Workshop on Improvement of solid waste management and reduction of GHG

Transcription

1 Workshop on Improvement of solid waste management and reduction of GHG emissions in Asia (SWGA) Masato YAMADA, NIES, Japan

2 Objective To understand d the effect of the improvement of waste management system on GHGs emission To discuss issues on sustainability on waste management To share a common understanding of the current situation of waste management in Asian region To improve the GHGs emission inventory for the waste sector To draw the roadmap to both of the improvement of waste management and GHGs reduction

3 Co-benefit in Waste Stream Management Future economic development will change the level of applicable technologies. Final Disposal Technology Stepwise Introducing of Scheme/Technology appropriate to Host Courtiers Resource Mixed MSW Recovery Scheme Generation Landfill Real and substantial merit for developing countries are; Dispos sal Mass Win-Win Situation Disposal Hazardou us Mate erials air Lo oad to wa ater and GHGs Em mission Source Separation Unauthorized Collector Resource Appropriate Treatment Technology Base Line Final Disposal Technology Resource Recovery Plant Time Development of New Procedure on Reduction of GHGs Emission by Improvement of Waste Stream Management, not only by Introducing New on site Plants. Including Organics Quantification of Win-Win Benefit from CDM project Sustainability of System Investmen nt / Cost Effective Investment and self sustained management

4 Participants Vietnam: Prof. Cao The Ha (Vietnam National Univ.) Korea: Prof. Lee, Dong-Hoon (The Univ. of Seoul) China: Prof. Wang Qi (CRAES), Dr. Huang Zechun (CRAES), Dr. Quan Hao (SJC), Dr. Wen Xuefng (SJC) Thailand:Prof. Sirintornthep TOWPRAYOON (KMUTT), Prof. Chart tchiemchaisri h i i(kasetsart tuniv.) Mongolia:Dr. Bulgamaa Densambuu(Agricultural Univ. in Darkhan): Indonesia:Ms. Upik S Aslia Kamil (MOE) Malaysia: Ms. Ellyza Mastura Aahmad Hanipiah (National Solid Waste Management Dept.)

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6 Discussion About Status of Waste Management in Asia Overall, waste is increasing in many countries, except BKK where waste decreased Big cities vs. Other areas Generation, composition, management of waste Different status of waste management Countries try to improve situations (e.g., New facilities in Beijing; Separation in Hanoi), but not so easy 3R, materializing, etc. have considerable rooms for improvement Open dumping, improper landfills Waste pickers or recyclers as part of waste stream CDM projects: a large number in China, a few in others (yet to be registered) How to measure the amount of waste? Not all types of waste is covered (e.g., informal collection not included).

7 Solid Waste Stream in Asia Type I: Ulan Bator, Mongolia (2007) Generation (ton/day) Type II: Hanoi, Vietnam (2005) Generation 737 (1000 ton/year) (8.4) (9.0) Collection 364 (30) (88.3) (92.1) Self Disposal (70) Resource Recovery (private) (50) Collection 677 Resource Recovery (325.0) Dumping Composting (584) Recycling (3.4) Landfill (321.6) Recycling Landfill Type III: Seoul, Korea (2005) (1000 ton/year) Type IV: Singapore (1999) Generation 3,464 Generation (4,674) (1000 ton/year) Others (2,124) Food Waste (1,340) Collection 2,797 (1,459) (416) (1,882) (435) (686) (5) (2,440) (357) Resource Recovery (?) Incineration Compos -ting Feed Stuff Anaerobic Digestion Resource Recovery Incineration (?) (13) (1,038) (125) (?) (120) Recycling Landfill Recycling Sewage, Ocean Dumping 7 Recycling Landfill

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9 Discussion How to make reliable waste data? Procedure/ Manual/ Standard Methodology Statistical reliability/ Accuracy: Money +time consuming Not Best but Better Sd Std Method d( (tolerable) Optimize/ adjust to IPCC data platform Difficulties on k-value (Asian country-specific) Categorize technology on parameter National base material flow analysis (MFA)

10 STEP 1 Method for Waste Data Analysis Asian Data Base on Solid Waste Data Collection VEA *1 Development Solid Waste Data Major Cities in Southeast Asia SWAPI *3 Corp. Trial Application Standardization renewal Generation Disposal Physical Chemical Moisture Heat Value etc. Facilities Vehicles Population Cost Regulation Standard etc. データ整備 Vietnam VUREA *2 Vientiane Kuala Lumpur Jakarta Phnom Penh Bangkok Manila etc. Workshops SWAPI *3 WGIA *4 Authorities STEP 2 Solid Waste Management System Evaluation System Evaluation GHG Emission JICA Hanoi 3R Project Residents Socio-Economic Analysis Behavior for Segregation Recycling Material Flow Avoidance of Landfilling Participation Segregation of Food Waste Disposal Cost Governance Structure Applicable Technology Restrictions Alternative System Stability of Informal Sectors *1 Vietnam Environment Administration Scoping of Alternative System *2 Vietnam Urban Environment Association *3 Society of Solid Waste Management Experts in Asia and Pacific Islands *4 Workshops on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventories in Asia Region

11 Hanoi City Respondent:Hanoi Urban Environment Limited Company (URENCO) Population under Waste Collection:3,289,300 (Coverage 100%) Year: 2007 year Year: ,087,700 t Generation Physical Composition of MSW (2) Incineration facilities (3) Composting facilities (1) Collection /T Transportation 127,750 t Item Ratio (%) Food (4) Other recycling facilities (8) (7) (6) 43,800 t Paper and cardboard 2.9 Plastics, Rubber 8.50 Metals 1.00 Glass 0.79 Wood, Leather ,950 (5) t Textile Open dumping sites (12) (11) (10) (9) () Sanitary / Engineered landfill sites Fig.1 MSW stream (13) Other sites (14) Self disposal (15) Recycling facilities in the informal sector? t Construction 7.36 Others (if any) Total

12 Discussion About Appropriate tech. Rival (opposite?) technology example. Semi-aerobic vs LFG to energy Combination ; Go Together Operating (active) or Closed LF, Scale (Size) Appropriate combination/management Order? Management definition? Need of Asian strategy on landfill management Reconsider to reduce GHGs, Priority?

13 MSW flow in JAPAN thousand ton 49,765 Direct carrying 5,093 Mixed waste 4,029 Bulk waste Resource to be Combustible Incombustible 721 5,010 32,052 2, Bulk waste trt 38, (=40,276) Material Biogas Refuse Composting Incineration Recovery Fuel Direct LF Ash ,781 Recycle Residue Waste Disposal Site ( ) 7,332

14 Effect of Incineration GHGs emission (Gg) : without incineration :Current flow (Incineration CO 2 + landfill CH 4 )

15 Effect of semi-aerobic landfill emission (Gg) Cumulat tive GHGs Incineration +Anaerobic SWDS 30 % reduction Incineration +Semi-aerobic SWDS (Current)

16 Edo Period Before War After War History of Waste Management Urbanization & Concentration of Population Beginning of International Trade Drinking Water Pollution caused by Waste Out Break of Cholera Out Break of Fall of Organic Dysentery Manure Demand Environmental Economic Pollution Growth & Pollution Oil Shock? Mass- Consumption Issues on Global Environment caused by Incineration and Land Disposal Rise of Resource Price Issues on Dioxins Restriction of Landfill Capacity Improvement of Resource Recovery in Japan Current Law Assignment of Disposal Site Assignment of Waste Handler Improvement of Collection & Beginning of Incineration Development of Water Supply Collection & Treatment of Night Soil Development of Sewage System Separation at Source Exhaust Gas Treatment Semi-Aerobic Landfill Distinction of MSW and ISW Assignment of Hazardous Waste Resource Recovery by Local Government Rise of Cost for Recycling and Destruction of Market Advanced Incineration Technology Sound Material Cycle Society (Application of Recycling Technology)

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18 Discussion About Upstream Solid Waste Management Importance of Education and Public awareness Economical incentives Charging system for food waste Marketing value (& benefit) of source separation special collection service, How collect, How transport Business creation, involvement of municipality, Activity of informal picker, scavenger, resource buyer Development of downstream technology on treatment, transportation, storage should be needed with source separation Effective measures in each country? And How to Approach Start from Local government under their own specific circumstances 1 st Education, participation, 2 nd Incentives, 3 rd punishment Simultaneous development of education and punishment for encouraging people Source separation would have educational effect Education/ Advertisement with several channels

19 Discussion About Sustainability of Waste Management Zero emission (ex.zol: zero organic to landfill, ll ZGE: zero greenhouse gas emission, ZDW: zero discharge waste water from waste)is one of the target for sustainable WM. How to achieve the sustainability is different in each countries and regions. Indicator for sustainable WM must be defined for Asian countries. Barriers: economy, social, culture, technology Important to realize the week point in each countries WM could be include the part of sustainable society (economic)

20 Transition of Waste Management 100% 0 Recycling (Organics) Landfill Seoul, Indonesia (Urban) Type III Japan, Singapore, Macao, Taiwan Type I Ulan Bator, Phnom Penh, 20 0 Manila, Vientiane Thailand, Hanoi, China Type II 0 100% 100% Type IV Incineration

21 Transition of Waste Management 100% 0 Japan 2002 Recycling (Organics) Korea Landfill 2005 Ban of Land Type III? Disposal of Food Waste Korea 1995 Type I Type II 0 100% 100% Type IV Incineration

22 Conclusion Reliable waste data is still the major issue both on waste management and GHG reduction in Asia. Waste management in each Asian country/city has been established in their circumstances. Understanding of similarity and difference of waste stream and disposal technology in Asian countries should be essential to improvement both of waste management and GHG reduction. Then collaboration between Asian countries will lead better waste management and GHG inventory.

23 Thank you for your attention! Next SWGA will be held as a Seminar on Dec 2009 or Jan 2010 in Thailand