Meiosis Sexual Life Cycle
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1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Meiosis Sexual Life Cycle MITOSIS Adult male (diploid) 2n Germline cells MEIOSIS Adult female (diploid) 2n MEIOSIS 2n n Sperm (haploid) n Egg (haploid) n Germ-line cells Somatic cells FERTILIZATION Human Chromosomes Stained Telomeric DNA MITOSIS Zygote (diploid) 2n Haploid Gametes form Diploid Zygotes Homologous Chromosomes Homologous Chromosomes Centromere Sister chromatids 1
2 Fig. 6.5 Differing genetic information on homologous chromosomes Coat-color genes Brown C Eye-color genes Black E Karyotype and Homologous Chromosomes Homologous Pair c White e Pink Meiosis I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Stages of Meiosis Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Meiosis I - Prophase 1. Chromosomes condense 2. Nuclear envelope dissolves 3. Centrioles replicate & move apart 4. Spindle apparatus forms 5. Synapsis - Homologous chromosomes pair up 2
3 Meiosis I Synaptonemal Complex Meiosis I: Prophase: Synapsis and Crossover Synapsis Crossover & chiasma Homologous Chromosomes after crossover Synaptonemal Complex (Cohesin protein) Animation Meiosis I - Metaphase 1. Homologous chromosomes align in an equatorial plane Metaphase I Meiosis Metaphase Mitosis Meiosis I - Anaphase 1. Homologous chromosomes separate 2. Reduction division of chromosomes where 2N 1N Anaphase I Meiosis Anaphase Mitosis 3
4 Meiosis I - Telophase 1. Chromosomes decondense 2. Nuclear membrane forms 3. Spindle apparatus disappears 4. Cytokinesis Two haploid daughter cells form Meiosis I: Summary MEIOSIS I: Homologous chromosomes separate INTERPHASE PROPHASE I METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I Centrioles Crossing over Sister chromatids Spindle Haploid Daughter Cells Chromatin Sister chromatids Homologous chromosomes separate Meiosis II Meiosis - Summary TELOPHASE I AND CYTOKINESIS Cleavage furrow MEIOSIS II: Chromatids separate PROPHASE II METAPHASE II ANAPHASE II TELOPHASE II AND CYTOKINESIS Sister chromatids separate Haploid daughter cells form 4
5 Meiosis & Mitosis Comparison Metaphase of Meiosis II Metaphase of Mitosis Unique Features of Meiosis 1. Synapsis and crossing over 2. Sister chromatids remain joined at centromeres throughout meiosis I 3. Kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to the same pole in meiosis I 4. DNA replication is suppressed between meiosis I and meiosis II. 5. Meiosis produces haploid cells. 6. Independent assortment of chromosomes produces genetically different cells 18 Nondisjunction Fertilization after Nondisjunction in the mother Nondisjunction in meiosis I Egg cell Normal meiosis II n + 1 Gametes Sperm cell n (normal) Zygote 2n + 1 n + 1 n + 1 n 1 n 1 Number of chromosomes 5
6 Preparation of a karyotype from a blood sample Autosome Nondisjunction Blood culture Centrifuge Hypotonic solution Fixative White blood cells Stain 1. Most common birth defect Homologous chromosomes 2, in 7 3. Physical features Round face Flattened nose bridge Short stature Heart defects 4. Susceptibility to infections Trisomy 21 or Down Syndrome 4 5 Fig Maternal age and incidence of Down syndrome 9 Nondisjunction of Sex Chromosomes Infants with Down syndrome (per 1, births) Age of mother
7 Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY) Poor beard growth Breast Development Under-developed testes A woman with Turner Syndrome (XO) Web of skin Constriction of aorta Poor breast development Sexually underdeveloped Short stature Folds of skin on the back of the neck Wide-spaced nipples Narrow aorta Pigmented moles 99% die before birth Malformed elbows Infertile Normal Intelligence Underdeveloped ovaries Probability of Survival in Humans Chromosome Abnormalities Chromosome abnormality All Trisomy 16 Trisomy 13,18,21 XXX,XXY,XYY All other trisomies 45,X Triploidy 3n Tetraploidy 4n Probability of survival to term (%) Aneuploidy Polyploidy Diploid (2n = 1) Triploid 18 chromosomes Tetraploid Genetic Versatility in Plants Arabidopsis thaliana (2n = 1) Arabidopsis thaliana (4n = 2) Tetraploid 26 chromosomes Cardaminopsis arenosa (4n = 32) Polyploidy in corn Diploid Tetraploid Hexaploid Wheat 4x-6x Tetraploid Banana 3X 7
8 Will there ever be another you? Independent Assortment of chromosomes at Metaphase I Possibility 1 Possibility 2 Metaphase I Arrangements Metaphase II Gametes Combination 1 Combination 2 Combination 3 Combination 4 END Meiosis 8
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