Standards for smart grids with emphasis on their realization in remote and rural areas

Transcription

1 Standards for smart grids with emphasis on their realization in remote and rural areas Concettina Buccella University of L'Aquila Department of Information Engineering, Computer Science and Mathematics & DigiPower Ltd L'Aquila, Italy Luanda, 24 a 27 de Setembro de 2013 CONFERÊNCIA INTERNACIONAL SOBRE ENERGIA E ÁGUAS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY AND WATER Centro de Convenções de Talatona, Luanda 24 a 27 de Setembro de 2013

2 Global Energy Challenge More energy per person More people Climate change Developing countries have little access to electricity. The African continent covers 15% of the world land and has a population of about 13.4% of the total world population and is rapidly growing. But it has only 2% of the world s industrial capacity: this fact is closely tied to a limited access to electricity.

3 Global Energy Challenge Hydro-electric Wind-farm Tidal-power Wave-power Photovoltaic-power Rural villages do not have access to electrical energy from the national grid. The energy need to these places is entirely dependent on locally available fo (in Angola 36.4%) and water for hydro plant (in Angola 63.6%). Feasibility st resources in these areas show that the available and extractable RE can sufficiently cover the present energy demand of the villages.

4 Smart Grid in Rural Area A possible solution that best fits the rural community s energy need is represented by the micro grid (MG) networks, composed of RE based distributed generator (DG) units and various storage facilities connected to the national grid.

5 Smart Grid in Rural Area Each village level MG can have several compositions of RE based DG units depending upon the availability and feasibility of the RE source. Intelligent systems capable of managing bi-directional power flows are required; in other words, a smart grid (SG) must be implemented.

6 Our vision Internet The World Wide Web of the Information highway via interoperable communications Smart Grid The World Wide Web of the Energy highway via advanced sensing and communication technologies

7 Why standardizazion? To ensure: reliable delivery of power from the generating units to the end-users communication security mainly in rural area when wireless data transmission between smart meters and electric utilities is used due to low-cost and ease of connection to difficult or unreachable areas

8 Who is setting the Standards? IEEE-SA (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Assoc NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) that cooperates with ISO (International Organization for Standardization) ITU (International Telecommunication Union) CEN (European Committee for Standardization), CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute).

9 IEEE 1547: Interconnection of DERs It is a standard published in 2003 that gives a set of criteria and requirements for the interconnection of distributed generation resources into the power grid. Currently, there are six complementary standards designed to expand or clarify the initial standard, two of which are published, and the other four still in the draft phase. IEEE , published in 2005, further describes the testing of the interconnection in order to determine whether or not it conforms to standards. IEEE , provides a technical background on the standard. IEEE , published in 2007, details techniques for monitoring of distributed systems. IEEE , is a guide for the design, operation, and integration of conforming systems. IEEE , is designed for distributed sources larger than 10 MVA. IEEE , describes practices for secondary network interconnections.

10 IEC : Communication and control interfaces for all DERs It defines information models to be used in the exchange of data with DER, which comprise distributed generation devices and storage devices, including fuel cells, microturbines, photovoltaics and combined heat and power. It utilizes existing IEC logical nodes where possible, but also defines DER-specific logical nodes where needed. Such standards allow simplify implementation, reduction of installation costs, sophisticated market-driven operations, simplify maintenance, improvement of the overall reliability and efficiency of power system operations

11 IEC : Communication for monitoring and control of wind turbine It is a subset of IEC 61400; a set of standards for designing wind turbines. The standard opens up for control and monitoring of information from different wind turbine vendors in a homogeneous manner. The information is hierarchically structured and covers for example common information regarding the rotor, generator, converter, grid connection. The information may be simple data (including timestamp and quality) and configuration values or more comprehensive attributes and descriptive information, for example engineering unit, scale, reference, statistical or historical information. The application area of IEC covers all components required for the operation of wind power plants including the meteorological subsystem, the electrical subsystem and the wind power plant management system.

12 IEEE 1379: Recommended Pratice for Data Communications between RTUs and IEDs Published in 2000 provides a set of guidelines for communications and interoperations of remote terminal units (RTUs) and intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) in a substation (microprocessor-based controllers of power system equipment) This standard covers two widely used protocols for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems: IEC and distributed network protocol DNP3

13 IEC 62351: cyber security and protection of communication protocol from hackers' IEC is a standard developed by WG15 of IEC TC57. The different security objectives include authentication of data transfer through digital signatures, ensuring only authenticated access, prevention of eavesdropping, prevention of playback and spoofing, and intrusion detection.

14 IEEE P2030

15 IEEE 1344 (1995) - IEEE C (2005): Measurement systems of synchronized phasor It provides a method to quantify and evaluate the measurement of the syncronized phasor, it define a data communication protocol, including message formats for communicating this data in a real-time system It introduces a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) It defines Total Vector Error (TVE) Reporting intervals

16 PMU laboratory testing equipment

17 Dynamic Rating systems The growing development of RES production units could cause growing load currents on existing overhead line. Old conductor types might be replaced with thermal resistance conductors that could be operated at temperatures between 150 C and 250 C without change mechanical and chemical properties. Another method to upgrate an existing electrical structure is the installation of Dynamic Thermal Rating Systems, in order to evaluate real time meteorological terms and temperature conductors to known conditions. In the PMU, Dynamic Rating systems (DR) or Dynamic Line Rating systems (DLR) based on: Weather-based Model, Temperature-based Model, Sag/Tension-based Model, Electrical Model will be introduced.

18 Dynamic Rating systems In Italy overhead transmission lines use bimetallic conductors (ACSR-Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced). They have a steel core with high mechanical resistance and outer layers consisting of several row aluminium wire s layers helically wound on that support. Due to the increase of power flows on the grid, in some critical lines these old conductor types have been replaced with thermal resistance conductors that may be operated at temperatures between 150 C and 250 C without change mechanical and chemical properties. Main thermal resistance conductors are: TACSR, GTASCR, ZTACIR, ACSS. Also the conductors with composite materials core (carbon fiber, glass fiber, ceramic materials, etc.) present the above thermal advantages and can be used for energy transmission. Since few years, TERNA (Italian TSO) has replaced ACSR conductors with thermal resistant conductors on some power lines. The replacement is needed to guarantee a greater energy transit in that grid portion particularly interested by production units; as example the winter ratings load current increased from 504 A to 693 A in one of the italian line.

19 IEEE 519: Standard for Harmonics It is the standard establishing the limits on harmonics amplitudes for currents and voltages at the point of common coupling (PCC), or point of metering in Electric Power Systems. The limits assure that the electric utility can deliver relativ clean power to all of its customers and that the electric utility can protect its electr equipment from overheating, loss of life from excessive currents harmonics, and excessive voltage stress due to excessive voltage harmonics.

20 Conclusions lthe availability of numerous international standards regulating almost all aspects lof distributed generation systems and smart grids releases local organizations and lgovernments by the need to define protocols and standards. la short description of the most important and necessary standards have lbeen introduced and briefly explained and commented. Their use requires a ldeep knowledge which cannot be concentrated in few pages.

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