Grammar, Usage, & Mechanics

Transcription

1 M A N Y V O I C E S L A N G U A G E Grammar, Usage, & Mechanics Skillbook Level H Perfection Learning

2 Table of Contents Chapter 1: The Parts of a Sentence Recognizing Sentences Completing Sentences Writing Complete Sentences Combining Subjects and Predicates Finding Complete Subjects Finding Complete and Simple Subjects Writing Complete Sentences Finding Complete Predicates Finding Simple Predicates Using Vivid Verbs Finding Verb Phrases Finding Verb Phrases Mixed Practice: Subjects and Verbs Finding Subjects and Verbs Varying Sentence Beginnings Finding Subjects and Verbs Using the Understood You Mixed Practice: Subjects and Verbs Finding Compound Subjects Compound Subjects Finding Compound Verbs Compound Verbs Mixed Practice: Subjects and Verbs Classifying Sentences Chapter 2: Nouns and Pronouns Finding Nouns Using Specific Nouns Identifying Compound and Collective Nouns Writing Compound Nouns Distinguishing Between Common and Proper Nouns Finding Nouns Finding Pronouns and Antecedents Finding Personal Pronouns Using Personal Pronouns Finding Indefinite Pronouns Finding Pronouns Mixed Practice: Pronouns Chapter 3: Verbs Finding Action Verbs Finding Action Verbs Understanding Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Finding Verb Phrases Mixed Practice: Verbs and Verb Phrases Finding Linking Verbs Writing Linking Verbs Finding Linking Verbs Distinguishing Between Linking Verbs and Action Verbs Writing Sentences Writing Verbs Chapter 4: Adjectives and Adverbs Finding Adjectives Using Specific Adjectives Finding Adjectives Linking Specific Adjectives with Nouns Finding Proper Adjectives Capitalizing Proper Adjectives Finding Adjectives Nouns and Adjectives Distinguishing Between Adjectives and Pronouns Writing Sentences Mixed Practice: Adjectives Finding Adverbs Using Adverbs Finding Adverbs Mixed Practice: Adverbs Mixed Practice: Adjectives and Adverbs Chapter 5: Prepositions, Conjunctions, & Interjections Supplying Prepositions Finding Prepositional Phrases Adding Prepositional Phrases Distinguishing Between Prepositions and Adverbs Using Prepositions and Adverbs Mixed Practice: Prepositional Phrases Finding Conjunctions and Interjections.. 79 Many Voices Language Level H 3

3 Table of Contents Using Conjunctions and Interjections Determining Parts of Speech Identifying Words as Different Parts of Speech Writing Sentences Chapter 6: Complements Finding Direct Objects Adding Direct Objects to Sentences Direct Objects Finding Indirect Objects Finding Compound Indirect Objects Mixed Practice: Direct and Indirect Objects Finding Predicate Nominatives Supplying Predicate Nominatives Replacing Predicate Nominatives Predicate Nominatives Finding Predicate Adjectives Supplying Predicate Adjectives Mixed Practice: Complements Chapter 7: Phrases Finding Prepositional Phrases Finding Adjective Phrases Finding Adjective Phrases Combining Sentences Using Adjective Phrases Adjective Phrases Identifying Misplaced Modifiers Correcting Misplaced Adjective Phrases Finding Adverb Phrases Writing Sentences: Punctuating Adverb Phrases Mixed Practice: Prepositional Phrases Finding Appositives and Appositive Phrases Punctuating Appositives and Appositive Phrases Mixed Practice: Prepositional and Appositive Phrases Chapter 8: Verbals and Verbal Phrases Recognizing Participles Finding the Words Participles Describe Distinguishing Between Participles and Verbs Finding Participial Phrases Recognizing Participial Phrases as Modifiers Participial Phrases Identifying Misplaced Participial Phrases Correcting Misplaced Participial Phrases Finding Gerunds Distinguishing Between Gerunds and Participles Finding Gerund Phrases Completing Gerund Phrases Gerunds and Gerund Phrases Finding Infinitives Distinguishing Between Infinitive and Prepositional Phrases Finding Infinitive Phrases Adding Infinitives Using Infinitives Mixed Practice: Verbal Phrases Chapter 9: Clauses Distinguishing Between Clauses Identifying Subordinate Clauses Supplying Subordinate Conjunctions Finding Adverb Clauses Punctuating Adverb Clauses Finding Adjective Clauses Identifying the Words Adjective Clauses Describe Punctuating Adjective Clauses Adjective Clauses Recognizing Misplaced Adjective Clauses Correcting Sentences with Misplaced Adjective Clauses Finding Noun Clauses Identifying the Use of Noun Clauses Mixed Practice: Subordinate Clauses Recognizing Simple and Compound Sentences Distinguishing Between Simple and Compound Sentences Punctuating Compound Sentences Many Voices Language Level H

4 Table of Contents Distinguishing Between Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences Writing Different Kinds of Sentences Mixed Practice: Sentences Chapter 10: Sentence Fragments and Run-ons Distinguishing Between Sentences and Fragments Correcting Sentence Fragments Distinguishing Between Sentences and Fragments Distinguishing Between Sentences and Fragments Combining Sentences and Phrase Fragments Correcting Phrase Fragments Distinguishing Between Sentences and Fragments Distinguishing Between Sentences and Fragments Correcting Clause Fragments Distinguishing Between Sentences and Run-on Sentences Distinguishing Between Sentences and Run-on Sentences Correcting Run-on Sentences Mixed Practice: Sentences, Fragments, and Run-on Sentences Chapter 11: Using Verbs Writing the Principal Parts of Regular Verbs Regular Verbs Using the Correct Verb Form Determining the Correct Verb Form Using the Correct Verb Form Correcting Improperly Used Verbs Determining the Correct Verb Form Using the Correct Verb Form Finding the Principal Parts of Verbs in a Dictionary Mixed Practice: Verbs Using the Correct Verb Using the Correct Verb Using the Correct Verb Using the Correct Verb Using the Correct Verb Using the Correct Verb Correcting Verb Usage Mixed Practice: Verbs Identifying Verb Tenses Understanding Verb Tenses Using Verb Tenses Identifying Shifts in Verb Tense Correcting Shifts in Tenses Identifying Progressive Verb Forms Using Progressive Verb Forms Recognizing Active Voice and Passive Voice Changing Verbs to Active Voice Mixed Practice: Verbs Chapter 12: Using Pronouns Using Pronouns Using Pronouns as Subjects Using Pronouns as Subjects Using Pronouns as Predicate Nominatives Using Pronouns as Predicate Nominatives Supplying Pronouns in the Nominative Case Correcting Nominative Case Errors Pronouns Mixed Practice: Pronouns Using Pronouns as Direct and Indirect Objects Using Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions Using Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions Supplying Pronouns in the Objective Case Pronouns Using Pronouns in the Objective Case Mixed Practice: Pronouns Using Possessive Pronouns Using Possessive Pronouns Correcting Possessive Pronouns Using Possessive Pronouns and Contractions Distinguishing Between Possessive Pronouns and Contractions Using Who and Whom Correctly Correcting Sentences with Interrogative Pronouns Making Pronouns and Their Antecedents Agree Many Voices Language Level H 5

5 Table of Contents Making Personal Pronouns Agree with Indefinite Pronouns Writing Sentences to Eliminate Awkward Constructions Correcting Unclear or Missing Antecedents Correcting Sentences with Unclear or Missing Antecedents Mixed Practice: Pronouns Chapter 13: Subject & Verb Agreement Determining the Number of Nouns and Pronouns Determining the Number of Verbs Matching Subjects and Verbs Making Subjects and Verbs Agree Making Subjects and Verbs Agree Mixed Practice: Subject and Verb Agreement Making Subjects and Verbs Agree Making Subjects and Verbs Agree Making Subjects and Verbs Agree Making Subjects and Contractions Agree Making Subjects and Contractions Agree Making Interrupted Subjects and Verbs Agree Making Interrupted Subjects and Verbs Agree Making Subjects and Verbs in Inverted Order Agree Writing Sentences Using Subject and Verb Agreement Making Interrupted or Inverted-Order Subjects and Verbs Agree Mixed Practice: Subject and Verb Agreement Making Verbs Agree with Compound Subjects Making Verbs Agree with Compound Subjects Making Verbs Agree with Collective Nouns Making Verbs Agree with Collective Nouns Mixed Practice: Agreement with Collective Nouns Making Verbs Agree with You and I Making Verbs Agree with You and I Making Verbs Agree with Indefinite Pronouns Making Verbs Agree with Indefinite Pronouns Mixed Practice: Subject and Verb Agreement Chapter 14: Using Adjectives and Adverbs Identifying Degrees of Comparison Forming Regular Comparisons Forming Comparative and Superlative Modifiers Using the Correct Form of Modifiers Forming Irregular Comparisons Supplying the Correct Form of Modifiers Correcting the Form of Modifiers Mixed Practice: Modifiers Using Other and Else Correctly Correcting Comparisons with Other and Else Identifying Double Comparisons Correcting Double Comparisons Identifying Double Negatives Correcting Double Negatives Using Good and Well Correcting Errors with Good or Well Mixed Practice: Adjectives and Adverbs A Writer s Glossary of Usage Finding the Correct Word Recognizing Correct Usage Finding the Correct Word Writing Negatives Correctly Finding the Correct Word Recognizing Correct Usage Finding the Correct Word Recognizing Correct Usage Mixed Practice: Usage Chapter 15: Capitalization Capitalizing First Words and I Correcting Errors in Capitalization Capitalizing the Names of Persons and Animals Using Capital Letters in Geographical Names Capitalizing Proper Nouns and Their Abbreviations Proper Nouns and Abbreviations Many Voices Language Level H

6 Table of Contents Correcting Proper Nouns and Their Abbreviations Using Capital Letters for Proper Names Using Capital Letters for Specific Time Periods and Events Capitalizing Proper Names Proper Nouns Correcting Sentences with Proper Nouns Using Capital Letters Correctly Capitalizing Proper Nouns Using Capital Letters Using Capital Letters Correctly Mixed Practice: Capitalization Capitalizing Proper Adjectives Proper Adjectives Correcting Sentences with Proper Adjectives Capitalizing Titles Used with Names of People Correcting Titles Used with Names of People Capitalizing Titles of Things Capitalizing Titles Mixed Practice: Capitalization Chapter 16: End Marks and Commas Using End Marks Adding End Marks to Sentences Writing Abbreviations Using Periods Using Commas in a Series Using Commas in a Series Using Commas with Adjectives Writing Sentences Using Commas with Adjectives Using Commas with Adjectives Mixed Practice: Commas Using Commas with Compound Sentences Punctuating Compound Sentences Identifying Introductory Elements Introductory Elements Using Commas with Introductory Elements Using Commas That Separate Writing Sentences Using Commas Using Commas That Separate Mixed Practice: Commas Using Commas with Direct Address Writing Sentences: Using Commas with Direct Address Using Commas with Direct Address Using Commas with Parenthetical Expressions Using Commas with Parenthetical Expressions Parenthetical Expressions Classifying Appositives Using Commas with Appositives Mixed Practice: Commas Identifying Essential and Nonessential Elements Classifying Nonessential Elements Using Commas with Nonessential Elements Writing Sentences Using Commas with Nonessential Elements Mixed Practice: Commas Chapter 17: Italics and Quotation Marks Using Italics (Underlining) Using Italics (Underlining) Correctly Using Quotation Marks Correcting Punctuation of Titles Titles Mixed Practice: Italics and Quotation Marks Using Quotation Marks with Direct Quotations Using Quotation Marks with Direct Quotations Using Capital Letters with Direct Quotations Using Capital Letters with Direct Quotations Using Commas with Direct Quotations Using Commas with Direct Quotations Using End Marks with Direct Quotations Using End Marks with Direct Quotations Mixed Practice: Quotations Quoting Long Passages Many Voices Language Level H 7

7 Table of Contents Mixed Practice: Italics and Quotation Marks Chapter 18: Other Punctuation Forming Possessive Singular Nouns Possessive Singular Nouns Forming Possessive Plural Nouns Forming Singular and Plural Possessive Nouns Possessive Nouns Correcting Sentences with Possessive Nouns Using Possessive Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Correcting Sentences with Possessive Pronouns Mixed Practice: Possessives Writing Contractions Distinguishing Between Contractions and Possessive Pronouns Correcting Sentences with Contractions Using Apostrophes Mixed Practice: Apostrophes Using Commas and Semicolons with Compound Sentences Punctuating Compound Sentences Punctuating Sentences Correcting Compound Sentences Writing Sentences Using Semicolons to Avoid Confusion Punctuating Sentences with Semicolons Using Colons Correcting Sentences with Colons Mixed Practice: Semicolons and Colons Using Hyphens to Divide Words Correcting Sentences with Hyphens Using Hyphens Mixed Practice: Punctuation Many Voices Language Level H

8 CHAPTER 10 Sentence Fragments and Run-ons (pages 68 71) Distinguishing Between Sentences and Fragments Label each group of words as S for a sentence or CF for a clause fragment. 1. Before the Spanish explorers wandered throughout Florida. 2. A civilized, well-governed society inhabited the peninsula. 3. The Seminoles were some of the earliest inhabitants of Florida. 4. Who settled in many areas and farmed the fertile land. 5. The Seminoles left burial mounds and other artifacts. 6. Which suggest the existence of some form of government. 7. The Native Americans had a loose confederation of tribes. 8. Where different tribes were constantly trying to control each other. 9. Rules were made to keep the confederation working. 10. That gave power to the chief of each tribe in the confederation. 156 Many Voices Language Level H Chapter 10: 5: 2: Prepositions, Nouns Sentence and Fragments Pronouns Conjunctions, and Run-ons & Interjections

9 CHAPTER 10 Sentence Fragments and Run-ons (pages 68 71) Correcting Clause Fragments Rewrite the clause fragments from the preceding exercise to make complete sentences. Remember that you can attach a clause fragment to another sentence Many Voices Many Language Voices Language Many Level Voices H Level Language Chapter H Chapter 5: Prepositions, Level 10: H Sentence Chapter Conjunctions, Fragments 2: Nouns & and Interjections Pronouns Run-ons 157

10 CHAPTER 10 Sentence Fragments and Run-ons (pages 68 71) Distinguishing Between Sentences and Run-on Sentences A run-on sentence is two or more sentences that are written together and are separated by a comma or no mark of punctuation at all. Label each group of words S for sentence or RO for run-on sentence. 1. Conductors direct an orchestra, chorus, or opera production. 2. Conductors usually specialize in orchestral or choral conducting, each specialization shares many common elements. 3. They have a difficult job many jobs are rolled into one title. 4. They must study and memorize many thousands of measures of music. 5. While conducting, they turn from the sheet music, they must be free to look at the orchestra or the chorus. 6. Conductors must rehearse with the performers they also have to find new music to perform. 7. They must be able to conduct a group and to know about each instrument. 8. Conductors give advice they give orders. 9. They must be in excellent physical condition, they work like athletes. 10. Orchestra conductors use a baton choral conductors usually depend on their hands. 158 Many Voices Language Level H Chapter 10: 5: 2: Prepositions, Nouns Sentence and Fragments Pronouns Conjunctions, and Run-ons & Interjections

11 CHAPTER 10 Sentence Fragments and Run-ons (pages 68 71) Distinguishing Between Sentences and Run-on Sentences Label each group of words S for sentence or RO for run-on sentence. 1. Science fiction has been a popular form of literature for many years, many readers enjoy this special form of fantasy. 2. Science fiction allows writers to offer adventures in the future. 3. The stories may tell of adventures on other planets they may narrate stories of time travel or space travel. 4. Its setting in the future separates science fiction from historical fiction. 5. Science fiction focuses on the future, historical fiction looks to the past. 6. Usually a successful writer of science fiction knows a good deal of science, the crafty writer often takes science to an extreme. 7. Of course, with the rapid advance in technology and science, this special type of literature has grown in the last fifty years. 8. Some popular science fiction writers include Ray Bradbury, Kurt Vonnegut, and Isaac Asimov there are hundreds of well-known writers. 9. This type of writing comes in many forms, it is also very close to folklore. 10. Have you read any science fiction, who is your favorite writer? Many Voices Many Language Voices Language Many Level Voices H Level Language Chapter H Chapter 5: Prepositions, Level 10: H Sentence Chapter Conjunctions, Fragments 2: Nouns & and Interjections Pronouns Run-ons 159

12 CHAPTER 10 Sentence Fragments and Run-ons (pages 68 71) Correcting Run-on Sentences Rewrite the run-on sentences from the exercise on the preceding page to make complete sentences Many Voices Language Level H Chapter 10: 5: 2: Prepositions, Nouns Sentence and Fragments Pronouns Conjunctions, and Run-ons & Interjections

13 CHAPTER 10 Sentence Fragments and Run-ons (pages 68 71) Mixed Practice: Sentences, Fragments, and Run-on Sentences Label each group of words S for sentence, F for fragment, or RO for run-on sentence. 1. John Milton is a famous British author of the seventeenth century. 2. Milton wrote poetry, pamphlets, and drama he was blind for half of his life. 3. Before he left school and became a professional writer. 4. All of his writing mixed religion and politics. 5. He wrote several long works his most famous work is Paradise Lost. 6. Based on the Bible, the very long poem tells the story of the Garden of Eden. 7. Having more than ten thousand lines and recited by the blind poet to his daughters for revision. 8. Lycidas was written to commemorate a person who had drowned. 9. A writer of booklets on education and literature who had many enemies and few friends. 10. Blindness is a challenge that some people believe is impossible to overcome, John Milton s life proves just the opposite. Many Voices Many Language Voices Language Many Level Voices H Level Language Chapter H Chapter 5: Prepositions, Level 10: H Sentence Chapter Conjunctions, Fragments 2: Nouns & and Interjections Pronouns Run-ons 161

14 CHAPTER 11 Using Verbs (pages 72 87) Writing the Principal Parts of Regular Verbs The principal parts of a verb are the present, the present participle, the past, and the past participle. A regular verb forms its past and past participle by adding -ed or -d to the present. Write the four principal parts of each of the following regular verbs. Use is with the present participle and have with the past participle. Check a dictionary if you are unsure of the spelling of a verb form. 1. talk 2. jump 3. drop 4. suppose 5. ask 6. use 7. play 8. share 9. move 10. stop 11. knock 12. gaze 162 Many Voices Language Level H Chapter 5: 11: 2: Prepositions, Nouns Using and Verbs Pronouns Conjunctions, & Interjections

15 CHAPTER 11 Using Verbs (pages 72 87) Regular Verbs Write the principal parts of the following regular verbs. Then write a sentence using each of the principal parts of these verbs. start 1. row 2. wrap 3. Many Voices Language Many Level Voices Many H Language Voices Chapter Language 5: Prepositions, Level H Level Chapter Conjunctions, H Chapter 2: Nouns 11: & and Interjections Using Pronouns Verbs 163

16 CHAPTER 11 Using Verbs (pages 72 87) Using the Correct Verb Form An irregular verb does not form its past and past participle by adding -ed or -d to the present. Label each underlined verb form as P for past or PP for past participle. Remember that a helping verb is used with a past participle. 1. All the newscasters said to expect a storm. 2. The last two storms caught us by surprise. 3. We have lost our electricity during the last three storms. 4. The worst storm hit last January. 5. Our experiences have taught us important lessons. 6. One storm left us without power for three days. 7. We have just put new batteries in our flashlights. 8. Laura has brought in some firewood. 9. Last time we made a fire to keep us warm. 10. We have bought extra canned food. 164 Many Voices Language Level H Chapter 5: 11: 2: Prepositions, Nouns Using and Verbs Pronouns Conjunctions, & Interjections

17 CHAPTER 11 Using Verbs (pages 72 87) Determining the Correct Verb Form Underline the correct verb form for each sentence. 1. This snowstorm has (took, taken) us off guard. 2. The strong winds have (grew, grown) fiercer since yesterday morning. 3. The weather station just (gave, given) tomorrow s forecast. 4. It has (drew, drawn) a gloomy picture of the blizzard s devastation. 5. Winter has (stole, stolen) up on us this year. 6. I have never (knew, known) it to snow in October. 7. I nearly (froze, frozen) this morning! 8. A chilly wind has (blew, blown) all day. 9. I (saw, seen) very few people outdoors. 10. No one (drove, driven) on the icy streets. Many Voices Language Many Level Voices Many H Language Voices Chapter Language 5: Prepositions, Level H Level Chapter Conjunctions, H Chapter 2: Nouns 11: & and Interjections Using Pronouns Verbs 165

18 CHAPTER 11 Using Verbs (pages 72 87) Using the Correct Verb Form Rewrite each sentence, using the correct past or past participle of each verb in parentheses. 1. We have not (see) such a storm in ten years. 2. The plaza fountain has (freeze) solid. 3. The snow has (drive) most people off the streets. 4. It has (throw) the whole town into confusion. 5. The snowdrifts have (rise) higher than the tops of the cars. 6. A snowplow has (broke) through the drifts on Central Avenue. 166 Many Voices Language Level H Chapter 5: 11: 2: Prepositions, Nouns Using and Verbs Pronouns Conjunctions, & Interjections

19 A Writer s Glossary of Usage (pages ) Finding the Correct Word Underline the word in parentheses that correctly completes each sentence. 1. There are (fewer, less) tellers of tall tales today than there used to be. 2. If writers write a tall tale (good, well), they (can, may) make us laugh. 3. (Its, It s) tongue-in-cheek type of narration (doesn t, don t) usually make us think deeply. 4. Tall tales (doesn t, don t) usually have complicated stories because the plot is of (fewer, less) importance than the humor. 5. It does, however, (bring, take) us entertainment and often (brings, takes) us back to the days of the Old West. 6. Although writers (can, may) use a variety of humorous techniques, certainly one of them is exaggeration. 7. An unexpected fall is a (good, well) way to create slapstick. 8. Someone carelessly falling headfirst (in, into) a huge bucket of paint is one example of slapstick humor. 9. When a person (bad, badly) mispronounces a word by reversing its syllables, (its, it s) called a spoonerism. 10. Another technique, situation comedy, has a character react differently than we (would have, would of) expected. Many Voices Many Language Many Voices Voices Level Language H Level Chapter Level H 14: H Chapter Using Chapter A Writer s Adjectives 2: Nouns 12: Glossary Using and Pronouns of Adverbs Usage 265

20 A Writer s Glossary of Usage (pages ) Writing Negatives Correctly Rewrite each sentence so that there are no double negatives. 1. Before the frontier days, almost no one never heard a tall tale. 2. Tall tales hadn t hardly been written at that time. 3. Of course, tall tales don t never tell a straight story. 4. In most tall tales, scarcely no one speaks without using dialect. 5. Naturally, not none of these stories is believed. 266 Many Voices Language Level H A Chapter Writer s 12: 14: Glossary Nouns Using and Pronouns Adjectives of Usage Pronouns and Adverbs