International Energy Agency (IEA) PVPS Task 12: Environment, Health and Safety

Transcription

1 International Energy Agency (IEA) PVPS Task 12: Environment, Health and Safety Vasilis Fthenakis Brookhaven National Laboratory Columbia University with contributions from: Erik Alsema, Utrecht U. Mariska de Wild-Scholten, ECN Karsten Wambach, SolarWorld European Industry Association PV Industry Forum 22 nd EUPVSEC, Milan, Italy, Sept. 5, 2007

2 Motivation Promote international collaboration on EH&S and sustainability Facilitate a common understanding of technical and perceived EH&S issues Disseminate knowledge to stake holders and energy-policy decision makers

3 Justification The growth of PV is based on the promise of environmentally friendly energy generation and is sustained by the support of the environmentally conscious public Competitive interests try to undermine PV environmental benefits and prospects We need to be proactive, ahead of environmental regulations International collaboration is needed as we are all partners in safety

4 Task 12 Objectives Quantify the EH&S profiles of PV in comparison to other energy technologies Define and address EH&S and sustainability issues that are important for market growth

5 Task 12 Technical Experts/Contributors (committed during kick-off meeting, March 16/07, Brussels) Name First Name Country Company/ Organization Alsema Erik The Netherlands Utrecht University Despotou Eleni Belgium EPIA Fthenakis Vasilis USA Brookhaven National Laboratory Held Michael Germany LBR Stuttgart University Jungbluth Niels Switzerland ESU-services Polz Werner Austria Umweltbundesamt GmbH Shibasaki Maiya Germany LBP Stuttgart University Salomon Oliver Germany ZSW Glockner Ronny Norway ELKEM Solar Wambach Karsten Germany Deutsche Solar de Wild-Scholten Mariska The Netherlands ECN

6 Task 12 Organisation Sub-task 1: Recycling of manufacturing waste and spent modules Sub task 2: Life cycle assessment Sub-task 3: EH&S in Manufacturing Facilities Sub-task 4: Information Dissemination

7 Activities /Expertise in Europe (partial list) 1. Utrecht/ECN: Energy analyses, risk assessments and LCA s for PV technology, since 1990; 2. Crystal Clear project Sustainability and recycling ( ); crystalline silicon technology existing and future up-to-date LCI data collected, published and analysed 3. RESOLVED project recycling of thin film modules: LCA study

8 Activities /Expertise in Europe (partial list) 4. PV CYCLE Aims in: Supporting recycling research projects, Defining a voluntary take back and recovery system for PV modules, Supporting education and information programs for owners of PV modules, Promoting industry-leading sustainable product life cycle management.

9 Planned and Proposed Activities in Europe 1. Further work within CrystalClear (c-si) : Evaluation of new processes Update of LCI industrial production (-> status 2008) Use & abatement of fluorinated gases 2. Proposed FP6/FP7 projects Concentrators Dye sensitized cells CdTe All major cell technologies -Updates

10 Activities /Expertise in the United States Life Cycle Analysis Greenhouse Gas Emissions Energy Payback Times (EPBT) Toxic Emissions Recycling (Collection Infrastructure, Recovery of Cd, Te, Se, In) Silane Safety Risk Analysis Comparisons of PV with other energy technologies Solar energy potential to satisfy all the US energy needs

11 SubTask 1 -Recycling Task 12 PV EH&S Leader Activity 1a c-si recycling Activity 1b Thin-film recycling Activity 1c Collection Infrastructure Country DEU US EPIA Name Karsten Wambach Vasilis Fthenakis PVCycle

12 Highlights of Recycling Research & Implementation

13 Module Recycling -Deutsche Solar AG thermal treatment end of life module recovered cells second lifetime new module recovered wafers module assembling reprocessed cells reprocessing

14 Recycling Activities of SolarMaterial Recycling of: by-products like sides of ingots defective semi-finished products like ingots, wafer, cells end-of-life modules and modules with transport damage or other defects sides of an ingot defective ingot wafer breakage cell breakage modules

15 Universität Stuttgart GaBi Institut für Kunststoffprüfung und Kunststoffkunde Recycling of thin-film solar cells first tests Recycling Steps Dismantling Crushing & Grinding Thermal Treatment Hot wire cutting Ablation, Sanblasting Water jet cutting Chemical treatment Glass melting

16 Recycling of Cd and Te from CdTe (Se and In from CIGS) PV Modules PV Module Fragments Leach Device H 2 SO 4 H 2 O 2 Removal of Cu from Liquid Using Resin A Column I Cu Recycling of Spent Electrolyte Column II Cu Removal of Cd and Fe from Liquid Using Resin B Column I Cd, Fe Column II Cd, Fe Effluent Solution (Te) Spent H 2 SO 4 Solution Glass Slurry Elution of Column A Elution of Column B Selective Precipitation Filtration Facility Leachate SolutionElution Solution (Te, Cd, Cu, Fe) (Cu) CdSO 4 Tellurium Cd Metal Clean Glass Cu Recovery Cd Electrowinning Cell

17 Separation of Cd from Te in CdTe Recycling Te, Cd, and Cu (ppm) Te, influent Cd, influent Cu, influent Te, ppm Cd, ppm Cu, ppm Bed Volume Cd separation 99.99% Cd (ppm) Cd effluent concentration <0.3 ppm RESULT: Cd, Te extraction & separation completed at a projected cost of 1 /W p

18 Separation of Se, In, Cd and Zn in CIGS Recycling S e, In, C u, Z n (p p m ) Se, influent In, influent Se, ppm In, ppm Cu, ppm Zn, ppm Cu, influent Se Zn, influent Bed Volume Research in progress Se, In, Cu, Zn (ppm ) Zn, influent Se, ppm In, ppm 2800 Cu, ppm Zn, ppm Se, influent In, influent 400 Cu, influent Bed Volume

19 First Solar Module and Manufacturing Scrap Recycling Recycling Steps Module/scrap size reduction Film removal Solid-Liquid separations Glass-EVA separation Glass rinsing Precipitation Dewatering

20 First Solar Process Results Clean Glass Module (and manufacturing scrap) Metals rich filter cake

21 Subtask 2 Life Cycle Analysis Task 12 PV EH&S Activity 2a Guidelines for common approach Activity 2b Mono and multi- c-si US Activity 2c Ribbon c-si Activity 2d a-si Activity 2e CIGS Activity 2f CdTe Activity 2g Concentrator PV Activity 2h Production of Si feedstock Activity 2i Incorporate data in Ecoinvent Country All NL NL DEU/IT US/IT SPAIN/US/NL NORWAY SWISS Name Leader Erik Alsema / Niels Jungbluth/ Vasilis Fthenakis Erik Alsema/ Mariska dewild Mariska dewild/ Erik Alsema Maiya Shibasaki/ Marco Raugei Vasilis Fthenakis/Marco Raugei TBD/ Vasilis Fthenakis/Mariska de Wild Ronny Glockner Niels Jungbluth

22 Competitive interests try to undermine PV environmental benefits -GHG Emissions -ExternE & Australian Coal Association Research Programs Comparison of Energy Technologies: Major Studies CO2-eq.(g/kWh) ExternE, Germany 2003 ACARP, Australia Coal Gas CC PV, mc-si Nuclear

23 Life Cycle GHG Emissions: BNL/Utrecht/ECN Updates 1400 GHG (g CO2-eq./kWh) Materials Operation Transportation Fuel Production Coal (Kim & Dale 2005) Natural Gas (Kim & Dale 2005) Petroleum (Kim & Dale 2005) Nuclear (Baseline - Fthenakis and Kim, 2007 PV, CdTe (Fthenakis and Kim 2006) PV, mc-si, (Fthenakis and Alsema, 2006)

24 Energy Payback Times (EPBT): Studies by Others

25 Energy Payback Times (EPBT): Studies by Others

26 Updated Energy Payback Times EPBT (Years) BOS Frame Frameless Module Ribbon-Si 11.5% rooftop, European production Multi-Si 13.2% rooftop, European production Mono-Si 14.0% rooftop, European production CdTe 8% roof-top, European production CdTe 9% groundmount, U.S. production -Alsema & de Wild, Material Research Society, Symposium vol. 895, 73, dewild & Alsema, Material Research Society, Symposium vol. 895, 59, Fthenakis & Kim, Material Research Society, Symposium vol. 895, 83, Fthenakis & Alsema, Progress in Photovoltaics, 14, 275, 2006

27 PV Risks: Studies by Others Oil Nuclear Man-days lost/ MWyr Natural gas Hydro Wind Methanol Solar Thermal PV Solar energy systems have greater material requirements.., so public risks from emissions will be greater (Inhaber, Science, 1979) Commercial nuclear power is times less risky than PV (Bezdek, Energy, 1993) Maximum fatalities/accident Lignite Hard coal Oil Natural Gas Nuclear Hydro Wind Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Hirschberg et al., 2004) PV IER Stuttgart, Voβ, 2006

28 PV Risks BNL Update

29 PSI Maximum Consequences per Accident: BNL Update Presented at the California Energy Commission Nuclear Issues Workshop, Sacramento, CA, June 28, Fatalities Coal Oil NG LPG Nuclear (Chernobyl) Nuclear (except Chernobyl) PV, PSI PV, BNL

30 Subtask 3- Facility Safety Analysis of a silane explosion in a photovoltaic fabrication plant, AIChE Process Safety Progress, 2006 Guidelines for semi-bulk silane safety, 21nd EUPVSEC, Dresden, GR, 2006

31 Task 12 PV EH&S Forthcoming Workshops Workshop on recycling infrastructure in collaboration with PV Cycle Expert Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment of PV technology Additional participations are welcome! We are all partners in safety

32 Task 12 PV EH&S Task 12 PV EH&S Working together means winning together!