Big Era Three. Farming and the Emergence of Complex Societies 10,000 1,000 BCE.

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1 Big Era Three Farming and the Emergence of Complex Societies 10,000 1,000 BCE.

2 Join us for the world tour!

3 I know what you re thinking! STOP!

4 Farming and complex societies? Where did they come from? I thought we were still hunting and gathering!

5 Farming and complex societies are the result of CHANGE and changes have always been and still are part of human history. Let s look for a minute at the changes that took place in Big Era Two. You DO remember Big Era Two, don t you? Big Era 1 Big Eras 3-9 Big Era 2 200k yrs ago 10k years ago Today

6 Big Era Two is the era that covers the period from 200,000 to 10,000 years ago. Big Era Two was fraught with change. Shall we do a quick review? Big Era 1 Big Eras 3-9 Big Era 2 200k yrs ago 10k years ago Today

7 You will probably recall that life 200,000 years ago looked something like this. Homo erectus doing lunch Big Era 1 Human Origins Big Eras 3-9 Big Era 2 200k yrs ago 10k years ago Today

8 10,000 years ago at the close of Big Era Two, life looked more like this: Homo sapiens at home Big Era 1 Human Origins Big Eras 3-9 Big Era 2 200k yrs ago 10k years ago Today

9 Notice any changes? Homo erectus 200,000 years ago Would you say there were: Homo sapiens 10,000 years ago (a) No changes? (b) Some changes? (c) Lots of changes?

10 If you said there were (c) Lots of changes, you were obviously paying attention during Big Era Two. If, on the other hand, you chose (a) No changes or (b) Some changes, you must have been out with the flu during Big Era Two. (Hope you are feeling better!).

11 So, we will go with (c) Lots of changes in Big Era Two, right? Do you recall any of them? Hints So, it s antelope burgers tonight, right? Boomerang Are these going to be on the test? Before moving on, jot them down. Americas

12 Check your answers below: Changes that occurred by the end of Big Era 2 (Beginning of Big Era 3) End of Big Era Two (Beginning of Big Era 3) 1. Homo sapiens appear. 2. Language develops. 3. Habitats expand. 4. Technology multiplies. 5. Wall painting and sculpture are created. Big Era 2 Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 3 10,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

13 Keeping those changes in mind, let s look at life all the way at the end of Big Era Three, that is, about 1,000 BCE. Big Era 2 Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 3 10,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

14 Big Era 2 Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 3 10,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

15 Quite a few, Huh? Notice any Differences?

16 So, how did we get from HERE to HERE? Jot down some notes on what events you think might have taken place between 10,000 and 1,000 BCE.

17 One of the major changes is reflected in this frieze on a wall in Mesopotamia (today Iraq) : which reflects the DOMESTICATION of animals and plants Big Era 2 Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 3 10,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

18 Domestication of plants and animals was a monumental change. It resulted in the new way of living we know as FARMING (AGRICULTURE) Have you herd about pastoralism? which included both PASTORALISM (herding sheep, goats, cattle, horses, and camels), Big Era 2 and Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 3 10,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

19 Crop-growing (cultivating domesticated plants), and Big Era 2 Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 3 10,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

20 the development of FARMING COMMUNITIES Big Era 2 Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 3 10,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

21 Eastern North America China Fertile Crescent Mesoamerica West Africa Nile valley Ethiopia New Guinea Andes Amazonia Between about 12,000 and 1,000 BCE, farming appeared INDEPENDENTLY in a number of places, possibly in all of the places marked in red on the map. Big Era 2 Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 3 10,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

22 Prior to farming, population size in any one area was limited by the availability of wild game, grain, berries, seeds, and nuts. Farming and the large, relatively dependable crops it provides allowed for POPULATION INTENSIFICATION That means population increases in certain areas. Population in those areas became both larger and denser.

23 At the same time, farmers in some places were, in spite of population growth, able to produce SURPLUS food. What does SURPLUS FOOD PRODUCTION mean for a society?

24 SURPLUS FOOD PRODUCTION means that not everyone has to grow food or tend animals. They can take on other tasks. They can specialize in some nonfarming task.

25 This is called Job Specialization. Men and women may become: Weavers Stone Masons Potters Priests Scribes Traders Army officers

26 So, let s have a quick review of that last sequence of events.

27 Domestication of Plants and Animals Farming Population Intensification Surplus Food Specialization Complex Society, also known as CIVILIZATION Big Era 2 Big Era 3 Big Eras ,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

28 Civilizations have a number of elements in common. You might want to make a note of these as we go along. Hint, hint!

29 Civilization Did you catch that term? Can you define it? Remember it. Write it down. Answer: A civilization is a complex society.

30 Elements of civilization include: 1) Cities Mohenjo Daro It s the law 2) Central governments And Law codes Pharaohs Hammurabi s Law Code

31 Elements of Civilization include: 1) Cities 2) Central governments and law codes Can you identify the society represented by each of these two writing samples? 3) Writing and record keeping 4) Highly organized religions

32 Elements of Civilization include: 1) Cities 2) Central Governments and law codes 3) Writing and record keeping 5) Specialized Jobs 4) Highly organized religion 6) Social Classes Full-time monk Assyrian slaves In Egypt

33 Elements of Civilization include: 1) Cities 2) Central governments and law codes 3) Writing and record keeping 7) Complex Technologies 4) Highly organized religion 5) Specialized jobs Chariot 6) Social classes Bronze Sword

34 Can you list some of the elements of a civilization? So, have you been paying attention or doing a bit of day dreaming? Let s check! Clue: There were 7!

35 Check your answers below: Good job if your list includes: 1. Cities 2. Central governments and law codes 3. Writing and record-keeping 4. Specialized jobs 5. Social classes 6. Complex technologies 7. Highly organized religions Good job, huh?

36 By 3,000 BCE, societies in Southwest Asia and Egypt were developing elements of complex societies. Are we supposed to be taking notes on this? Big Era 2 Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 3 10,000 years ago 3,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

37 By the end of Big Era Three, about 1000 BCE, there were several wellestablished civilizations in Afroeurasia. There were also two new ones in the Americas. At least two civilizations in Afroeurasia, the Minoan in the Mediterranean region and the Harappan in the Indus River valley had already come and gone.

38 Now, looking back over Big Era Three, let s review the major changes. Big Era 2 Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 3 10,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

39 Domestication of Plants and Animals Farming Population Intensification Surplus Food Specialization Complex Society, also known as CIVILIZATION Big Era 2 Big Era 3 Big Eras ,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

40 That translates into: Farmers Herders Cities Central governments Armies Monumental buildings Written language Social hierarchies Complex belief systems In 10,000 BCE none of these existed in the world. By 1,000 BCE they all did.

41 Not only has life changed culturally and technologically, but also the rate of change has accelerated. Writing Letters and envelopes. Big Era 1 Language Art Temple building Dogs, sheep. goats, horses, wheat, rice, chiles, potatoes all domesticated Pottery Sailing technology Regular trade routes Irrigation Copper smelting Wheel Plow farming 360-degree circle Walled cities Bow & arrow Calendars Pyramids Chariots Alphabet Law Codes Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 2 BE3 200k yrs ago 10k years ago 1k years ago Today

42 You may have noticed that the difference between the rate of change in Big Era Two and in Big Era Three is enormous. What factors do you think might account for this increasing rate of change? Make a few notes and discuss this question with your teacher and fellow students.

43 As you move on to Big Era Four (1,200 BCE to 500 AD), keep your eye on the rate of change. Does it keep increasing? Level off? Slow down? Do the factors you have identified as affecting the rate of change in Big Era Two and Big Era Three still apply? Come to think of it, things changed REALLY fast In the 20th century. I wonder what the rate of change is going to be like in the 21st century?

44 Well, that s all for Big Era Three, but don t go away. Hang on to your notes and stay tuned for

45 Big Era Four! Coming SOON to a classroom near you.