DNA for Defense Attorneys. Chapter 6
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1 DNA for Defense Attorneys Chapter 6
2 Section 1: With Your Expert s Guidance, Interview the Lab Analyst Case File Curriculum Vitae Laboratory Protocols Understanding the information provided
3 Section 2: Interpretation of Results
4 Section 2: Interpretation of Results Partial Profile
5 Section 2: Interpretation of Results Partial Profile Partial Profile (degraded or low template samples) What are the laboratories protocols on interpretation of partial profile Is there a minimum number of genetic markers for interpretation Appropriate statistical calculations conducted
6 Section 2: Interpretation of Results Partial Profile
7 Section 2: Interpretation of Results Partial Profile
8 Section 2: Interpretation of Results Mixture Profile Partial Profile What are the laboratories protocols on interpretation of mixtures Intimate sample protocols (deducing profile) Deduction worksheets Appropriate statistical calculations conducted Major Deduction
9 Section 2: Interpretation of Results Contamination Implies the accidental transfer of DNA May occur at crime scene or in laboratory First responders Potential sources of contamination when performing DNA analysis (documented) Environment Between samples during preparation Amplified DNA from previous PCR reaction Protocols in place to prevent the above
10 Section 2: Interpretation of Results Source Some labs report that a particular individual was the source of a DNA profile recovered from the crime scene. This is typically based on the calculated match. Random Match Probability is more rare than 300 Billion or 10x the worlds population (Lab protocols will state how much)
11 Section 2: Interpretation of Results Partial Profile Match The term match is used when DNA profiles generated from casework evidence are compared and the DNA profile from one sample is the same as the DNA profile from another sample. Followed by random match probability results
12 Section 2: Interpretation of Results Expectation bias having a strong belief or mindset toward a particular outcome For example, knowing the allele types of a potential contributor prior to analyzing the evidence may influence how the analyst interprets the evidence sample.
13 Section 2: Interpretation of Results Inclusions and Exclusions guidelines for formulating conclusions when comparing single-source samples or mixtures with known reference samples. General categories of conclusions include, not limited to: Inclusion, or a match. Exclusion, or a nonmatch. Inconclusive or uninterpretable results. No results Inconclusive results are not the same as an exclusion.
14 Section 3: Technical Artifacts Artifacts are peaks on the electropherogram that are not attributed to the DNA sample Common artifacts Stutter Spikes Dye blobs Pull up Peak height imbalance Drop-out / Drop-in
15 Section 3: Technical Artifacts Stutter Stutter products have been documented since STRs were first described Caused by slipped-strand mispairing GATA ----GATA ---GATA CTAT ----CTAT - -CTAT---CTAT CTAT
16 Section 3: Technical Artifacts Stutter
17 Section 3: Technical Artifacts
18 Section 3: Technical Artifacts
19 Section 3: Technical Artifacts Drop-out
20 Section 3: Technical Artifacts Drop-in - occurs when alleles that do not originate from the actual sample appear in the electropherogram The source of drop-in is often undetermined but may be due to low-level contamination of the sample, sample container or reagents. Drop-in alleles are typically not reproducible upon subsequent reanalysis.
21 Section 3: Technical Artifacts
22 Section 3: Technical Artifacts
23
24 Section 4: What the DNA Does Not Show How or when DNA was placed on an item (Transfer) Consent Contamination Before the crime was committed (commingling of items). During the crime. During evidence collection. During improper storage of the evidence. During laboratory testing, most likely to be obvious and documented
25 Section 7: Types of Statistics What Do They Mean? DNA statistical database database of frequency values for alleles at each locus Labs may have their own databases, use FBI database or use other labs DNA databases DNA Database is a collection of DNA profile from a number of individual Typically 100 to 150 DNA profiles are collected from each population group For 150 individuals, two alleles at each locus, 300 alleles for each locus The frequency of each allele typed within these individuals are calculated
26 Section 7: Types of Statistics What Do They Mean? The allele 16 is observed at the genetic marker D3 15 times 150 profiles (300 alleles) in the database The percentage that allele is observed is 5 percent (15 out of 300 is 5 percent). The lab assigns the frequency of 5 percent (0.05) to the 16 allele This is conducted for alleles observed within all genetic markers typed
27 Section 7: Types of Statistics What Do They Mean? Database must meet Hardy-Weinberg and Linkage Equilibrium Hardy-Weinberg (HW) refers to the statistical independence of alleles within a locus Linkage equilibrium (LE) addresses statistical independence of the different loci HW proportions are attained in a single generation of random mating LE is attained gradually. For pairs of unlinked loci, the departure from LE is halved each generation. database must be examined by a statistician or a population geneticist
28 Section 7: Types of Statistics What Do They Mean? The product rule - multiplication of the allele frequencies both within and across loci is called the product rule. Homozygotes p 2 +p(1-p)θ conservative value of θ for US population is 0.01 small isolated populations 0.03 Theta value is used as a correction factor for the underestimation of the homozygosity of a population Heterozygotes 2p i p j
29 Section 7: Types of Statistics What Do They Mean? Random match and random man probability Uses the product rule to provide a statistical probability of selecting an unrelated individual at random from the population that would also match the DNA profile obtained
30 Section 7: Types of Statistics What Do They Mean? Combined probability of Exclusion (CPE) and Inclusion (CPI) for mixture statistical calculations Probability of Exclusion, PE = Q 2 +θq(1-q)+2q(1-q)(1-θ) CPE combines the PE for each locus CPE = 1/CPI CPE calculates the probability of individuals not contributing to the mixture Makes no assumptions on the number of contributors or identity
31 Partial Profile
32 Section 7: Types of Statistics What Do They Mean? Likelihood ratio (LR) - calculation presenting information on two different questions: What is the probability of the DNA results, assuming that the evidence came from the suspect? (the prosecution s theory of the case) What is the probability of the DNA results, assuming that the evidence did not come from the suspect? (the defense s theory of the case) Likelihood Ratio = Prosecution Theory Defense Theory
33 Section 7: Types of Statistics What Do They Mean? Counting Method The counting method involves counting how many times a profile is seen in the lab s own database. This method is used largely in Y-STR and mtdna cases and is reported as follows: The Y-STR profile was seen three times in the database, The Y-STR profile was not seen in the database.
34 Thank you
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