The Delta Project: Past and Future

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1 The Delta Project: Past and Future ASCE Met Section Infrastructure Group Seminar 2009 March 2009 Dr. Jeroen Aerts 1

2 Content 1. Geographical location 2. History of Delta project 3. Climate Change: New Delta Project 2

3 Content 1. Geographical location 2. History of Delta project 3. Climate Change: New Delta Project 3

4 4 Rotterdam

5 5

6 6

7 7

8 8 NYC

9 9 R dam

10 -4m / -7m -2m / -4m +15m / -2m +50m / +15m +322m / +50m North Sea Germany Belgium

11 11 Flood 1855

12 1938 Hurricane 1953 SW Holland ( Zeeland )

13 NY 1938 Zeeland 1953 # casualties Max waterlevels ~4-6m ~4m #houses destroyed damage 300 mill. U$ 700 mill. U$

14 Content 1. Geographical location 2. History of Delta project 3. Climate Change: New Delta Project 14

15 Delta-act Delta Plan C A B C D B B B A B D C C B D D 14 B C A C C D D D D D D B B

16 Series of dams and barriers Rotterdam Antwerp

17 Arguments for Delta plan Full protection: Storm surge may not happen again Dams & barriers shorten the coastline : raising 1000 km of dikes is more expensive Create fresh water reservoirs & protection against salt intrusion Fresh water as potential for recreation 17

18 Brouwersdam

19 Haringvliet Sluices

20 3km

21 Haringvliet sluices

22 Haringvliet sluices

23 Value of Estuary: Eastern Scheldt Barrier Rotterdam Tide Mussel fishing Tide free shipping route Antwerp

24 Eastern Scheldt barrier: 3 barriers over 3 km

25

26 Maeslantbarrier; Accessibility Rotterdam harbor

27 Construction costs Year in operation Net present value 2007 million Net present value 2007 million [Disc rate 2%] [Disc rate 4%] Storm Surge barrier Hollandse IJssel Haringvliet barrier , Brouwersdam Hellegatsplein and Volkerak sluices Grevelingen dam Storm Surge barrier Oosterschelde , Compartmentworks Canal through Zuid-Beveland Maeslant storm surge barrier Europoort barrier and Hartel barrier Total costs [Billions Euro] 8,9 12,1

28 Content 1. Geographical location 2. History of Delta project 3. Climate Change: New Delta Project 28

29 Climate Change / Sea level rise 29

30 Climate Change / Sea level rise Climate Change 30

31 Socio Economic trends Pop growth Economic growth 22 milj +2.5% +1 % 16 milj Pop decrease 10 milj

32 32 Rotterdam 1684

33 33 Rotterdam 1940

34 34 Rotterdam 2000

35 landgebruik "Gezicht op Nieuw Amsterdam" by Johannes Vingboons (1664)

36 36 landgebruik

37 37 landgebruik

38 Land use Mil. inhabitants Source: project Aandacht voor Veiligheid

39 Land use Mil. inhabitants Source: project Aandacht voor Veiligheid

40 Risk based approach Socio economic impacts: Casualties Direct damage Indirect damage Probability of an extreme flood Risk = probability * damage Resilience Adaptive capacity (o.a. finance, recovery, governance.) 40

41 Nichols et al, 2008

42 Risk : probability * Damage Development of flood risk for the Netherlands Risk Milj euro/year Only 150cm SLR Current risk: Only 85cm SLR ~100 milj. Euro/year Only high economic growth Only 60cm SLR Only low economic growth year 42

43 Uncertainty Source: Source: cnn

44 Erosion: work with nature

45 NY area: Netherlands: +/- 4 million m3 sand/ year +/- 20 million m3 sand/ year

46 46

47 New Delta PLan Dike Extra pumping capacity Beach Nourishment Dike Dike River widening Dike 47

48 Building codes, Innovation in Architecture

49 Costs of adaptation Far Future SLR [cm] Max Discharge Rhine [m3/s] Max Discharge Meuse [m3/s] Costs [Billions Euro s] Re enforcement Levees [Billions Euros] Beach nourishment [Billions Euros] Total [Billions Euros]

50 Risk When to invest? Acceptable level of risk Time

51 Original costs in 1970: 1,5 Billion Euro s (2007) Option 1. Replacement of doors for 60cm = 100 Million Euro Option 2: replace whole barrier = 1 Billion Euro s

52 Lifetime barrier = 100 years Design criteria in 1970 = 20cm sea level rise in 100 years Barrier is 50 years old: only10cm sea level rise to go With a SLR of 60cm/100years, the barrier would not fit design criteria in ~2025 In 2025 invest 100 Million Euro to replace doors (replacement whole barrier in )

53 However: If SLR is 150cm then replacement of whole barrier would be much earlier, and hence, replacing only doors in short term is not an option

54 Conclusions Barrier concept works, but adjustments needed: Environmental aspects Shipping Working with nature Beach nourishment River widening Architecture / building codes Climate change poses new challenge How to design measures such they are flexible to accommodate different future scenario s 54

55 Thanks!

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