Grid Code for Wind Power. What it IS - standards for electrical quality Low Voltage Ride Through Reactive Power

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1 U.S and DOE/NREL Activities in Grid Integration and Operational Impacts Analysis Brian Parsons and Jack Cadogan National Renewable Energy Laboratory and U.S. Department of Energy Wind Program IEA Topical Experts Meeting System Integration of Wind Farms at Jurys Hotel Dublin,Ireland November 9-10,

2 Topics AWEA Grid Code Select Transmission activities Wind Farm Data Monitoring Operational Impacts Analysis Utility Wind Interest Group ( is evolving as the focal organization due to user groups in: Distribution line impacts Transmission policy and tariffs Operational impacts Generator/wind farm models 2

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5 Grid Code for Wind Power American Wind Energy Association What it IS - standards for electrical quality Low Voltage Ride Through Reactive Power What it is NOT- Policy on services, costs, capacity contribution What else is in it? Call for central clearinghouse for turbine modeling to be used in software for load-flow analyses (Utility Wind Interest Group) SCADA capability for windfarms to allow 2-way communication Front-end interconnection study flexibility (for feasibility study, not system impact or stability studies)

6 Adopts E.ON Standard for LVRT at Grid Interconnection American Wind Energy Association At high side of grid interconnection transformer

7 American Wind Energy Association AWEA proposes that a power factor design criteria standard of up to 0.95 leading/lagging be applied to wind plants at the interconnection point (but not necessarily each individual wind generator). If System Impact Studies demonstrate that reliability criteria are met at less than (closer to unity) 0.95 lagging (capacitive), then that resulting figure becomes the power factor range requirement. Note that the Western Electric Coordinating Council is proposing a more stringent zero voltage ride thru standard for wind that appears to be difficult for existing conventional synchronous generators to meet

8 Other Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Activities Large and small generator interconnection standards December 1, Denver Technical Workshop on Assessing the State of Wind Energy in Wholesale Electricity Markets Why status quo is not working Planning, forecasting, and grid usage Open Access Transmission Tariff services and pricing 8

9 Regional Transmission Expansion Efforts Several regional efforts have included 5-10 year wind expansion scenarios Need for temporal representation of geographic variability (Mesoscale back-simulation and virtual anemometer towers) Opportunity for introduction of alternative transmission products (long-term non-firm, or curtailable firm) 9

10 Comparison of Available Transmission Line Capacity and Wind Power Profiles TOT3 Daily Profiles Summer MW OTC Path MW hatc Wind 500 MW Wind 100 MW Jul 4-Jul 5-Jul 6-Jul 7-Jul 8-Jul Date

11 Wind Farm Data Monitoring Real wind farm data needed for dynamic model validation (highfrequency) and system operational studies (long-term) Data have been used for methods and analytic studies (ORNL Hirst & Kirby), operating impact studies (UWIG, EnerNex, etc.), and wind farm output forecasting studies (TrueWind, AWS Scientific, Wind Logics) Event-triggered, high-frequency (120 samples/sec), short-duration (10 seconds) voltage and current RMS are being collected at Texas wind farms Efforts are underway to record wind farm and individual turbine responses under system fault conditions in Wyoming Data are available to third parties on a case-by-case basis subject to 11 consent of our industry partners

12 Wind Farm Monitoring Project (Total capacity ~950 MW) WA-OR Border Stateline Vestas V47/90 MW 2002 WY Wind Energy Ctr. Evanston, WY Vestas V80/144 MW Lake Benton, MN Lake Benton II GE Z50/104 MW 2000 Storm Lake, IA Buena Vista Sub GE Z50/113 MW 2001 Lake Benton, MN Buffalo Ridge Sub ~ 240 MW 2001 Klondike, OR GE 1.5MW/25 MW 2002 Condon, OR Mitsubishi MWT MW 2002 Vansycle, OR Mitsubishi MWT MW 2002 Lawton, OK Blue Canyon NEG Micon 1.65/74MW 2004 NW Wind Energy Ctr. Taiban Mesa, NM GE 1.5MW/204 MW Colberson County, TX TWPP Kenetech 330/35 MW 2003 Upton County, TX King Mountain Bonus 1.3MW/79 MW 2003 Pecos County, TX Indian Mesa Vestas V47/83 MW 2003 Taylor County, TX Trent Mesa GE 1.5MW/150 MW

13 120, ,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 Power Variability of Wind Farms 1-minute Average Power Profile (February 21~27, 2002) Lake Benton II Storm Lake 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 Time (HH:MM) Power (kw)

14 Terminology and definitions are important! System Load Days Time (Hour of the Day) System Load 100 Cycles Transient stability & short-circuit Seconds to minutes Regulation Minutes to hours Load Following Time (Hour of the day) 24 Daily scheduling/unit commitment 14

15 Mitigating Factors Actual wind farm power output characteristics Multiple generator smoothing (intra- and inter-site) New generator and farm interface abilities Large scale geographic diversity System characteristics (loads and generators) and statistical, not deterministic nature Ability to forecast Evolution of competitive wholesale markets (near real time operations and unscheduled deviation practices) Need for in-depth data and analysis

16 Example Wind Farm Power Data Texas Wind Pow er Indian M King Mtn Trent M TW PP MW/min or 100 MW/10 min 5% rated/min MW in 31 min. 3.0 MW /min. 100 Typical power plant ramping capabilities: 80 Hydro 50%~100% per minute Combustion turbine 10%~20% per minute Coal plant 3%~5% per minute MW in 19 min MW /min Load changes: Time (hh:mm) 23:00 22:00 21:00 20:00 19:00 18:00 17:00 16:00 15:00 14:00 13:00 12:00 11:00 10:00 9:00 8:00 7:00 6:00 5:00 4:00 3:00 2:00 1:00 0 0:00 Power (MW) Example European Grid Code ramping limits: Standard deviation of 10-min load changes 60 MW (9 GW system) 16

17 Step Change and Ramping Rate Distribution 7000 Ramp magnitude Step changes 6000 Frequency % -4.0% -3.0% -2.0% -1.0% 0 0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0% Magnitude of Wind Power Step Change and Ramp %( P/P)/min 90% of the step changes concentrate in the range of 1% of installed capacity 17

18 Ancillary Services Cost Comparison Study Relative Wind Penetration (%) Regulation $/MWh Load Following $/MWh Unit Total Commitment$ $/MWh /MWh UWIG/Xcel PacifiCorp 20 N/A BPA/Hirst PJM/Hirst N/A We Energies I We Energies II Great River Energy I Great River Energy II CA RPS Phase I N/A 0.17 MN DOC/Xcel

19 Recent Reports Xcel Energy and the Minnesota Department of Commerce Wind Integration StudyFinal Report _WindIntegrationStudyFinal.pdf Characterizing the Impacts of Significant Wind Generation Facilities on Bulk Power System Operations Planning Wind Power Impacts on Electric Power System Operating Costs: Summary and Perspective on Work to Date Wind Power Plant Behaviors: Analyses of Long-Term Wind Power Data 19