Update of TOYOTA s Fuel Cell Vehicle Development

Transcription

1 Fuel Cells & Hydrogen for Sustainable Transport Industry Update Meeting Update of TOYOTA s Fuel Cell Vehicle Development November 30, 2009 Akihito Tanke Toyota Motor Europe

2 Billions of Barrels (Year) Prospect for Supply and Demand of Conventional Oil & Changes in CO 2 Concentration Discoveries Consumption Projected Discoveries Peak Oil Carbon Dioxide [ ppm ] Source: : IPCC Fourth Assessment Report ( 2007 ) Year Source: (Cautious Theory) Oil discoveries in new oil fields have lagged oil consumption, hence Peak Oil seems to be inevitable Time (before 2005) [year] Atmospheric CO 2 concentration has dramatically increased since the 20th century. Automotive industry is urged to respond to these issues to provide sustainable personal mobility for the 21st century.

3 Concept of Energy Source Utilization 3 Petroleum Coal Natural gas Water / Nuclear Biomass Liquid Fuel Electricity Mobile 1. ICE / ICE-HV 2. PHV 3. EV 4. FCHV Stationary Solar / Wind Hydrogen (Gas Fuel) Industry Home Electricity and hydrogen as energy carrier have various primary source

4 Well-to to-wheel CO 2 Emission 4 Future Future Gasoline vehicle Diesel Vehicle Diesel HV FCHV (Natural gas; current) (Coal) Gasoline HV FCHV (Natural gas; target) EV (Water electrolysis/ renewables) CO 2 emission (gasoline vehicle =1) Biomass, nuclear power Coal-fired power Well-to to-tank CO 2 Tank-to to-wheel CO 2 (Biomass decomposition) ( ): source of hydrogen Source : Mizuho Information & Research Institute report/ Toyota calculation (excluding FCHV) FCHV : Toyota calculation Hydrogen fueled, Toyota in-house testing in the Japanese test cycle FCHV(Hydrogen) has high potential of low CO 2 emission at WTW comparison.

5 Volumetric Energy Density 5 Volumetric Energy Density (Gasoline=100) (Toyota calculation) Lithium-ion battery Electricity Hydrogenabsorbing alloy(2wt%) CNG High (20MPa) High pressure pressure hydrogen hydrogen (70MPa) (35MPa) Gaseous fuel Ethanol Gasoline Liquid fuel Current gasoline and diesel fuels are quite suitable to automobiles (energy density and conformation). Diesel

6 Toyota s s Vision toward Ultimate Eco-car car 6 Gate 3 CO 2 reduction Gate 2 Energy security Gate 1 Clean emission Ultimate eco-car car Hybrid Technology Gasoline / Diesel Gaseous fuel Bio fuel Synthetic fuel Hydrogen Electricity Right time Right place Right vehicle Hybrid is a fundamental technology applicable to all powertrains. While saving liquid fuels, increase the use of hydrogen and electricity. (The key is hydrogen / electricity storage technology)

7 Hybrid technology is applicable to any energy sources 7 HV Engine Motor Fuel tank Battery EV PHV FCHV Engine Motor Engine Motor Engine FC stack Motor Fuel tank Fuel tank H 2 tank Battery Battery Battery Using hybrid technology for PHV, EV and FCHV

8 Comparison between Fuel Cell and Battery 8 Battery Mass [t] 0 Calculations on mass and volume required to achieve an actual cruising range of 500km RAV4 EV(Ni-MH) actual result Current EV Cruising Range [km] Li-ion ion battery Prospect Toyota FCHV- adv actual result 500 FCHV Volume [L] 0 RAV4 EV(Ni-MH) actual result Current EV Cruising Range [km] Li-ion ion battery Prospect FCHV Toyota FCHV- adv actual result 500 [ Vehicle weight(excluding battery) : 1.4t ] (Toyota calculation) FC has advantages in mass and volume to achieve an practical cruising range level.

9 Vision of Response to Environmental & Energy Issues 9 Vehicle size HVs & PHVs with internal combustion engine FCHVs Heavy-duty trucks Passenger cars Route buses Express trains EVs Motorcycles Short-distance commuters HV FCHV(BUS) FCHV Delivery trucks Regular trains EV PHV Winglet i series Small delivery vehicles Driving distance Fuel Electricity Gasoline, diesel, bio-fuels, compressed natural gas, gas to liquids, coal to liquids, etc. Hydrogen HV & PHV : wide use, EV : short-distance, commuters FCHV : long distance, mid-to to-large vehicles

10 TOYOTA FCHV-adv 10 Overall length/ 4,735/ 1,815/ 1,685 Type width/ height (mm) Pure hydrogen Max. speed (km/h) 155 Storage systemhigh-press. H 2 tank VehicleCruising range 830 (km) *1 Fuel economy (km/kg H 2 ) Seating capacity 139 *1 (38km/L gasoline equiv.) 126 *2 (34.5km/L gasoline equiv.) 5 *1 in Japanese test cycle, Toyota in-house test *2 in Japanese JC08 test cycle, Toyota in-house test Fuel Max. storage pressure (MPa) Tank capacity (kg H 2 ) (35 degc)

11 Evolution of TOYOTA FCHV 11 Present 2015 Vehicle Technical Challenges 1. Cold Start / Driving Capability 2. Actual Cruising Range 3. FC Stack Durability 4. Cost reduction Dec ~ Jul ~ 02 FCHV (lease model) 05 FCHV (lease model) 0degC 0degC 08 FCHV-adv (lease model) -30degC 210km 230km 500km or more FCCJ* Target on starting commercialization (Decision making) 15 years or more 1/10 or less (design / materials) * FCCJ: Fuel Cell Commercialization Conference of Japan - Actual cruising range and cold start / driving capability has been b significantly improved. - Toyota continues efforts especially on FC stack durability and FC system cost reduction targeting commercialization in 2015.

12 Major Technical Challenges for FC Vehicles 12 C. Stack durability B. Freeze start capability D. Cost, Compactness & High Power Density A. Cruising range

13 TOYOTA FCHV-adv Long-distance Travel (560 km) with Single Refueling A. Cruising range 13 Osaka Japan Tokyo 560km (350mile) With single refueling, FCHV-adv successfully traveled between Osaka and Tokyo under real-use conditions (air conditioner on, etc.) with enough reserve capacity.

14 Cold Start / Driving Capability Performance Test Results 14 B. Freeze start capability Ambient Air Temp. 外気温 [ ] (degc) /8 C Timmins, Canada Ambient Air Temperature at Timmins -37degC 2/10 2/12 2/14 2/16 2/18 Date (degf) Canada Under aurora at subarctic The cold-weather performance tests verified that the cold start and driving performance of the TOYOTA FCHV-adv was equivalent to that of gasoline-powered vehicles.

15 Durability of TOYOTA FC Stack C. Stack durability 15 Crossover Amount MEA1 Reduction of physical deterioration MEA2 Reduction of chemical deterioration MEA3 MEA4 Threshold limit value Maximum Output MEA1 MEA2 MEA3 MEA4 Threshold limit value 0 Durability Equivalent to 25 years Durability is steadily improving and further efforts are being made, m especially for reduction of electrode deterioration under real-world conditions.

16 Goal of Cost Reduction for FCHV D. Cost, compactness, high-power density 16 Cost 1/10 1/10 Model Model Model generation generation generation Resolution of engineering-related related technical issues Innovations in design, materials, and production technology Model generation Cost reduction Mass production effect In the near term, we aim to reduce the cost to 1/10 of the current level by innovations in design, materials, and production technology.

17 Current Forecast of FCV Commercialization 17 Phase Demonstration Decision making Strongly depend on infrastructure readiness and market needs Initial market penetration Low volume production Mass production FCV development 1st FCHV, Limited leasing R&D Next Generation FCHV Mass production Hydrogen infrastructure Social needs Manufacturing Engineering Tech. development Low emission CO2 reduction Support Commercialization Energy security Business

18 Issues for FC Vehicles and Hydrogen Fuel 18 Production Transport / Storage / Supply Solar / Biomass Vehicle Coal Petroleum H 2, etc. Hydrogen Station H 2 Natural gas Issues Electricity -H 2 cost -Production storage method -CO 2 sequestration Issues -H 2 cost -Infrastructure development -Transportation & storage method -Codes & standards Issues -Vehicle cost -Stack durability -Compactness & high power density -Freeze start capability -Cruising range Government, Fuel Industries Automakers

19 Factors for Successful Commercialization of FCVs Vehicle marketability Resolving technical challenges, reducing cost, and adding new appeal to the products FINE-X 2005 Tokyo Motor Show 2. Hydrogen infrastructure development H 2 production, transport and supply; CO 2 sequestration technology; Codes & Standards 3. Increased societal acceptance of various energy sources Global warming; energy security; incentives

20 20 Today For Tomorrow Thank you for your attention.