ŠÍRENIE HLUKU POZADIA V ŠKOLSKEJ TRIEDE A JEHO VPLYV NA ZROZUMITEĽNOSŤ REČI

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1 ŠÍRENIE HLUKU POZADIA V ŠKOLSKEJ TRIEDE A JEHO VPLYV NA ZROZUMITEĽNOSŤ REČI Michal Jelínek a), Monika Rychtáriková a)b), Gerrit Vermeir b) Adresa a) Katedra konštrukcií pozemných staveb, Stavebná fakulta STU Bratislava, SLOVAKIA b) Laboratory ATF, Department of Physics and Astronomy, K.U. Leuven, BELGIUM jelinekmichal@yahoo.com Abstract: Schools often tolerate noisy classrooms. Managers may found acoustical treatment expensive and difficult, or they may not even recognize the problem. Poor acoustics interferes with speech intelligibility which influences the teaching and learning process. Speech intelligibility can be described by STI values, which depends on the background noise level and the reverberation in the room. Background noise value used for the calculation is often given as one value for the whole room. However, the noise from the traffic entering classroom through the bad quality windows, or noise coming from the corridor through a door cause uneven distribution of background noise in the classroom. This paper shows results of STI in noise values in the example of a classroom simulated in the Odeon software. The conclusion shows that the distribution of the STI values in the classroom doesn t depend only on the of the teacher but also on the of the receiver related to the location of the acoustically weak element. Úvod Doterajšie štúdie ukázali negatívny vplyv hluku (šumu) v triedach škôl na sústredenie sa študentov a ich výsledky. Hluk v triedach nepôsobí len rušivo a znižuje pozornosť, ale výrazným spôsobom znižuje aj zrozumiteľnosť reči Zrozumiteľnosť reči je reprezentovaná niekoľkými parametrami. závisí najmä od času dozvuku, šumu pozadia, frekvencie, a vzdialenosti zdroja zvuku od poslucháča. V súčasnosti nie je v praxi jednoduché merať šum pozadia na rôznych pozíciách v triede. Našim cieľom však bolo, merať šum pozadia na viacerých miestach s viacerými hlukomermi simultánne. Introduction Present studies show the influence of noise in the classrooms onto concentrations of students and their study-results, but high levels of background noise has not only disturbing character, but it also significantly reduces the speech intelligibility. Speech intelligibility can be represented by several parameters. Some of them take into account the reverberation of the room, e.g. This time variance makes the measurement of the differences in BKG noise on different s in the classroom impossible, unless we would have the opportunity to measure with more channels or more sound-level-meters at the same time.

2 Takéto meranie samozrejme nie je príliš praktické. V praxi sa meria šum pozadia na jednom bode v strede miestnosti a táto hodnota sa berie ako celoplošná hladina šumu pozadia. Otázkou však je, ako veľmi sa v skutočnosti líši šum pozadia na rôznych miestach. V triede B117 na Svf STU Bratislava, ktorá je orientovaná do rušnej ulice, bolo vykonané meranie na dvoch miestach, kde jeden mikrofón bol umiestnený v blízkosti okna a druhý do stredu miestnosti. Ukázalo sa, že aj v jednoduchej triede môže hladina šumu pozadia kolísať v rozmedzí nad 3dB. Tento veľký rozdiel nás priviedol na myšlienku nasimulovať túto situáciu v programe Odeon, ktorý umožňuje zadávať plošné zdroje zvuku (v našom prípade okná) s frekvenčným spektrom nameraného hluku. Ak takýmto spôsobom zmapujeme šum pozadia, je veľmi ľahko badateľná jeho nehomogenita a z tohto pohľadu index STI už neovplyvňuje len vzdialenosť zdroja zvuku od poslucháča, ale aj vzdialenosť zdroja šumu od poslucháča. Jednoduchým príkladom takéhoto stavu je, že študent sedí pri otvorenom, príp. akusticky zlom okne. Preňho je zrozumiteľnosť reči učiteľa podstatne horšia ako pre študentov, ktorí môžu sedieť dokonca ďalej od katedry, ale takisto aj ďalej od hluku z ulice cez otvorené okno. This approach is of course not very practical in case of acoustical consultancy, where measurement of the BKG noise is usually performed by choosing one reference, somewhere in the centre of the room, and the value calculated on that chosen is presumed to be the value of the BKG noise all over the audience surface. But how much can a BKG noise vary from to in reality? In one of the classrooms at Faculty of Civil Engineering in Bratislava, which is oriented to very noisy street, 2 channel measurement was performed by placing one microphone close to the window and the second in the middle of the room. The measured difference in SPL(A) values was 3dB. Rather big measured difference has given us an idea to simulate this situation in Odeon software, which allows us to model surface sources (in our case the windows) with a frequency spectrum of the noise. Being able to obtain the values of inhomogeneous BKG noise distribution in the room, we could predict the STI values not only the sound source (teacher) - listener dependent, but also by taking into account the distance of the listener from the source of the noise (in our case from the acoustically bad window or a door). A simple example of this situation would be a student sitting near the opened or acoustically bad window. For him can be the understanding of the teacher much worst, then for the students sitting maybe far from the teacher, but also far from the noise source. Obr.1: Virtuálny model miestnosti B117

3 Metodika Pre lepšie pochopenie vplyvu nerovnomerne rozloženého hluku pozadia na zrozumiteľnosť reči v triede, sme pre simulácie v programe Odeon vytvorili tri alternatívy. Každá alternatíva bola založená na rozdielnej pohltivosti v triede za pomoci zmien akustických vlastností použitých materiálov. Prvá alternatíva (alt1) predstavuje skutočnú učebňu B117 na Stavebnej fakulte STU v Bratislave s pohltivosťou (na 1kHz) α = 8%, druhá (alt2) je akusticky upravená trieda s minimálnou odporúčanou hodnotou času dozvuku pre triedy RT(s) = s a pohltivosťou (na 1kHz) α = 19% (pre dosiahnutie optimálnej akustickej pohody) a tretia alternatíva (alt3) je trieda s maximálnou, v triede reálne dosiahnuteľnou, pohltivosťou (okná, podlaha či tabuľa nie sú z pohltivého matreriálu) Tu sme dosiahli koeficient α na 1 khz 56%. V každej z troch alternatív sme použili dve varianty šumu pozadia podľa jeho vlastností a polohy. 1./ šum z ulice hluk z dopravy vnikajúci do triedy cez okná. 2./ šum z priľahlej chodby - hluk z chodby vnikajúci do triedy cez dvere, založený na zvuku hovoriacich ľudí. Simulácie Na simuláciu hluku z dopravy sme použili plošné zdroje reprezentujúce okná, cez ktoré vniká hluk do triedy. Pre simuláciu bolo použité frekvenčné spektrum namerané v reálnej triede. Hluk prichádzajúci slabo zvukovo izolujúcimi dverami bol simulovaný ako plošný zdroj zvuku z priľahlej chodby. Frekvenčné spektrum oboch zdrojov hluku vidno v tabuľke 1. Methods To understand the effect of the uneven distribution of the background noise onto speech intelligibility in the classroom better, simulations in the Odeon software were performed in three alternatives. Each alternative was based on different amount of the absorption in the room (by changing the acoustical properties of interior surfaces). Alternative No.1 (Alt.1) is a model of a real-measured classroom with the average sound absorption α 1 = 8% (at 1kHz). The second alternative (Alt.2) is a classroom with reverberation time RT(s) = s, where the average sound absorption coefficient is α 2 = 19% (at 1kHz). The last alternative (Alt.3) is a situation with the maximal possible absorption, which we could realistically apply in this room, e.g. windows, floor, blackboard and tables are not absorptive. The average absorption coefficient in the third alternative at 1kHz is α 3 = 56%. In each of the three alternatives, two main BKG noise conditions, based on the character and the placement of the source of noise were analyzed: 1./ The noise from the street - traffic noise, entering room via windows 2./ The noise from the school corridor, entering room through the door Simulations To simulate the BKG noise caused by the traffic noise, two windows in the acoustical model represent the surface sound sources, with frequency spectrum of a BKG noise measured in the real classroom. Simulation of the BKG noise in the classroom with acoustically weak door, this door is considered as a surface sound source, with properties of the sound coming to the classroom from the corridor. Frequency spectra of the both noise sources are given in the Table 1.

4 Tab 1: parametre zdrojov zvuku noise power spectra frequency (Hz) SPL SPL(A) (db) k 2k 4k 8k (db) (db) noise source W (windows) noise sourced (door) talker (db) Výpočty boli analyzované pre zdroj zvuku so smerovosťou hovoriacej osoby, simulujúcej učiteľa. (Tab.1.) Index STI bol hodnotený v podmienkach dvoch rôznych zdrojov šumu pozadia: 1./ rovnomerná hladina šumu pozadia na všetkých pozíciách (hodnota bola vybraná z prvej simulácie šumu na pozícii č. 5, ktorá je približne v strede miestnosti) 2./ nerovnomerná hladina šumu pozadia na každej pozícii zadaná podľa prvej simulácie šumu. (Tieto hodnoty dávajú reálnejší obraz o zrozumiteľnosti reči v závislosti od hluku v danej triede) Calculations were performed for the sound source with a directivity of a speaking person, representing the talking teacher. (Tab.1.) Two background noise conditions were considered while calculating the STI in noise: 1./ value all over the s. (This value was taken from the simulation 1 at the 5, which is approximately in the middle of the room). 2./ level at each according to simulation 1. (which should normally give more realistic results of the STI in noise.) Okná pôsobiace ako plošný zdroj hluku S1 Učiteľ ako zdroj zvuku dvere pôsobiace ako plošný zdroj hluku P3 S Z 4 1 S1 P Z mikrofóny 6 X Y O 3 2 mikrofóny 8 X 9 O Y 6 3 Obr. 2: Dve varianty rozmiestnenia zdrojov hluku Tieto dve varianty (rovnomerná a nerovnomerná hladina šumu pozadia) boli pre vyhodnotenie indexu STI porovnané v rámci každej alternatívy. Rozdiely medzi variantmi v podstate poukazujú na chyby, ktorých sa môžeme dopustiť, pokiaľ nevezmeme do úvahy nerovnomernosť šumu pozadia v triede. These two approaches (constant and ) to calculate STI in noise were compared within each alternative. Differences between the two approaches represent in fact the errors we can make in calculation if we neglect the uneven distribution of the BKG noise in the room.

5 Výsledky Alternatíva 1 Alternatíva 1 je model s približne 8% priemernou pohltivosťou materiálov. Na obr. 3 môžme vidieť výsledky šírenia šumu pozadia (SPL(A) v db). Obr. 3 vľavo zobrazuje výsledky simulácie, kde sú ako zdroje zvuku zadané okná, vpravo sú zdrojom zvuku dvere. Môžeme vidieť, že rozdiely akustického tlaku nie sú výrazné. Je to kvôli nízkej pohltivosti v tejto alternatíve. Z obrázkov je tiež zrejmé, že rozdiely medzi najnižšou a najvyššou hladinou hluku sú nižšie pre simuláciu v ktorej boli zdrojom hluku okná, ako pri simulácii v ktorej boli zdrojom hluku dvere. Tento rozdiel je možné vysvetliť tým, že okná majú podstatne väčšiu plochu v porovnaní s dverami. Takisto aj línie zobrazujúce hodnoty nie sú celkom rovnomerné z dôvodu výpočtu, ktorý hodnotil plochu po 0,5m a tiež preto, že trieda obsahovala aj nábytok. Results Alternative 1 Alternative 1 is the situation with around 8% of the average sound absorption. In the Figure 7 we can see the results of the BKG noise distribution (given as SPL(A) in db) as calculated in the simulation. Figure 7 left gives results from the simulation where the two windows act as sound sources (noise source W), right picture shows the situation with the noise source D (door). We can see that the values don t vary too much in general. It is due to the lack of absorption in this alternative. It is also clear that in the situation with the noise source W are the differences between the lowest and highest values smaller that in the situation with the noise source D. This is caused by the fact that the surface of the windows is much bigger then the one of the door. Contours of the given values are also not completely smooth due to the raster of the calculation which was set to m and also because the model contains furniture. a) b) Obr. 3: Rozloženie hluku (počítané pre 1kHz a) Alt.1 s oknami, b) Alt.1 s dverami STI alt1 windows STI alt1 door Obr. 4: vplyv hluku pozadia na zrozumiteľnosť reči v triede alt. 1

6 Alternatíva 2 V tejto alternatíve je priemerná pohltivosť zvuku okolo 20%, čo zodpovedá hodnote RT = s v tomto priestore. Táto hodnota dozvuku je najnižšia prijateľná hodnota pre takúto triedu, pretože jej ďalšie zníženie by už znamenalo jej pretlmenie, t.j. zvuk by sme vnímali ako príliš suchý. Na obrázku 5 vidno, že rozdiely hodnôt sa pohybujú v rozsahu 4dB pri hluku z okien a okolo 8dB pri hluku z dvier. Ak sa pozrieme na hodnoty STI, zistíme určitý rozdiel medzi výsledkami s konštantným, respektíve nerovnomerným hlukom pozadia. Je tiež zaujímavé, že zrozumiteľnosť reči je na pozíciách 2, 3 alebo 6, o viac ako 5% vyššia než na pozícii 8, ktorá je dokonca bližšie k rečníkovi. Alternative 2 In this alternative, average sound absorption of the room was around 20%, what is resulting in the RT = s. This value of the reverberation time is the lowest desired value for a classroom, because more absorption would cause too dry acoustical conditions. As we can conclude from the figure 5, the values vary in the range of 4dB in the noise source W situation and around 8 db in case of the noise source D. If we have a look at the STI values we will find a slight difference between the too approaches (constant or uneven BKG noise.) It is also interesting, that by calculating the speech intelligibility is more than 5% higher at the s 2, 3 or 6, than for example STI at 8, which is closer to the speaker. a) b) Obr. 5: Rozloženie hluku (počítané pre 1kHz a) Alt.2 s oknami, b) Alt.2 s dverami STI alt.2 windows 0.8 STI alt.2 door Obr. 6: vplyv hluku pozadia na zrozumiteľnosť reči v triede alt. 2

7 Alternatíva 3 3. alternatíva predstavuje situáciu s maximálnou pohltivosťou materiálov, ktorá sa dá reálne dosiahnuť (okná, podlaha, tabuľa a stoly nie sú pohltivé). Priemerná pohltivosť v tejto alternatíve tak dosiahla viac ako 50%. Takáto hodnota je pre triedy veľmi neobvyklá a v tomto prípade slúži len na ilustráciu možných výsledkov. Distribúciu hluku pozadia vidno na obrázku 7 a hodnoty STI na obrázku 8. Rozdiel 10% v hodnotách STI vidno na pozíciách 7, 8, 9. Takisto kvôli vplyvu hluku pozadia je STI hodnota na pozícii 7, (ktorá je priamo pred rečníkom) o niečo nižšia ako hodnota STI na pozícii 5, ktorá je umiestnená ďalej. Kvôli hluku pozadia šíriaceho sa z chodby je najväčší rozdiel v hodnotách STI na pozícii 1 (najbližšie ku dverám). Tu môže byť STI až okolo 22% nižšia, než pre výsledky, ktoré by sme dosiahli pri použití konštantného hluku pozadia. Značný rozdiel hodnôt vidno aj na pozíciách 3, 6 a 9, ktoré sú ďaleko od zdroja hluku. Tu je rozdiel hodnôt viac ako 5%. Alternative 3 Alternative 3 is a situation with a maximal amount of the absorption we can realistically place in the classroom (windows, floor, blackboard and tables are not absorptive). The average absorption is more then 50%. This alternative is rather uncommon for a classroom and it is given only for a illustration reason. The BKG noise levels distribution is shown in the Figure 7. STI values in the figure.8. Difference of 10% in STI values was found at the s 7, 8, 9. Further, in case of the proper BKG noise assumption, the STI value at the 7, which is directly in front of the speaker is the slightly lower, than the value at the 5, which is situated farer. In case of the background noise from the corridor, the largest difference in speech intelligibility value was observed on the 1 Here the STI would be 22% too high if we would use the constant BKG noise in the simulation. Notable difference appears also at the s 3, 6 and 9, which are far from the noise source. The difference is more than 5%. a) b) Obr. 7: Rozloženie hluku (počítané pre 1kHz a) Alt.3 s oknami, b) Alt.3 s dverami STI alt.3 windows STI alt.3 windows Obr. 8: vplyv hluku pozadia na zrozumiteľnosť reči v triede alt. 3

8 Záver Významný rozdiel nerovnomerného rozloženia hluku pozadia na hodnoty STI bol zistený len na pozíciách veľmi blízko zdroja hluku. Napríklad okná alebo dvere v miestnosti s pohltivosťou viac ako 50%. Veľkosť zdroja sa ukázala dôležitým faktorom ovplyvňujúci hodnoty STI. Veľké zdroje hluku ako sú napríklad okná umiestnené po celej dĺžke triedy umožňuje použiť pre triedy s pohltivosťou do 20% konštantný hluk pozadia pre celú triedu. Z výsledkov tiež vyplýva, že aj relatívne malé zdroje hluku v relatívne zvukovo pohltivej miestnosti ovplyvňujú nerovnomernosť hluku pozadia. Tiež treba záverom spomenúť, že by bola vhodná softvérová úprava, v ktorej by bolo možné rozlíšiť zdroj zvuku od zdroja šumu, čo by značne zjednodušilo a urýchlilo simulácie bez nutnosti deliť ich na dve fázy. Poďakovanie Autori vyslovujú poďakovanie za experimentálne výsledky merania šumu pozadia hodnotenej triedy na SvF STU v Bratislave Ing. M. Pavčekovej, Ing. M. Kamenickému a Ing. M. Lukačovičovi Literatúra: [1] Vargová, A., Minarovičová, K., Rychtáriková, M. Nijs, L.: Statistical analysis of the sound in the classroom during teaching process, Proceedings in: Buildings and Environment, November 2007 [2] Dlhý, D.: Vplyv skladby drevených dverí na ich nepriezvučnosť, Proceedings in: 2nd International Symposium MAP 2006, Zvolen, Slovakia, September 2006 Conclusion Significant effect of the unequal distribution of the background noise to the STI values was observed only for the s very close to the source of the noise, e.g. the windows or the door in the room with more then 50 % of absorption. Size of the source was proved to be an important factor concerning the distribution of the sound. The big noise sources like windows, placed on whole length of the classroom allows in the classroom with the average absorption more than 20% usage of single BKG noise value all over the s. It can be concluded that in case of relatively small noise sources in relatively absorptive conditions, it might be reasonable to use proper, dependent values of the BKG noise. In such a cases it would be also nice if software would recognize the signal sources and noise sources separately, what would save time to user by splitting the calculation in two parts. Acknowledgements Authors pronounces thanks for the experimental results of measuring of background noise in classrooms at SvF STU Bratislava to Monika Pavčeková, Milan Kamenický and Michal Lukačovič. References: [3] G. Vermeir, J. Van den Bergh, Classroom acoustics in Belgian schools: requirements analysis, design, Research in Building Physics, Lisse, Swets & Zeitlinger, ISBN , (2003) [4] J. M. Steeneken and T. Houtgast, A physical method for measuring speech-transmission quality (1979) J. Acoust. Soc. Am 107 (2)

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