The best design acknowledges that you can't disconnect the form from the material. The material informs the form.

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3 Sir Jonathan Ive Senior Vice President of Design, Apple Inc. The best design acknowledges that you can't disconnect the form from the material. The material informs the form. The only way to make the MacBook Pro unibody was to machine it from a single piece of aluminium.

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5 The use of aluminium brings many benefits in terms of weight savings, improved fuel efficiency, lower emissions, increased crash safety and even better vehicle dynamics Aluminum will be the material of choice

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13 Aluminium allows Bombardier to manufacture low weight vehicles and thus reduce environmental impact, with a high quality exterior finish Guillaume Rétaux Director Strategic Sourcing

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15 The aluminium curtain walling system of the Hong Kong Shanghai Bank looks as crisp as the day it opened in 1986

16 2015

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18 2025

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20 Available EoL scrap split c. 50:50 between wrought and casting alloys Million tonnes Other Packaging Consumer Durables Transport Electrical Building & Construction

21 Three quarters of all aluminium ever produced is still in productive use 1 billion tonnes primary produced since million tonnes in products in use A positive recycling story but

22 more significantly a story of Demand growth For light, strong, conductive, protective products 800 million tonnes produced since 1980 Durability Aluminium in long lifetime products have not yet reached the end of their First Life Long lifetime products tend to have high recycling rates (>90%)

23 75% still in use at least 50% still in first use Million tonnes Al (cumulative) IN USE LOST Unrecovered (inc. energy recovery) Process Losses Destructive Uses Recycled & In Use In Use "First Life"

24 Apparent consumption (semis) dominated by long/mid lifetime products Other (inc destructive uses) Packaging Million tonnes Consumer Durables Transport Electrical 0 Building & Construction

25 Aluminium in use dominated by long/mid lifetime products Billion tonnes Other (ex destructive uses) Packaging Consumer Durables Transport Electrical 0.0 Building & Construction

26 Final product demand per capita China North America Europe Kg Al per capita

27 In Use stock per capita China North America Europe Kg Al per capita

28 Semis demand (Mt Al) Global aluminium demand will be met increasingly from primary sources Required primary Unwound warehouse stocks Demand met by recycling

29 In 2020, less than 20% of global demand will be met through recycling of old scrap Semis demand (Mt Al) Demand met by recycling EoL scrap Demand met by recycling traded new scrap Unwound warehouse stocks Required primary

30 End of Life Recycling (Collection) Rates >90% >90% c.75% beverage cans c.30% flexibles

31 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2020: what if all available End of Life scrap is recovered? Base case (current rates) million tonnes 99% EoL collection rates Old Scrap New Scrap Stocks Primary

32 Primary Production 1990 EU28 & EFTA; 4 Mt CIS; 3.5 Mt North America; 6 Mt GCC; 0.5 Mt China; 1 Mt Latin America; 2 Mt Australia; 1 Mt

33 Primary Production 2013 EU28 & EFTA; 4 Mt CIS; 4.5 Mt North America; 5 Mt GCC; 4 Mt China; 25 Mt Latin America; 2 Mt Australia; 2 Mt

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35 Regionalisation Integration - Integrated aluminium companies with regional value chains located close to markets (Europe, Japan, N America); - Regional associations; - Limited scrap flow, little trade Globalisation - Integrated model applied to new production centres, close to resources (Brazil, Australia, GCC) to serve distant, mature markets; - Global price discovery (LME); - IAI incorporated; - Recycling Differential pricing (regionally & along value chain); - Increase in seaborne bauxite; - Increase in traded scrap; - Smelting follows energy; - Downstream at both smelting & market.

36 Since then: 2008 data China aluminium production increased by 80% China alumina production increased by over 100% China bauxite imports doubled Indonesia resources export ban (3/4 of China bauxite import in 2013) China scrap imports increased by almost 50% Source: NTNU

37 The aluminium industry must demonstrate... Dismantling & contraction of integrated value chain Increasing demand from customers for responsibly sourced aluminium 1. that it produces responsibly, by mitigating environmental impacts and positively impacting the communities in which it operates; 2. that its products bring a net benefit to society in terms of reduced environmental impact; improved quality of life, health, safety & wellness and economic growth; 3. that at the end of product life, the value of the metal, the energy that went into its production and the resource inputs are retained and realised as another product, through collection and recycling or energy recovery.

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39 Industry must responsibly manage the transformation of raw materials into products: Rehabilitate bauxite mine sites; Improve alumina recovery rates; Reduce water consumption where appropriate; Improve energy efficiency; Reduce carbon consumption; Manage emissions and product waste streams; Reduce caustic use, improve caustic recovery.

40 Global Electrolytic Energy reduced by 15% since 1980 Electrical Energy Intensity (kwh/kg Al) Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC)

41 Regional Energy Intensities AC kwh/kg Al World Europe China North America South America GCC

42 Smelting Power Mix (GWh)

43 Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Million tonnes Annual Primary Aluminium Production (Mt Al) Total Annual PFC Emissions (Mt CO2e)

44 Carbon Footprint Perfluorocarbons (PFC) Electrolysis indirect kg CO 2 e/kg Al GLO inc China 2012 ROW ex China

45 Anthropogenic GHG Emissions by Sector (total 50 Gt CO 2 e in 2010) Agriculture, Forestry & Land Use 23% Waste 3% Industry 18%...of which Al production <1% Opportunities to reduce GHG emissions through use of aluminium in: Green buildings; Lightweight vehicles; Buildings 6% Energy Supply 35% ~ 800 Mt CO 2 e (2012) Protective packaging; Efficient machinery; Cables; Transport 14% Turbines & solar panels; Source: IPCC 2014, IAI...of which Al production <1% Efficient consumer durables; Intelligent control systems.

46 The use of 1 kg of aluminium replacing heavier materials in a car or light truck can save a net 20 kg of CO 2 over the life of the vehicle; This figure is even higher for more weight sensitive applications (for instance, up to 80 kg CO 2 per kg aluminium used in trains); The 17 million tonnes of aluminium used in transport in 2012 could save almost 350 million tonnes CO 2 and over 100 billion litres of crude oil over the vehicles lives.

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