Chapter 5: Molecules and Compounds
|
|
- Debra Crawford
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 C h e m i s t r y 1 2 C h 5 : M o l e c u l e s a n d C o m p o u n d s P a g e 1 Chapter 5: Molecules and Compounds Read Chapter 5 Bonus Problems:27, 33, 37, 41, 45, 47, 53, 63, 65, 69, 75, 77, 81, 83, 95, 99 Check for MasteringChemistry due dates. Law of Constant Composition: Joseph Proust ( ) All samples of a pure compound have the same proportions of their elements. Chemical Formula: Chemicals are represented by element symbols and subscripts following those elements, indicating the number of atoms. By convention, a subscript of 1 is omitted. Parentheses are used when grouping more than one of the same polyatomic ions together. Generally, the cation or more metallic element comes first followed by the anion or more nonmetallic elements. When dealing with organic formulas the order is usually, C x H y others. The anion hydroxide is one exception to this general order: OH -1 Example 1: How many atoms of each and atoms total are in the following chemicals? a) H 2 O b) NH 4 Cl c) Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 d) C 4 H 10 S e) Cholesterol, C 27 H 45 OH
2 C h e m i s t r y 1 2 C h 5 : M o l e c u l e s a n d C o m p o u n d s P a g e 2 Example 2: Write the formulas when the following atoms make a compound. Remember to write the more metallic element first, except for organic compounds write C x H y others. a) 4 chlorine and 1 carbon b) 3 oxygen, 2 iron (rust) c) 1 cobalt, 3 bromine d) 8 carbon, 18 hydrogen (octane) e) 2 oxygen, 4 hydrogen, 2 carbon Pure Substances and Mixtures: Pure substances have one invariable composition (elements and compounds) Mixtures have a variable composition. Homogeneous mixtures (solutions) mix uniformly throughout the mixture (coffee, salt water, air) while Heterogeneous mixtures are not uniform, they vary in texture and have regions of different composition (soil, pencil).
3 C h e m i s t r y 1 2 C h 5 : M o l e c u l e s a n d C o m p o u n d s P a g e 3 Chemical Bonds: Compounds and elements may have covalent bonds (molecules) Covalent bonds share electrons and are found in molecules made up when two or more nonmetals combine. Examples: elemental oxygen, O 2 ; compound sucrose table sugar, C 12 H 22 O 11 Compounds may have ionic bonds (formula units) Ionic bonds transfer electrons and are found in compounds made up from combining cations (metals, positively charged) with anions (nonmetals, negatively charged). Examples: table salt, sodium chloride, NaCl; rust, iron(iii) oxide, Fe 2 O 3 Chemical Formulas: Structural Formula will show the specific connections between atoms within a molecule and gives more information than a chemical formula alone. Example: formula = C 2 H 6 O, condensed structural formula = CH 3 CH 2 OH or structural formula = Empirical Formula gives the relative number of atoms of each element in a compound. Molecular Formula gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of the compound. Molecular N 2 O 4 Empirical NO 2 Comparison microscopic views for methane, CH4: Note: the empirical and molecular formulas of CH4 are the same.
4 C h e m i s t r y 1 2 C h 5 : M o l e c u l e s a n d C o m p o u n d s P a g e 4 Acids and Bases (Arrhenius Definition): Nomenclature: Acids are substances that increase H +1 ions in water. The cation is H +1. Bases are substances that increase OH -1 ions in water. The anion is often OH -1. Elements: Elements may be atomic or molecular. (Know your elements by name and symbol) Most elements are written in an atomic form and given the element name: Cucopper, He-Helium, Zn-zinc Seven elements are diatomic and are called by their element name: H 2 -hydrogen, N 2, O 2, F 2, Cl 2, Br 2, I 2 A couple elements are polyatomic: P 4 is phosphorus, sulfur can be S, S 2, or S 8 (most common pure form) Some elements form more than one molecule/structure (allotropes) O 2 is oxygen, O 3 is ozone; C (graphite), C (diamond), C 60 (buckminsterfullerene) Common names Some molecules have been around so long they go by a common name: H 2 O-water, NH 3 -ammonia, CH 4 -methane, SiH 4 -silane Binary molecules (Made up from nonmetallic elements) CO 2, P 2 O 4, CCl 4 Mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca Prefix (not mono) element name prefix root of element plus ide Carbon dioxide Drop the a before an o, pentoxide, not pentaoxide. Organic molecules (carbon based) Alkanes (C n H 2n+2 ) Methane CH 4, ethane C 2 H 6, propane C 3 H 8, butane C 4 H 10, pentane C 5 H 12, hexane C 6 H 14, heptane C 7 H 16, octane C 8 H 18, nonane C 9 H 22, decane C 10 H 22 Alcohols (replace one H in alkane with an OH) Methanol, CH 3 OH; propanol, C 3 H 7 OH Carboxylic acids (organic acid with condensed structure -COOH) Acetic acid, HC 2 H 3 O 2
5 C h e m i s t r y 1 2 C h 5 : M o l e c u l e s a n d C o m p o u n d s P a g e 5 Ionic compounds (write cation name then anion name) In the chemical formula, the sum of positive charges must equal the sum of negative charges. If possible, reduce the subscripts to the smallest whole number ratios. Cations with known oxidation state of metal (Type I) Group 1A (+1), 2A (+2), Al and Ga (+3), Zn and Cd (+2), Ag (+1) Name of ion is identical to the name of the atom for cations Variable oxidation state of metal (Type II) Transition metals and metals below the nonmetal on the right have a variable oxidation state that must be indicated by Roman Numerals in parenthesis (this method is what I expect you to learn. Fe +3, iron (III); Fe +2, iron (II); Cu +1, copper (I); Sn +4, tin (IV) An alternative method differentiates from the higher oxidation number and lower oxidation number using the old form of the name and ic or ous as an ending respectively. (you should be aware of this method, but it will not be on a test) Fe +3, ferric Fe +2, ferrous; Cu +2, cupric; Cu +1, cuprous; Sn +4, stannic; Sn +2, stannous. Elemental Anions Group VA (-3); VIA (-2), VIIA (-1) Name of the element root followed by ide. N -3, nitride; S -2, sulfide, Br -1, bromide Polyatomic cations and anions Memorize the polyatomic ions. Be able to evaluate ion names, formulas, and charges following some basic rules.
6 C h e m i s t r y 1 2 C h 5 : M o l e c u l e s a n d C o m p o u n d s P a g e 6 Hydrates Ionic compounds can be chemically attached to a small number of water molecules in a solid form. CuSO 4. 5H 2 O, copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate Acids Binary acids-h + cation and an anion that ends with ide. Hydro root of element ic acid. H 2 S, hydrosulfuric acid Ternary oxyacids-h +1 cation with and anion ending in ate or ite ate changes to ic acid, do not use hydro H 2 SO 4 becomes sulfuric acid ite changes to ous acid, do not use hydro H 2 SO 3 becomes sulfurous acid
7 C h e m i s t r y 1 2 C h 5 : M o l e c u l e s a n d C o m p o u n d s P a g e 7 Formula Mass: Formula mass is the sum of the weighted average atomic masses of all the atoms in the chemical formula. Other names that apply include molar mass, formula weight, atomic mass/weight, molecular mass, molecular weight. This is the mass in grams for one mole (6.022 x particles). Nomenclature Practice: Fill in the table with formulas and names of the ionic compounds. Cl * -2-3 CO 3 PO 4 OH -1 H +1 Zn * Sn +4 NH 4 +1 Al* *predict the known oxidation number
8 C h e m i s t r y 1 2 C h 5 : M o l e c u l e s a n d C o m p o u n d s P a g e 8 Nomenclature Practice: Names Formulas Chlorine Aluminum sulfide Sodium carbonate Carbon dioxide Nickel (II) chloride methane Ammonium phosphate Hydrosulfuric acid Sulfuric acid Sulfurous acid Cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate Nomenclature Practice: H 3 PO 4 H 2 SO 4 (aq) H 2 O HBr (g) HBr (aq) MgSO 4 7H 2 O CCl 4 KMnO 4 CuSO 4 Al(HCO 3 ) 3 Formula Mass practice: solve for the formula masses for the species above.
9 C h e m i s t r y 1 2 C h 5 : M o l e c u l e s a n d C o m p o u n d s P a g e 9
CHAPTER 5: MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS
CHAPTER 5: MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS Problems: 1-6, 9-13, 16, 20, 31-40, 43-64, 65 (a,b,c,e), 66(a-d,f), 69(a-d,f), 70(a-e), 71-78, 81-82, 87-96 A compound will display the same properties (e.g. melting
More informationNomenclature of Ionic Compounds
Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds Ionic compounds are composed of ions. An ion is an atom or molecule with an electrical charge. Monatomic ions are formed from single atoms that have gained or lost electrons.
More informationPERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Periodic Table: an arrangement of elements in horizontal rows (Periods) and vertical columns (Groups) exhibits periodic repetition of properties First Periodic Table: discovered
More informationMolecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations (Chapter 3)
Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations (Chapter 3) Chemical Compounds 1. Classification of Elements and Compounds Types of Pure Substances (Figure 3.4) Elements -- made up of only one type of atom
More informationElements and Compounds. Chemical Bonds compounds are made of atoms held together by chemical bonds bonds are forces of attraction between atoms
Elements and Compounds elements combine together to make an almost limitless number of compounds the properties of the compound are totally different from the constituent elements Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular
More informationCHAPTER 9. 9.1 Naming Ions. Chemical Names and Formulas. Naming Transition Metals. Ions of Transition Metals. Ions of Transition Metals
CHAPTER 9 Chemical Names and Formulas 9.1 Naming Ions Monatomic Ions: a single atom with a positive or negative charge Cation (rules): listed first Anion (rules): ide ending Transition Metals have a varying
More information19.2 Chemical Formulas
In the previous section, you learned how and why atoms form chemical bonds with one another. You also know that atoms combine in certain ratios with other atoms. These ratios determine the chemical formula
More informationMonatomic Ions. A. Monatomic Ions In order to determine the charge of monatomic ions, you can use the periodic table as a guide:
Monatomic Ions Ions are atoms that have either lost or gained electrons. While atoms are neutral, ions are charged particles. A loss of electrons results in a positive ion or cation (pronounced cat-eye-on
More informationName: Block: Date: Test Review: Chapter 8 Ionic Bonding
Name: Block: Date: Test Review: Chapter 8 Ionic Bonding Part 1: Fill-in-the-blank. Choose the word from the word bank below. Each word may be used only 1 time. electron dot structure metallic electronegativity
More informationChapter 4: Structure and Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Chapter 4: Structure and Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds 4.1 Chemical Bonding o Chemical Bond - the force of attraction between any two atoms in a compound. o Interactions involving valence
More informationCHEMICAL NAMES AND FORMULAS
6 CEMICAL NAMES AND FORMULAS SECTION 6.1 INTRODUCTION TO CEMICAL BONDING (pages 133 137) This section explains how to distinguish between ionic and molecular compounds. It also defines cation and anion
More informationSample Exercise 2.1 Illustrating the Size of an Atom
Sample Exercise 2.1 Illustrating the Size of an Atom The diameter of a US penny is 19 mm. The diameter of a silver atom, by comparison, is only 2.88 Å. How many silver atoms could be arranged side by side
More informationNomenclature and the Periodic Table To name compounds and to determine molecular formulae from names a knowledge of the periodic table is helpful.
Nomenclature and the Periodic Table To name compounds and to determine molecular formulae from names a knowledge of the periodic table is helpful. Atomic Number = number of protons Mass Number = number
More informationChapter 5. Chapter 5. Naming Ionic Compounds. Objectives. Chapter 5. Chapter 5
Objectives Name cations, anions, and ionic compounds. Write chemical formulas for ionic compounds such that an overall neutral charge is maintained. Explain how polyatomic ions and their salts are named
More informationPolyatomic ions can form ionic compounds just as monatomic ions.
1 POLYATOMIC IONS We have seen that atoms can lose or gain electrons to become ions. Groups of atoms can also become ions. These groups of atoms are called polyatomic ions. Examples: O hydroxide ion NO
More informationCHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE
CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE Chemical nomenclature The process of giving unambiguous chemical formulas or chemical names to elements and compounds Introduction Chemistry is the study of matter (elements and compounds)
More informationNaming Ionic Compounds
Naming Ionic Compounds I. Naming Ions A. Cations (+ions) 1. Element name followed by "ion" (when in Group IA, IIA, Al 3+, Ga 3+, Zn 2+, Cd 2+, Ag +, Ni 2+ ). Na + sodium ion, K + potassium ion, Al 3+ aluminum
More informationStudy Guide For Chapter 7
Name: Class: Date: ID: A Study Guide For Chapter 7 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The number of atoms in a mole of any pure substance
More informationCHEMICAL NAMES AND FORMULAS
9 CHEMICAL NAMES AND FORMULAS SECTION 9.1 NAMING IONS (pages 253 258) This section explains the use of the periodic table to determine the charge of an ion. It also defines polyatomic ion and gives the
More informationChapter 9 Practice Test - Naming and Writing Chemical Formulas
Chapter 9 Practice Test - Naming and Writing Chemical Formulas Matching Match each itme with the correct statement below. Match each item with the correct statement below. a. monatomic ion f. cation b.
More informationNomenclature and Formulas of Ionic Compounds. Section I: Writing the Name from the Formula
Purpose: Theory: Nomenclature and Formulas of Ionic Compounds 1. To become familiar with the rules of chemical nomenclature, based on the classification of compounds. 2. To write the proper name of the
More informationRules for Naming and Writing Compounds
Rules for Naming and Writing Compounds I. Ionic Bonds bonding between a metal and nonmetal or the bond between a positive ion and a negative ion forming a binary compound. end in the suffix "ide" Or bonding
More informationChemistry Post-Enrolment Worksheet
Name: Chemistry Post-Enrolment Worksheet The purpose of this worksheet is to get you to recap some of the fundamental concepts that you studied at GCSE and introduce some of the concepts that will be part
More informationWRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA
WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA For ionic compounds, the chemical formula must be worked out. You will no longer have the list of ions in the exam (like at GCSE). Instead you must learn some and work out others.
More informationSCH 4C1 Unit 2 Problem Set Questions taken from Frank Mustoe et all, "Chemistry 11", McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2001
SCH 4C1 Unit 2 Problem Set Questions taken from Frank Mustoe et all, "Chemistry 11", McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2001 1. A small pin contains 0.0178 mol of iron. How many atoms of iron are in the pin? 2. A sample
More informationneutrons are present?
AP Chem Summer Assignment Worksheet #1 Atomic Structure 1. a) For the ion 39 K +, state how many electrons, how many protons, and how many 19 neutrons are present? b) Which of these particles has the smallest
More informationTopic 4 National Chemistry Summary Notes. Formulae, Equations, Balancing Equations and The Mole
Topic 4 National Chemistry Summary Notes Formulae, Equations, Balancing Equations and The Mole LI 1 The chemical formula of a covalent molecular compound tells us the number of atoms of each element present
More informationUnit 9 Compounds Molecules
Unit 9 Compounds Molecules INTRODUCTION Compounds are the results of combinations of elements. These new substances have unique properties compared to the elements that make them up. Compounds are by far
More informationChapter 3. Molecules, Compounds and Chemical Equations
3. Molecules, Compounds and Chemical Equations Stoichiometry Mole concept and Avogadro s Number Determining Chemical Formulas Name Compound Balancing Chemical Reactions Yields Solutions and Stoichiometry
More informationExercise 3.5 - Naming Binary Covalent Compounds:
Chapter Exercise Key 1 Chapter Exercise Key Exercise.1 Classifying Compounds: Classify each of the following substances as either a molecular compound or an ionic compound. a. formaldehyde, CH 2 O (used
More information(b) Formation of calcium chloride:
Chapter 2: Chemical Compounds and Bonding Section 2.1: Ionic Compounds, pages 22 23 1. An ionic compound combines a metal and a non-metal joined together by an ionic bond. 2. An electrostatic force holds
More informationNaming and Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds Using IUPAC Rules
Naming and Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds Using IUPAC Rules There are three categories of ionic compounds that we will deal with. 1.Binary ionic o simple ions (only single charges) o multivalent
More informationUnit 4 Conservation of Mass and Stoichiometry
9.1 Naming Ions I. Monatomic Ions A. Monatomic ions 1. Ions formed from a single atom Unit 4 Conservation of Mass and Stoichiometry B. Naming Monatomic Ions 1. Monatomic cations are a. Identified by the
More informationMOLECULAR MASS AND FORMULA MASS
1 MOLECULAR MASS AND FORMULA MASS Molecular mass = sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in the molecule. Formula mass = sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in the formula unit. 2 MOLECULAR MASS AND
More informationFormulae, stoichiometry and the mole concept
3 Formulae, stoichiometry and the mole concept Content 3.1 Symbols, Formulae and Chemical equations 3.2 Concept of Relative Mass 3.3 Mole Concept and Stoichiometry Learning Outcomes Candidates should be
More informationChapter 1: Moles and equations. Learning outcomes. you should be able to:
Chapter 1: Moles and equations 1 Learning outcomes you should be able to: define and use the terms: relative atomic mass, isotopic mass and formula mass based on the 12 C scale perform calculations, including
More informationNaming Compounds. There are three steps involved in naming ionic compounds- naming the cation, naming the anion, and naming the entire compound.
Naming Compounds Naming compounds is an important part of chemistry. Most compounds fall in to one of three categories ionic compounds, molecular compounds, or acids. Part One: Naming Ionic Compounds Identifying
More informationUnit 3 Notepack Chapter 7 Chemical Quantities Qualifier for Test
Unit 3 Notepack Chapter 7 Chemical Quantities Qualifier for Test NAME Section 7.1 The Mole: A Measurement of Matter A. What is a mole? 1. Chemistry is a quantitative science. What does this term mean?
More informationW1 WORKSHOP ON STOICHIOMETRY
INTRODUCTION W1 WORKSHOP ON STOICHIOMETRY These notes and exercises are designed to introduce you to the basic concepts required to understand a chemical formula or equation. Relative atomic masses of
More informationMoles, Molecules, and Grams Worksheet Answer Key
Moles, Molecules, and Grams Worksheet Answer Key 1) How many are there in 24 grams of FeF 3? 1.28 x 10 23 2) How many are there in 450 grams of Na 2 SO 4? 1.91 x 10 24 3) How many grams are there in 2.3
More informationATOMS. Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 3 ATOMS AND MOLECULES Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following correctly represents 360 g of water? (i) 2 moles of H 2 0 (ii) 20 moles of water (iii) 6.022 10 23 molecules of water (iv)
More informationCHAPTER 3 Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations. atoms in a FORMULA UNIT
CHAPTER 3 Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations MOLECULAR WEIGHT (M. W.) Sum of the Atomic Weights of all atoms in a MOLECULE of a substance. FORMULA WEIGHT (F. W.) Sum of the atomic Weights
More informationIB Chemistry 1 Mole. One atom of C-12 has a mass of 12 amu. One mole of C-12 has a mass of 12 g. Grams we can use more easily.
The Mole Atomic mass units and atoms are not convenient units to work with. The concept of the mole was invented. This was the number of atoms of carbon-12 that were needed to make 12 g of carbon. 1 mole
More informationWriting and Balancing Chemical Equations
Name Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations Period When a substance undergoes a chemical reaction, chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed. This results in one or more new substances, often
More informationMultiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Introduction to Chemistry Exam 2 Practice Problems 1 Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1.Atoms consist principally of what three
More informationPART I: MULTIPLE CHOICE (30 multiple choice questions. Each multiple choice question is worth 2 points)
CHEMISTRY 123-07 Midterm #1 Answer key October 14, 2010 Statistics: Average: 74 p (74%); Highest: 97 p (95%); Lowest: 33 p (33%) Number of students performing at or above average: 67 (57%) Number of students
More informationBalancing Chemical Equations Worksheet
Balancing Chemical Equations Worksheet Student Instructions 1. Identify the reactants and products and write a word equation. 2. Write the correct chemical formula for each of the reactants and the products.
More informationChapter 3 Stoichiometry
Chapter 3 Stoichiometry 3-1 Chapter 3 Stoichiometry In This Chapter As you have learned in previous chapters, much of chemistry involves using macroscopic measurements to deduce what happens between atoms
More informationMOLES AND MOLE CALCULATIONS
35 MOLES ND MOLE CLCULTIONS INTRODUCTION The purpose of this section is to present some methods for calculating both how much of each reactant is used in a chemical reaction, and how much of each product
More informationChapter 3 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Chapter 3 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions Student: 1. An atom of bromine has a mass about four times greater than that of an atom of neon. Which choice makes the correct comparison of the relative
More informationChem 1100 Chapter Three Study Guide Answers Outline I. Molar Mass and Moles A. Calculations of Molar Masses
Chem 1100 Chapter Three Study Guide Answers Outline I. Molar Mass and Moles A. Calculations of Molar Masses B. Calculations of moles C. Calculations of number of atoms from moles/molar masses 1. Avagadro
More informationB) atomic number C) both the solid and the liquid phase D) Au C) Sn, Si, C A) metal C) O, S, Se C) In D) tin D) methane D) bismuth B) Group 2 metal
1. The elements on the Periodic Table are arranged in order of increasing A) atomic mass B) atomic number C) molar mass D) oxidation number 2. Which list of elements consists of a metal, a metalloid, and
More informationOxidation States of Nitrogen
Oxidation States of Nitrogen HNO 3 NH 3 HNO 2 NO N 2 O N 2 HN 3 N 2 H 5 + +3 +2 +1 0-1/3-2 Oxidation +5-3 Reduction Oxidation States of Chlorine HClO 4 HClO 3 ClO 2 HClO 2 HClO Cl 2 HCl +5 +4 +3 +1 0 Oxidation
More informationTOPIC 7. CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS I - atomic and formula weights.
TOPIC 7. CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS I - atomic and formula weights. Atomic structure revisited. In Topic 2, atoms were described as ranging from the simplest atom, H, containing a single proton and usually
More informationChapter 11. Electrochemistry Oxidation and Reduction Reactions. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Chapter 11 Electrochemistry Oxidation and Reduction Reactions An oxidation and reduction reaction occurs in both aqueous solutions and in reactions where substances are burned
More informationFORMULAS AND NOMENCLATURE OF IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS Adapted from McMurry/Fay, section 2.10, p. 56-63 and the 1411 Lab Manual, p. 27-31.
FORMULAS AND NOMENCLATURE OF IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS Adapted from McMurry/Fay, section 2.10, p. 56-63 and the 1411 Lab Manual, p. 27-31. TYPES OF COMPOUNDS Ionic compounds are compounds composed of
More informationStoichiometry. Unit Outline
3 Stoichiometry Unit Outline 3.1 The Mole and Molar Mass 3.2 Stoichiometry and Compound Formulas 3.3 Stoichiometry and Chemical Reactions 3.4 Stoichiometry and Limiting Reactants 3.5 Chemical Analysis
More informationIB Chemistry. DP Chemistry Review
DP Chemistry Review Topic 1: Quantitative chemistry 1.1 The mole concept and Avogadro s constant Assessment statement Apply the mole concept to substances. Determine the number of particles and the amount
More informationChapter 4 Compounds and Their Bonds
Chapter 4 Compounds and Their Bonds 4.1 Octet Rule and Ions Octet Rule An octet is 8 valence electrons. is associated with the stability of the noble gases. He is stable with 2 valence electrons (duet).
More informationExam 2 Chemistry 65 Summer 2015. Score:
Name: Exam 2 Chemistry 65 Summer 2015 Score: Instructions: Clearly circle the one best answer 1. Valence electrons are electrons located A) in the outermost energy level of an atom. B) in the nucleus of
More informationQuestion Bank Electrolysis
Question Bank Electrolysis 1. (a) What do you understand by the terms (i) electrolytes (ii) non-electrolytes? (b) Arrange electrolytes and non-electrolytes from the following substances (i) sugar solution
More informationA PREVIEW & SUMMMARY of the 3 main types of bond:
Chemical Bonding Part 1 Covalent Bonding Types of Chemical Bonds Covalent Bonds Single Polar Double NonPolar Triple Ionic Bonds Metallic Bonds Other Bonds InterMolecular orces first A PREVIEW & SUMMMARY
More informationU3-LM2B-WS Molar Mass and Conversions
U3-LM2B-WS Molar Mass and Conversions Name: KEY 1. The molar mass of chlorine is: 2 x 35.45 g/mol Cl = 70.90 g/mol Cl 2 (Remember that chlorine exists as a diatomic molecule in nature) 2. The molar mass
More informationMole Notes.notebook. October 29, 2014
1 2 How do chemists count atoms/formula units/molecules? How do we go from the atomic scale to the scale of everyday measurements (macroscopic scale)? The gateway is the mole! But before we get to the
More information6 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
6 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Water is by far the most common medium in which chemical reactions occur naturally. It is not hard to see this: 70% of our body mass is water and about 70% of the surface
More informationHow much does a single atom weigh? Different elements weigh different amounts related to what makes them unique.
How much does a single atom weigh? Different elements weigh different amounts related to what makes them unique. What units do we use to define the weight of an atom? amu units of atomic weight. (atomic
More informationChapter 8: Chemical Equations and Reactions
Chapter 8: Chemical Equations and Reactions I. Describing Chemical Reactions A. A chemical reaction is the process by which one or more substances are changed into one or more different substances. A chemical
More informationChapter 6 Assessment. Name: Class: Date: ID: A. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Name: Class: Date: ID: A Chapter 6 Assessment Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. When an atom loses an electron, it forms a(n) a. anion. c.
More informationStoichiometry Review
Stoichiometry Review There are 20 problems in this review set. Answers, including problem set-up, can be found in the second half of this document. 1. N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) --------> 2NH 3 (g) a. nitrogen
More informationNAMING QUIZ 3 - Part A Name: 1. Zinc (II) Nitrate. 5. Silver (I) carbonate. 6. Aluminum acetate. 8. Iron (III) hydroxide
NAMING QUIZ 3 - Part A Name: Write the formulas for the following compounds: 1. Zinc (II) Nitrate 2. Manganese (IV) sulfide 3. Barium permanganate 4. Sulfuric acid 5. Silver (I) carbonate 6. Aluminum acetate
More informationb. N 2 H 4 c. aluminum oxalate d. acetic acid e. arsenic PART 2: MOLAR MASS 2. Determine the molar mass for each of the following. a. ZnI 2 b.
CHEMISTRY DISCOVER UNIT 5 LOTS OF PRACTICE ON USING THE MOLE!!! PART 1: ATOMIC MASS, FORMULA MASS, OR MOLECULAR MASS 1. Determine the atomic mass, formula mass, or molecular mass for each of the following
More informationChemical Calculations: The Mole Concept and Chemical Formulas. AW Atomic weight (mass of the atom of an element) was determined by relative weights.
1 Introduction to Chemistry Atomic Weights (Definitions) Chemical Calculations: The Mole Concept and Chemical Formulas AW Atomic weight (mass of the atom of an element) was determined by relative weights.
More informationChapter 4. Chemical Composition. Chapter 4 Topics H 2 S. 4.1 Mole Quantities. The Mole Scale. Molar Mass The Mass of 1 Mole
Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Chapter 4 Topics 1. Mole Quantities 2. Moles, Masses, and Particles 3. Determining Empirical Formulas 4. Chemical Composition of Solutions Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,
More information602X10 21 602,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000 6.02X10 23. Pre- AP Chemistry Chemical Quan44es: The Mole. Diatomic Elements
Pre- AP Chemistry Chemical Quan44es: The Mole Mole SI unit of measurement that measures the amount of substance. A substance exists as representa9ve par9cles. Representa9ve par9cles can be atoms, molecules,
More informationCHEMICAL FORMULAS AND FORMULA WEIGHT CALCULATIONS
CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND FORMULA WEIGHT CALCULATIONS 1. THE MEANING OF A CHEMICAL FORMULA A chemical formula is a shorthand method of representing the elements in a compound. The formula shows the formulas
More informationMoles. Balanced chemical equations Molar ratios Mass Composition Empirical and Molecular Mass Predicting Quantities Equations
Moles Balanced chemical equations Molar ratios Mass Composition Empirical and Molecular Mass Predicting Quantities Equations Micro World atoms & molecules Macro World grams Atomic mass is the mass of an
More informationChemical Equations & Stoichiometry
Chemical Equations & Stoichiometry Chapter Goals Balance equations for simple chemical reactions. Perform stoichiometry calculations using balanced chemical equations. Understand the meaning of the term
More informationChemical Equations and Chemical Reactions. Chapter 8.1
Chemical Equations and Chemical Reactions Chapter 8.1 Objectives List observations that suggest that a chemical reaction has taken place List the requirements for a correctly written chemical equation.
More informationCalculating Atoms, Ions, or Molecules Using Moles
TEKS REVIEW 8B Calculating Atoms, Ions, or Molecules Using Moles TEKS 8B READINESS Use the mole concept to calculate the number of atoms, ions, or molecules in a sample TEKS_TXT of material. Vocabulary
More informationSYMBOLS, FORMULAS AND MOLAR MASSES
SYMBOLS, FORMULAS AND MOLAR MASSES OBJECTIVES 1. To correctly write and interpret chemical formulas 2. To calculate molecular weights from chemical formulas 3. To calculate moles from grams using chemical
More informationChapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 1. Methane and ethane are both made up of carbon and hydrogen. In methane, there are 12.0 g of carbon for every 4.00 g of hydrogen, a ration of 3:1 by mass. In ethane,
More informationMolar Mass Worksheet Answer Key
Molar Mass Worksheet Answer Key Calculate the molar masses of the following chemicals: 1) Cl 2 71 g/mol 2) KOH 56.1 g/mol 3) BeCl 2 80 g/mol 4) FeCl 3 162.3 g/mol 5) BF 3 67.8 g/mol 6) CCl 2 F 2 121 g/mol
More informationThe Mole Concept and Atoms
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 4 24 September 2013 Calculations and the Chemical Equation The Mole Concept and Atoms Atoms are exceedingly
More informationChem101: General Chemistry Lecture 9 Acids and Bases
: General Chemistry Lecture 9 Acids and Bases I. Introduction A. In chemistry, and particularly biochemistry, water is the most common solvent 1. In studying acids and bases we are going to see that water
More informationCh. 10 The Mole I. Molar Conversions
Ch. 10 The Mole I. Molar Conversions I II III IV A. What is the Mole? A counting number (like a dozen) Avogadro s number (N A ) 1 mole = 6.022 10 23 representative particles B. Mole/Particle Conversions
More informationChemistry Diagnostic Questions
Chemistry Diagnostic Questions Answer these 40 multiple choice questions and then check your answers, located at the end of this document. If you correctly answered less than 25 questions, you need to
More informationChemical Reactions in Water Ron Robertson
Chemical Reactions in Water Ron Robertson r2 f:\files\courses\1110-20\2010 possible slides for web\waterchemtrans.doc Properties of Compounds in Water Electrolytes and nonelectrolytes Water soluble compounds
More informationChapter 8 How to Do Chemical Calculations
Chapter 8 How to Do Chemical Calculations Chemistry is both a qualitative and a quantitative science. In the laboratory, it is important to be able to measure quantities of chemical substances and, as
More informationElement of same atomic number, but different atomic mass o Example: Hydrogen
Atomic mass: p + = protons; e - = electrons; n 0 = neutrons p + + n 0 = atomic mass o For carbon-12, 6p + + 6n 0 = atomic mass of 12.0 o For chlorine-35, 17p + + 18n 0 = atomic mass of 35.0 atomic mass
More informationChemical Composition Review Mole Calculations Percent Composition. Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 8 1
Chemical Composition Review Mole Calculations Percent Composition Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 8 1 QUESTION Suppose you work in a hardware store and a customer wants to purchase 500
More informationChapter 2 Atoms and Molecules
Chapter 2 Atoms and Molecules 2-1 Elements and their symbols Most of the chemicals you find in everyday life can be broken down into simper substances Key Concepts: A substance that cannot be broken down
More informationAqueous Ions and Reactions
Aqueous Ions and Reactions (ions, acids, and bases) Demo NaCl(aq) + AgNO 3 (aq) AgCl (s) Two clear and colorless solutions turn to a cloudy white when mixed Demo Special Light bulb in water can test for
More informationThe Mole. Chapter 2. Solutions for Practice Problems
Chapter 2 The Mole Note to teacher: You will notice that there are two different formats for the Sample Problems in the student textbook. Where appropriate, the Sample Problem contains the full set of
More informationMoles. Moles. Moles. Moles. Balancing Eqns. Balancing. Balancing Eqns. Symbols Yields or Produces. Like a recipe:
Like a recipe: Balancing Eqns Reactants Products 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(l) coefficients subscripts Balancing Eqns Balancing Symbols (s) (l) (aq) (g) or Yields or Produces solid liquid (pure liquid)
More information1. When the following equation is balanced, the coefficient of Al is. Al (s) + H 2 O (l)? Al(OH) 3 (s) + H 2 (g)
1. When the following equation is balanced, the coefficient of Al is. Al (s) + H 2 O (l)? Al(OH) (s) + H 2 (g) A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 5 E) Al (s) + H 2 O (l)? Al(OH) (s) + H 2 (g) Al (s) + H 2 O (l)? Al(OH)
More informationProblem Solving. Mole Concept
Skills Worksheet Problem Solving Mole Concept Suppose you want to carry out a reaction that requires combining one atom of iron with one atom of sulfur. How much iron should you use? How much sulfur? When
More informationCP Chemistry Review for Stoichiometry Test
CP Chemistry Review for Stoichiometry Test Stoichiometry Problems (one given reactant): 1. Make sure you have a balanced chemical equation 2. Convert to moles of the known substance. (Use the periodic
More informationChapter 4: Nonionic Compounds and Their Nomenclature
50 Chapter 4: Nonionic Compounds and Their Nomenclature A nonionic compound is a substance composed of atoms held together by chemical bonding forces, called covalent bonds. Covalent bonds are formed by
More informationStoichiometry. What is the atomic mass for carbon? For zinc?
Stoichiometry Atomic Mass (atomic weight) Atoms are so small, it is difficult to discuss how much they weigh in grams We use atomic mass units an atomic mass unit (AMU) is one twelfth the mass of the catbon-12
More informationChapter 6 Notes. Chemical Composition
Chapter 6 Notes Chemical Composition Section 6.1: Counting By Weighing We can weigh a large number of the objects and find the average mass. Once we know the average mass we can equate that to any number
More information