Major Revolutions. Revolution Where When Effects/Changes/Impacts. Neolithic Revolution. Commercial Revolution. [Continued on next page

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1 Major s Certain events in history have brought about great changes in government, ideas, or society with amazing speed. Summarize your knowledge of some of these major revolutions by completing the following study organizer. Where When Effects/Changes/Impacts Neolithic People settled in river valleys because of the fertile soil [Example Fertile Crescent] Around 10,000 B. C. Farming and the domestication of animals changed the way people lived permanent settlements Dependable source of food allowed villages to grow into cities People who lived in cities developed more complex forms of government Social classes developed New technology developed including plows, wheel, and metal tools and weapons Commercial [Continued on next page Europe Growth of towns and cities led to a growing middle class Rise of capitalism and new business practices Creation of partnerships and joint stock companies allowed businessmen to pool together capital (money)

2 Commercial System of banking developed lended money and provided bills of exchange for long distant travel Insurance protected merchants from risk of goods being damaged or lost in shipment Use of money led to the decline of feudalism Scientific Europe The Renaissance Period (1500s 1600s) Kings hoped to increase their power through the system of mercantilism Questioned the old ideas about the world people changed their views about the universe Heliocentric theory sun was center of universe and Earth revolves around it Scientific Method emphasis on observing, experimenting, investigating, and speculating Led to use of reason to explain not only why things happen in the physical universe, but also in human society Paved the way for the Enlightenment

3 Where When Effects/Changes/Impacts Spread the ideals of democracy throughout Europe French France 1789 Inspired feelings of nationalism across Europe and around world Challenged the belief in the divine right of kings Middle class gained power Industrial Began in Great Britain and spread to the United States and other parts of Europe 1750s 1800s American and French s were models for Latin Americans seeking independence Shift from making goods at home to mass production of goods in factories Poor working conditions Urbanizations growth of cities New sources of power Laissez faire economics; Rise of capitalism Improvements in transportation New class structure growing middle class

4 Where When Effects/Changes/Impacts Czar was overthrown and later killed Russian Russia 1917 Bolsheviks under Lenin gained power by promising Peace, Land, and Bread Russia withdrew from World War I Communist state was set up Soviet Union First Lenin had all industries nationalized, then NEP allowed some privately owned businesses Chinese China Under Stalin USSR becomes a totalitarian state Sun Yat sen (Yixian) was founder of Chinese Republic 1928 Civil War began between Nationalist (led by Chiang Kai shek [Jiang Jieshi] and the Communists Under Mao, all aspects of life brought under the control of Communist Party Government severely restricted the rights and freedoms of most Chinese Later leaders, such as Deng Xiaoping, allowed free market reforms but little political freedom

5 Where When Effects/Changes/Impacts Cuban Cuba 1959 Fidel Castro turned Cuba into a communist statedenied people basic political rights and freedoms Government took control of business and industrytook over foreign property also Soviet Union was major trading partner and supporter until 1991 United States imposed a trade embargo on Cuba that continues today Iranian Iran 1979 U.S. Cuba relations have included hostility such as the Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) and Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Iran became Islamic Republic Government is hostile to West Strict adherence to Islam Rights of women restricted Iran encourages Muslims in other countries to overthrow governments and set up Islamic Republics