Zero Emission Buildings - the Norwegian Approach

Transcription

1 Zero Emission Buildings - the Norwegian Approach Anne Grete Hestnes Professor, Faculty of architecture and fine art, NTNU Director, Centre for Zero Emission Buildings (ZEB)

2 Reducing emissions World abatement of energy related CO 2 emissions in the 450 Scenario:

3 Zero emission buildings Why: In a global and European perspective, buildings are accountable for about 40% of all GHG emissions. IPCC reports points to measures in the building sector as being the most economical (when compared to other important sectors).

4 Energy efficiency cheaper than new energy Cost for various GHG measures in Europe, Source: McKinsey (2008)

5 Zero emission buildings introduced in many national programs Proposed revision of EU s Building Directive: Demand for a roadmap for how to get from today s standard to zero emission buildings. Source (figure): Karsten Voss, Wuppertal University.

6 State-of-the-art in Norway new dwellings Løvåshagen, Bergen 28 apartments completed in Sold at market prices. Norway s largest passive house project so far. Calculated energy demand (purchased): 65 kwh/m 2 yr (ca 50 % of required by new Building Code).

7 State-of of-the-art - retrofitting of dwellings Husby terrasse, Stjørdal 110 apartments retrofitted to low-energy standard in Energy use before/after: 265/150 kwh/m 2 y Source: Arkideco Single family dwelling, Orkanger, Retrofitted to low energy standard Energy use before/after: 270/130 kwh/m 2 yr (purchased) Source: SINTEF Byggforsk

8 State-of of-the-art - retrofitting of dwellings Myhrerenga borettlag, Oslo 168 apartments to be retrofitted to passive house standard Energy use before/after: 280/80 kwh/m 2 y Illustration: Arkitektskap Before and after

9 State-of-the-art new office buildings Sparebank 1, Midt-Norge, Trondheim. Calculated purchased energy: ~ 102 kwh/m 2 yr. To be completed in Illustration: Agraff.AS Prof. Brocks gate 2, Trondheim. Calculated purchased energy: ~ 94 kwh/m 2 yr. Completed Illustration: PKA Architects

10 State-of-the-art retrofit office building The UN-building, Arendal. Energy use before/after: 300/100 kwh/m 2 y Source:Skanska

11 Factors influencing the future energy policy in Norway EU s goal: Reduce green house gas emissions and the energy use with 20 %, and increase renewable energy with 20 % within 2020 EU Renewable Energy Directive: reduction of energy use is necessary in order to be able to fulfill the requirements Recast Energy Performance of Buildings Directive Bygningsenergidirektivet : All buildings built after 31 December 2019 will have to produce their own energy on-site There will be an increasing focus on energy efficiency in the future! 11

12 Where are we going? The Norwegian Low Energy Commission s report of August 2009 proposes a stepwise tightening of the Building Code:

13 Our definition of ZEB: Zero GHG emission from production, operation, and demolition! The Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art at NTNU is host for the recently established Research Centre on Zero Emission Buildings (ZEB), which is one of eight centers for Environmentfriendly Energy Research (FME). The Centre s vision is to become a national research centre that will place Norway at the forefront of research, innovation and implementation of buildings for the future with extremely low energy requirements and a zero net climate footprint. The primary objective is to develop solutions for existing and new buildings, both residential and commercial, in order to bring about a breakthrough for buildings with zero greenhouse gas emissions associated with their construction, operation, and demolition.

14 Our challenge Compensate for emissions from the production of materials and construction by producing more energy (from renewable sources!) than the building uses during its operation. NFE-T: Renewable energy for thermal needs Source: Tor Helge Dokka, SINTEF

15 Reduced energy use + energy production But the answer should in most cases be local production on, or at least close to the building. Central railway station, Berlin. Photo: Hestnes. Preikestolhytta. Architects: Helen&Hard

16 Strategy: Trias Energetica Environmentally friendly supply Reuse/recycle energy Reduce the need for energy Source: Lechner, Lysen, and others The most environmentally friendly kwh is the one that is not used! Source: Ecobox v/stein Stoknes

17 The first step reduced need I.e. at least low energy and passive houses Ladeveien 20, Oslo. Photo: Stein Stoknes Passive dwellings in the Netherlands and in Norway. Source: SINTEF

18 The next step energy production (renewable energy) Environmental loading using different energy sources: UTSLIPP [CO 2 ] FRA ULIKE ENERGIKILDER Gram CO2 pr. levert kwh energi Sol Bio Elektrisitet, vannkraft Fjernvarme (landssnitt) Varmepumpe, el fra gass uten CO2 fangst LNG Gass direkte bruk Fyringsolje, propan etc. Elektrisitet, via gasskraft uten CO2 fangst Source: Tore Wigenstad, SINTEF

19 Active solar thermal systems: - Mature technology - Off-the-shelf products in many countries - Cost-effective thermal heat in many countries - Will need back-up systems at high latitudes - Space heating often combined with water heating - Best cost-effectiveness for summer use (e.g. pools etc) - Central solar heating plants for many buildings more cost-effective Building integration = better potential for cost effectiveness! Turkey Germany Norway

20 Why solar cells as well: Future buildings will have a reduced need for energy. However, they will all still require power for fans, lights, and other equipment. Primarily, future buildings will require electricity! And again, building integration

21 Other options? Urban Turbines Wind turbines placed on the roof of an apartment building in Chicago. Architect: Helmut Jahn Such installations require rather tall buildings and an average wind speed over 4 m/s. I.e. somewhat limited usability. Source: Karsten Voss, Wuppertal University

22 CO 2 emissions from the production of materials and buildings also have to be minimized. In all cases life cycle analyses when choosing materials - i.e. from cradle to grave : embodied energy in materials (production of construction materials, transportation of these materials, construction) Laftehus, Sverresborg Folkemuseum Source: A.S.Nordby, NTNU the consequences of materials choice on energy use for operation reuse/recycling Klosterenga, Oslo Source: GASA Arkitekter

23 Zero emission: Architectural consequences Zero Energy Buildings are designed to perform well, be comfortable, require only standard maintenance, and look no different than ordinary buildings. Quote: NREL/U.S.DOE Nonsense! Zero emission buildings can have many different architectural expressions and provide many architectural possibilities! Architect: Coop Himmelblau Source: Klaudia Farkas, NTNU

24 Architectural consequences Focus on energy use alone may have a negative effect on diffusion among architects and clients. Ref. the history (last century!): - Engineering Christmas Trees - for those with a particular interest - for those that are not real architects Delayed the development of good solutions.

25 Architectural consequences Today s situation is very different! Passive house = container But simpler shapes make it easier to reach the passive house goals. Source: Ecobox Source: Inger Andresen, NTNU

26 Architectural consequences Today s situation is very different! But taller buildings may have problems getting sufficient roof surface for energy producing elements (solar thermal collectors and solar cells). Using the facades may be the solution especially at our latitudes.

27 Architectural consequences An alternative to facades may be coverings over atria, terraces, parking lots,... Gemeindezentrum Ludes, Austria Architect: Herman Kaufmann Source: Klaudia Farkas, NTNU

28 Zero energy office building National Renewable Energy Lab Golden, Colorado Source: RNL Design/ Shanti Pless, NREL architecture: Rolf & Hotz, Freiburg energy design: Stahl & Weiss, Freiburg

29 Zero energy office building Marché International Support Office, Zürich, Switzerland Source: Beat Kämpfen, Architect architecture: Rolf & Hotz, Freiburg energy design: Stahl & Weiss, Freiburg

30 Zero emission (?) dwellings Solar Settlement Freiburg, Germany Architect: Rolf Disch Source: Karsten Voss architecture: Rolf & Hotz, Freiburg energy design: Stahl & Weiss, Freiburg

31 Zero emission (?) dwellings VELFAC s Active house, Lystrup, Denmark architecture: Rolf & Hotz, Freiburg energy design: Stahl & Weiss, Freiburg

32 What do we have to do: Reduce energy needs to a minimum (passive houses etc.). Use clean, renewable energy to cover the remaining need for thermal energy (for heating and cooling). Use renewable energy to cover the need for electricity. Consider embodied energy as well. Source: Tor Helge Dokka

33 What do we have to do: We must also consider the energy use for buildings and for transportation together. How about the car as both energy use and energy producer? Source: Statsbygg

34 FME-ZEB: Zero Emission Buildings In February 2009, the Research Council of Norway assigned The Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art at NTNU to host one of eight new national Centres for Environment-friendly Energy Research (FME): Zero Emission Buildings (ZEB). Duration: Budget: approximately 38 mill Euro (300 mill NOK)

35 The Research Centres for Environmentfriendly Energy Research (FMEs): Norwegian Centre for Offshore Wind Energy (CMR) BIGCCS Centre International CCS Research Centre (SINTEF Energy) Subsurface CO2 storage Critical Elements and Superior Strategy (CMR) Research Centre for Offshore Wind Technology (SINTEF Energiforskning) Centre for Environmental Design of Renewable Energy (SINTEF Energiforskning) The Norwegian Research Centre for Solar Cell Technology (IFE) Bioenergy Innovation Centre (UMB) The Research Centre on Zero Emission Buildings (NTNU)

36 ZEB: The Research Centre on Zero Emission Buildings = a national team University and research institutions Producers of materials and products for the building industry Contractors, consultants, architects Trade organizations Public administration Property managers Users NTNU SINTEF SINTEF Energi Skanska Weber Isola Glava Protan Hydro Aluminium YIT DuPont Multiconsult Brødrene Dahl Snøhetta ByBo Forsvarsbygg Statsbygg Husbanken Byggenæringens landsforening Norsk Teknologi Statens Byggetekniske Etat

37 International partners: VTT (Finland) Chalmers (Sweden) Fraunhofer (Germany) TNO (The Netherlands) LBL (USA) MIT (USA) University of Strathclyde (Scotland) Tsinghua University (China) Reference group: Lavenergiprogrammet NBBL NVE Forbrukerrådet EcoBox Driftsforum Enova

38 ZEB Workplan ZEB will focus its work in five areas that interact and influence each other: WP1: Advanced materials technologies WP2: Climate-adapted low-energy envelope technologies WP3: Energy supply systems and services WP4: Energy efficient use and operation WP5: Concepts and strategies

39 The ZEB Research Centre Management: Director: Professor Anne Grete Hestnes, NTNU Manager: Research manager Terje Jacobsen, SINTEF Byggforsk Work Package Leaders: WP1: Professor Arild Gustavsen, NTNU WP2: Research manager Berit Time, SINTEF WP3: Professor Vojislav Novakovic, NTNU WP4: Associate professor Thomas Berker, NTNU WP5: Senior researcher Tor Helge Dokka, SINTEF EU contact: Professor Øyvind Aschehoug, NTNU