write about the factor in the question e.g. Communism, then write about other reasons, then evaluate. Writes about communism Hitler was able to get support from the middle classes who feared the communists. He was able to get support and money from industrialists who feared the communists and trade unions. The industrialists provided money for Hitler s election campaigns. However there were other reasons Hitler promised to sort out the economy and provide jobs. The German people wanted radical solutions which Hitler offered. Other chancellors could not get a majority in the Reichstag- the Nazis were a popular party The use of propaganda helped Hitler The SA beat up opponents and gave a sense of order Hindenberg offered Hitler the job of Chancellor Describe the Munich Putsch 4 Hitler tried to seize power in he thought Germany was collapsing It was his attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic They entered a Beer Hall and took over a meeting He forced the leaders of the government in Munich to take part but they changed their minds. 9 Nov, 3000 Nazis marched on Munich and were shot at by the army (who supported the Weimar Republic and not Hitler), 16 Nazis were killed Hitler was arrested, put on trial and sent to prison. Describe the Kapp Putsch A group of Freikorps (ex soldiers) attempted to take power in Berlin. The Weimar government left the capital Berlin. A man called Kapp set himself as head of a new government-he wanted to get land back The putsch (take over) was stopped by the people of Berlin- workers went on strike and the take over failed.

4 The Weimar Republic was a failure after How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. 10 On the one hand it was a success Ended hyperinflation Germany became accepted by the League of Nations in 1926 There was more political stability-with Stressemann Life for farmers Germany s industry improved- Germany received loans from USA (in the form of the Dawes and Young plan)-this improved industry, ended hyperinflation and improved people s living standards On the one hand it was a failure Some thought that people lost a sense of morality (too many nightclubs, drinking) Germany suffered from the depression. In my view the Weimar Republic cannot be considered a total failure. The republic stopped hyperinflation and Germany was able to join the League and became more accepted. The main problems came when the depression began but this affected all countries and not just Germany. It failed because Germany could not get any more loans. The following were equally important in increasing the support for the Nazis i. policies aimed at women and the family ii. policies aimed at workers. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer referring only to i. and ii i. Explain policies aimed at women- Nazis thought they should not do jobs that men did. They should stay at home and bring up children. Many women lost their jobs. ii. Explain policies aimed at workers- they increased the number of jobs for men- this made them popular- they introduced conscription (all men had to join the army), they built motorways and introduced strength through joy, beauty of labour- this made the Nazis popular because it improved Germany s economy I do not think they were equally important. I think the policies aimed at workers made the Nazis more popular because it increased their support amongst workers. Explain why young people were important in Hitler s plans for Germany. 6 To ensure the next generation They were the next army To continue the Aryan race when they became old enough To spy on people Try to develop 2 ideas- the children were the ones who could be easily made to follow the Nazis ideas. Children could be brought up to believe in the Nazis ideas. They would be loyal to Hitler.

5 What was the Hitler Youth? 4 A leisure activity organisation for young people An organisation designed to control young people An opportunity for boys and girls to go on camping trips, walking, sports An organisation which indoctrinated young people A training ground for the army A training ground for young women to become mothers and home makers. The following were equally important in enabling Hitler and the Nazis to exercise control over the German people i.terror ii propaganda.. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer referring only to i. and ii Terror people feared the Gestapo and concentration camps. The Gestapo could arrest people and send them to concentration camps. People were encourage to inform on people Propaganda Controlled by Goebbels- he controlled information and decided what the German people would see and hear. He organised rallies, meetings so Hitler could make brilliant speeches. This gave the Nazis control over people because in showed the Nazis were in control and brought order and showed them that everyone supported the Nazis even if they did not. I think that.was more important because. Explain why the Night of the Long Knives happened 6 Rohm was a challenge to Hitler Hitler was worried about the threat from the SA To arrest Rohm and other SA leaders To please the army and make sure they supported Hitler Rohm s ideas were too left wing and too different to Hitler The SA had become a major threat to Hitler. Hitler knew that Rohm s ideas would turn the industrialists away from the Nazis. Hitler did not want this to happen. Describe how some church leaders opposed the Nazis 4 Some church leaders criticised the Nazis Pastor Niemoller criticised the regime and formed his own church which opposed the Nazi (Reich) Church Another man Bonhoeffer also criticised the Nazis

6 Explain why the work of Goebbels was important to the Nazis 6 He promoted Hitler to the people because he was in charge of propaganda. He got the Nazis message across at rallies He controlled the press He organised posters He made cheap radios The Reichstag Fire was more important than the Enabling Ac in allowing Hitler to consolidate power in How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer After the fire the Nazis could arrest the communists He was able to gain special powers after the fire which helped Hitler in the March elections. It gave Hitler more power. It took away people s rights to free speech and said the Nazis could search houses. After the election the Nazis won lots of votes- they were able to ban the communists which gave the Nazis more seats. The Nazis were able to move the parliament away from the Reichstag- this allowed the Nazis to bully people in the parliament. The Nazis were able to get a majority in the Reichstag. The Enabling Act was important because he was able to introduce his dictatorship. He got control over all the states in Germany. He got rid of all the local parliaments. He was able to arrest trade union and create the German Labour Front. He was able to ban other parties and make the Nazis the only party. I think that without the Reichstag Fire Hitler would not have been able to get control of the Reichstag and there fore would not have been able to introduce the Enabling Act. It was this act that allowed Hitler to introduce his dictatorship and consolidate his power. Explain why the Nazi-Soviet Pact made war more likely. 6 Hitler could do what eh wanted Hitler knew he could invade Poland Britain was able to give in to Hitler because of this Remember to develop ideas Hitler now believed that Britain would not stand up to him. Hitler ignored Britain s threat when Hitler invaded Poland. Britain had to go to war.

7 What were Germany s main territorial losses under the Treaty of Versailles? 4 Alsace Lorraine to France Eupen, Malmedy to Belgium West Prussia and Posen to Poland Danzig became a free city under the League Memel to Lithuania Saar to league for 15 years Upper Silesia to Poland German colonies given away e.g. Cameroon to Britain, Samoa to New Zealand Explain why it was difficult for the big three to reach agreement at the peace conference? 6 They were from different countries They could not decide on the aims of the conference They had different aims Wilson wanted his 14 points Clemenceau (France) wanted revenge George (Britain) wanted a fair settlement but people in Britain wanted to punish Germany They had to reach compromises The Treaty of Versailles was unfair on Germany. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. Unfair It was unfair because it was a diktat (dictated peace) Others were to blame but not treated as badly Germany was unable to defend itself It was unfair because of reparations and war guilt Fair Germany treated Russia worse in March 1918 Germany had agreed to sign the armistice Develop for higher marks..on the one hand Germany thought the war guilt clause was unfair as they were not the only ones to blame. They ahd to pay for all the damage. They thought this would cripple Germany. Some Germans did not feel they had lost the war. They believed they had signed the armistice and should therefore be invited to the conference to negotiate. They were not represented and had to accept a harsh settlement On the other hand Germany had treated Russia badly in 1918 when Russia gave up. It was harsh on Russia so Germany was wrong to complain. Germany s problems had been brought on by themselves. The government had not planned for how it was going to pay for the war. The treaty did not weaken Germany all together. Steel production in 1925 was higher than in Britain. They had agreed to reducing their army, reparations an d losing territory at the armistice. Why did they complain?

8 Described how the League of Nations tried to improve living and working conditions around the world in the 1920s 4 It helped refuges and prisoners of war get back home Dealt with diseases in refugee camps International labour organisation banned lead from paint and reduced hours children worked. It brought in a 48 hour week for adults Introduced an international highway code Tried to stop drugs Health committee worked hard to defeat diseases like malaria. Explain why the membership of the League was a problem. 6 Not all countries joined It was dominated by Britain and France The USA was a strong and powerful country it did not join Germany was not allowed to join Countries like Japan left when they had disputes with the League Britain and France were the leaders but Britain and France had been weakened by the First World War, Britain was looking after its own self-interests such as improving trade. France was still worried about Germany. The USA never joined which meant the most powerful nation was not a member. Germany did not join which made the League look as though it only existed for the victorious countries. How successful was the League in dealing with disputes in the 1920s and 1930s? Explain your answer. It was successful Better with smaller disputes e.g. Aaland Islands. Smaller countries willing to accept decisions made by League War was stopped over Aaland Islands when Sweden accepted the decision of the League. In the 1920s Poland and Germany wanted Upper Silesia. A vote was organised which was divided. The League split the area up. Not successful Corfu- when bombed by Italy- the League showed it would not stand up to bigger countries. With bigger disputes such as Abyssinia and Manchuria-this showed that countries were not work together-collective security in the face of big countries being aggressive. This weakened the League. It took 12 months to look into the Manchuria crisis. Japan ignored the League In Abyssinia the League did not impose sanctions effectively. Britain and France did not want to upset Mussolini. They thought he would be useful against Hitler. In conclusion I think the league was/was not successful..

9 What did Wilson want to achieve at the Paris Peace conference? 4 A better and more peaceful world To punish Germany but not harshly To make Germany a strong democracy To make countries co-operate to get peace His 14 points A League of Nations Self- determination- people speaking the same language to live together. Explain why Germany objected to the Treaty of Versailles 6 They felt they had been unjustly treated Forced to accept war guilt Forced to accept the terms- a dictated peace Hated reparations- they would cripple Germany Lost territory Hated having to disarm Not allowed to join the League Then develop.. Germany hated having to disarm. The army was symbol of great pride. An army of 100,00 was very small and made Germany weak and vulnerable to attack. They could not defend themselves. No other country had to disarm like Britain or France. How satisfied were the big three with the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your answer. Not satisfied Leader s wanted to please the public at home. George did not get the harsh treat the people in Britain wanted. French people would have wanted a harsher treaty and so Clemenceau would not have been pleased France had seen lot of the fighting in France and was badly damaged by the war. Clemenceau got his revenge because Germany had to accept all the blame and had to pay reparations. He accepted the demilitarisation of the Rhineland and the reduction in army. This helped France have security. Wilson was not satisfied. He thought the Germans should not have signed the treaty. He feared that Germany would want revenge. Lloyd George wanted to protect Britain s interests such as the empire and trade. He was forced to get a harsh treaty because that is wanted the British people wanted. Satisfied Clemenceau wanted revenge and got his. He was satisfied. France had seen lot of the fighting in France and was badly damaged by the war. Clemenceau got his revenge because Germany had to accept all the blame and had to pay reparations. He accepted the demilitarisation of the Rhineland and the reduction in army. This helped France have security.

10 Describe Hitler s Foreign Policy aims 4 To make Germany a world power To build a big empire in Eastern Europe for Lebansraum- living space To achieve a union with Austria To joining /unite all German speaking people in a Greater Germany To destroy the USSR and communism To regain lost land such as the Saar and Rhineland To build up his army. Explain why Austria became part of Germany in To fulfil Hitler s Foreign Policy aims It was Hitler s birthplace To unite German speaking people To access Austria s raw materials and army Then develop Hitler wanted to break the Treaty which banned union with Austria. Hitler wanted to unite German speaking people Hitler believed the two countries belonged together. The outbreak of war in 1939 was mainly due to appeasement. How far far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. 10 Appeasement gave Hitler confidence Hitler was aggressive to other countries The Treaty of Versailles left people in Germany with a longing fro revenge. The Nazi Soviet pact gave Hitler confidence that Britain would not stop him Yes it was Appeasement showed Hitler that Britain and France wanted peace and to avoid war. It meant that Britain and France believed Hitler s promises. It encouraged Hitler to take more risks and demand more. No it was not The Nazi Soviet Pact gave Hitler confidence that he would not have to fight Britain and Russia at the same time. However Britain and France had promised to help Poland and so they had to declare war when Hitler invaded Poland. I think that.. What did Lloyd George want to achieve at the Peace conference? 4 To reduce German power To ensure France did not become too powerful To protect British interests e.g. empire, trade and navy Did not want a harsh punishment because he wanted to be able to trade with Germany He wanted Germany s help against Communism.

11 Explain why the League was unsuccessful in dealing with the Manchuria crisis. 6 It failed to show it was strong The league had no army The League was slow to act The USA could not back the league because it was not a member Then develop Japan was determined to not listen to the League Britain and France did not want to impose sanctions- looking after own self interests The League was not interested in disputes away from Europe Lytton took too long to produce his report They agreed with what Japan had done. The following were equally important reasons why Germany was dissatisfied with the Treaty of Versailles. i. war guilt ii military restrictions iii loss of land. How far do you agree with this statement. Explain referring only to I ii and iii War guilt Germany had to accept blame and non one else did. This was seen as harsh- it was seen as a dictated peace. Germany had no choice but to accept. This was humiliating as other countries were to blame. They had a feeling of bitterness and wanted revenge Military Germany lost airplanes, 100,000 men, no tanks- no other country had to disarm. Well below what they had before the war. Army was a symbol of great pride. Lost the security of having a strong army. Were vulnerable to attack. Land Germany lost colonies which they could have used for trade. Many Germans not living in Germany. The idea of self determination had been ignored. Lost important industrial areas e.g. the Saar. Tis would have helped Germany recover. What actions had been taken by Hitler by 1935 to destroy the Treaty of Versailles? 4 Began re arming in secret March 1935 announced that Germany had an airforce He introduced conscription- men had to join the army Began building up the navy. Agreed with Britain. Explain why the events in the Saar and Rhineland were important to Hitler. 6 He remilitarised the Rhineland The League had promised a plebiscite (vote) in the Saar The vote wasa success for Hitler.90% voted to return to Germany. Boost for Hitler Made Hitler feel stronger an d confident When he marched into the Rhineland- Britain did not stop him. He thought he could get away with demanding more.

12 The following were equally important reasons in causing war in i. Anschluss ii The Czech crisis iii Nazi Soviet pact. How far do you agree with this statement. Explain referring only to I ii and iii i.showed Hitler could break the treaty and not be stopped. This was the start of his plan for a Greater Germany and Lebensraum. He gained soldiers, weapons and raw materials. ii gave Hitler economic strength and confidence. He could now demand more and more. Gave Hitler more time to build up his army,. Britain lost a country that could have fought against Hitler. It gave him resources. Iiii meant he did not have to fight against Britain and Russia at the same time- on two fronts. Hitler wanted to make a pact with Stalin so he would not be stopped by Stalin when he invaded Poland. Hitler had always planned to invade Poland because of Lebansraum. Hitler invaded Poland and knew that he would not be stopped by Stalin. Britain and France had to declare war because they had promised to help Poland. What were the successes of the league of Nations in the 1920s 4 Dispute over Aland Islands was solved Refugees were returned home Improvements in stopping drug trafficking Explain why the League was successful in the 1920s. 6 Its decisions were accepted Disputes were between smaller countries Countries were more prepared to try to stop war again Countries in the 1920s wanted the League to be a success. Germany and Japan were not as powerful in the 1920s and so were not missed as much. Then develop. More of the disputes at this time involved smaller countries who accepted the decisions made by the League, for example in Sweden over the Aaland Islands. The League sorted the dispute out and it was accepted.

13 How far was the organisation and structure of the League responsible for its failure in the 1930s. Explain your answer. 10 Organisation and structure of the League The assembly only met once a year The council members had a veto It did a have an army Decisions had to be unanimous- so the decision making process was slow. Other reasons Major countries did not join it meant that economic sanctions did not work. Sanctions were not taken out against Japan when they invaded Manchuria because they could carry on trading with the USA. The depression brought increased unemployment and many people turned to extreme parties for solutions. These extremist groups like the Nazis and the Fascists in Italy did not believe in democracy and ignored the League. They were prepared to use armed force and aggression to get what they wanted, e.g. Japan invaded Manchuria to get raw materials. Describe what happened in the Saar in 1935 as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. 4 The League held a vote to decide if it went to Germany, France or the League. 90% indicated a return to the Germany Was a great success for Hitler could be sued as propaganda. Explain why Italy and Japan were an increasing threat to World peace in the 1930s. 6 Japan was an important and powerful country. There were disagreements in Japan between politicians and the army Mussolini was aggressive towards other countries- Corfu and Abyssinia Both countries wanted to be stronger after WW1 Japan and Germany were both against Communism and signed a pact. Develop. Italy was badly hit by the depression. When unemployment rose Mussolini turned to foreign wars to try to turn attention away from the problems at home. Italy invaded Abyssinia and Britain and France did not stop him because they wanted his help against Germany. Japan showed that the League was weak. They ignored what the League told them to do. This showed Hitler that the League was weak and that if he tried to take over countries he would not be stopped.

14 The outbreak of war was all Hitler s fault. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. Yes it was He signed the Nazi Soviet pact which gave him confidence to invade Poland Hitler was rearming Germany which went against the Treaty Hitler went against the treaty by taking the Rhineland and uniting with Austria. No it wasn t Appeasement did not work The League of Nations was weak and failed to stop wars The USA did not want to get involved in what was happening with the League and in Europe The Treaty caused a lot of anger in Germany Develop your ideas The policy of appeasement encouraged Hitler to believe that he could keep getting away with invading countries. Britain and France hoped that Hitler would be satisfied with the Sudetenland in 1938 in the Munich agreement but Hitler just thought that he could get away with more and they would not stop him. There froe he invaded Poland. Hitler signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact which gave him security. It gave him confidence to invade Poland knowing that he would not have to fight Britain and Russia. He believed that Britain were bluffing when they said they would support Poland- they had not supported Czechoslovakia. Why did Britain follow a policy of appeasement in the 1930s To keep the peace People felt sorry for Germany and how hard they had been treated Britain feared communism nd wanted Germany s help It bought Britain time so they could rearm and get ready for war. People did want a repeat of WW1 Chamberlain the British PM believed Hitler Develop Britain was too weak to stop Hitler, In 1938 the Britain was not ready to fight a war. Appeasement would give Britain time to build up its army. What terms of the treaty weakened the German economy? 4 Had to pay reparations-----this will get 1 mark Lost industrial areas such as the Saar Lost money from its colonies Germany had to pay reparations of million this will get you 2 marks

15 Germany had good reasons to complain about the Treaty of Versailles. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer 10 Was not fair Germany had to accept all the blame Had to pay for all the damage Left Germany open to attack Lost all its colonies It was a dictated peace High reparations affected the German people Germany thought it had been humiliated Develop..Germany was forced to accept the war guilt clause and reparations. This was humiliating as they believed other countries were equally responsible for starting he war. Was fair Germany had agreed to an armistice It was not as harsh as Germany had treated Russia in March 1918 It did not weaken Germany as much as people thought. Develop.Many thought the peacemakers did a reasonable job considering the demand for revenge from people in Britain and France. The treaty could have been as harsh as the treaty Germany made with Russia. Conclusion Germany did not have a good reason to complain. They had helped to start the war by supporting Austria in So they could not complain about being blamed for starting the war. However, the harsh reparations did affect ordinary people in Germany and so I think this was a fair complaint. What methods were available to the League to encourage International co-operation? 4 Countries could talk Through the international court of justice By encouraging countries tpo cooperate through trade By encouraging countries to disarm By making countries feel guilty Economic sanctions Collective security- all countries turning against the aggressive country A last thing could be taking military action Explain why some major powers did not join the League 6 In USA the senate voted not to join- they did not want to get involved in European disputes- they wanted to stay isolated Germany was not allowed to join because it had been defeated. It had to prove it was a responsible democratic country. It joined in 1926 USSR not invited to join because it was communist- many of the victorious powers like Britain were suspicious of Communism

16 The Manchurian crisis was the main reason that the League failed. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer 10 Yes it was In Manchuria the League was weakened because it was slow to act The League showed it was not interested in a far off country It showed the League to have little power The League did not consider a crisis in Asia to be of interest to European countries. This allowed Japan to take advantage of this attitude and show how weak the League was. No it was not The League did not have an army The USA did not join Britain acted in its own interests and wanted to still trade with Japan- they were only willing to impose limited sanctions. The failure to stop Mussolini in Abyssinia was a reason why the League failed. Britain and France acted in their own interests. They did not want to accept Mussolini as this might turn him towards Hitler and so they did not impose sanctions on oil, coal and iron. This showed the League to be weak. Conclusion The Manchuria crisis was only partly to blame. It showed the League to be weak and unwilling to deal with a major power like Japan. The real reason for the failure of the League was Abyssinia where the League was shown to be weak. Britain and France were not strong against Mussolini because they did not want to upset Mussolini and turn him to Hitler. This effectively ended the League.