Chapter 7 Multiple Division Techniques
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1 Chapter 7 Multiple Division Techniques 1
2 Outline Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Comparison of FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA Walsh Codes Near-far Problem Types of Interferences Analog and Digital Signals Basic Modulation Techniques Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 2
3 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Frequency User n User 2 User 1 Single channel per carrier All first generation systems use FDMA 3
4 Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Frequency User 1 User 2 User n Multiple channels per carrier Most of second generation systems use TDMA 4
5 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Frequency User n... User 2 User 1 Code Users share bandwidth by using code sequences that are orthogonal to each other Some second generation systems use CDMA Most of third generation systems use CDMA 5
6 Types of Channels Control channel Forward (Downlink) control channel Reverse (Uplink) control channel Traffic channel Forward traffic (information) channel Reverse traffic (information) channel 6
7 Types of Channels (Cont d) Reverse channel (Uplink) Control channels f f f 1 f 2 f n f 1 f 2 f n MS Traffic channels Forward channels (Downlink) BS 7
8 FDMA MS MS f 1 f 2 f 1 f 2 f n MS Reverse channels (Uplink) f n Forward channels (Downlink) BS 8
9 FDMA: Channel Structure Guard Band W g Sub Band W c N Frequency Total Bandwidth W=NW c f 1 f 2 f n Reverse channels Protecting bandwidth f 1 f 2 f n Forward channels Frequency 9
10 TDMA Frequency f Slot Frequency f MS MS t t t t MS t t Frame Frame Reverse channels (Uplink) Frame Frame Forward channels (Downlink) BS 10
11 TDMA: Channel Structure f Frame Frame Frame t (a). Forward channel f Frame Frame Frame t (b). Reverse channel 11
12 TDMA: Frame Structure (Cont d) Frequency f = f Frame Frame Forward channel Reverse channel Forward channel Reverse channel 12
13 TDMA: Frame Structure (Cont d) Frequency Frame Frame Frame Guard time Head Data 13
14 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) MS Frequency f C 1 Frequency f C 1 MS C 2 C 2 MS C n C n Reverse channels (Uplink) Forward channels (Downlink) BS Note: C i x C j = 0, i.e., C i and C j are orthogonal codes, C i x C j = 0, i.e., C i and C j are orthogonal codes 14
15 Comparisons of FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA (Example) Operation Allocated Bandwidth Frequency reuse Required channel BW No. of RF channels Channels/cell Control channels/cell Usable channels/cell Calls per RF channel Voice channels/cell Sectors/cell Voice calls/sector FDMA 12.5 MHz 12.5/0.03= /7=59 Capacity vs FDMA 1 * Depends on the number of slots ** Depends on the number of codes MHz x1= /3=19 TDMA 12.5 MHz MHz 12.5/0.03= /7= * 57x4= /3=76 4 CDMA 12.5 MHz MHz 12.5/1.25= /1.25= ** 8x40=
16 Concept of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Transmitter Spreading Receiver De spread Digital signal s(t) Spreading signal m(t) Digital signal s(t) Code Code Power c(t) Power c(t) Power Frequency Frequency Frequency 16
17 Concept of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Transmitter Spreading Receiver Despread Digital signal Spreading signal Digital signal Hopping Pattern Hopping Pattern Power Power Power Frequency Frequency Frequency 17
18 An Example of Frequency Hopping Pattern Frequency 18
19 Walsh Codes (Orthogonal Codes) Wal (0, t) Wal (1, t) Wal (2, t) Wal (3, t) Wal (4, t) Wal (5, t) Wal (6, t) Wal (7, t) t t t t t t t t 19
20 Near-far Problem MS 2 BS MS 1 Received signal strength Distance 0 Distance MS 2 d 2 d BS 1 MS 1 20
21 Types of Interference Interference baseband signals Baseband signal Frequency Spreading signal Frequency Despread signal Interference signals Frequency Interference in spread spectrum system 21
22 Adjacent Channel Interference MS 1 MS 2 Power f 1 f 2 Frequency 22
23 Power Control Controlling transmitted power affects the CIR P r P t = 1 4πdf c α P t = P r = d = f = c = α = Transmitted power Received power in free space Distance between receiver and transmitter Frequency of transmission Speed of light Attenuation constant 23
24 Modulation Why need modulation? Small antenna size Antenna size is inversely proportional to frequency e.g., 3 khz 50 km antenna 3 GHz 5 cm antenna Limit noise and interference, e.g., FM (Frequency Modulation) Multiplexing techniques, e.g., FDM, TDM, CDMA 24
25 Analog and Digital Signals Analog Signal (Continuous signal) Amplitude S(t) 0 Digital Signal (Discrete signal) Amplitude _ Bit 25
26 Hearing, Speech, and Voice-band Channels Human hearing Human speech 100 Voice-grade Telephone channel.. 10,000 Frequency (Hz) Pass band Guard band Guard band Frequency cutoff point ,500 4,000 Frequency (Hz) 26
27 Amplitude Modulation (AM) Message signal x(t) Carrier signal AM signal s(t) Amplitude of carrier signal is varied as the message signal to be transmitted. Frequency of carrier signal is kept constant. 27
28 Frequency Modulation (FM) Message signal x(t) Carrier signal FM signal s(t) FM integrates message signal with carrier signal by varying the instantaneous frequency. Amplitude of carrier signal is kept constant. 28
29 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 1/0 represented by two different frequencies slightly offset from carrier frequency Carrier signal 1 for binary 1 Carrier signal 2 for binary Message signal x(t) FSK signal s(t) 29
30 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Use alternative sine wave phase to encode bits Carrier signal sin( 2πf c t) Carrier signal sin( 2π f c t + π ) Message signal x(t) PSK signal s(t)
31 QPSK Signal Constellation Q Q 0,1 1 0 I 1,1 0,0 I 1,0 (a) BPSK (b) QPSK 31
32 All Possible State Transitions in π/4 QPSK 32
33 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Combination of AM and PSK Two carriers out of phase by 90 deg are amplitude modulated Q I Rectangular constellation of 16QAM 33
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