WHY EXERCISE IS IMPORTANT

Transcription

1 1 2 3 (97) دوره پیش دانشگاهی LESSON ONE WHY EXERCISE IS IMPORTANT Conjunctions (ربط دهندهها) ربط دهندهها به چهار گروه تقسیم می شوند که عبارتند از: الف) ربط دهندههای هم پایه coordinate conjunction ب) ربط دهندههای قیدی conjunctive adverbs پ) ربط دهندههای تابع قیدی adverbial subordinate conjunction ج) ربط دهندههای دوتایی correlative conjunction پ) ربط دهندههای تابع قیدی adverbial subordinate conjunction جملههای پیرو قیدی جملههایی هستند که به توصیف فعل میپردازند یا اطلاعات بیشتری در مورد فعل به ما میدهند. ربط دهندهها تابع قیدی جمله پایه ربط میدهند. این ربط دهنده ها عبارتند از : main clause را به جمله پیرو subordinate clause while / whereas ( contrast /explicit ) تضاد (مغایرت صریح) مستقیم (IV ٩٧ زمان I) when/while/ before/after/since/as/until/till/as long a/as soon as ( time ) دلیل (II because / since / as ( reason ) تضاد (III although / though / even though ( contrast /unexpected result )

2 (98) گرامر دبیرستان و کنکور so. that,such ( a/an ). so that / in order that if /whether / unless ( cause and result ) ( purpose ) علت و نتیجه هدف و منظور ( condition ) as..as ( comparison ) شرط مقایسه (V (VI (VII (VII در این درس ما فقط به ربط دهنده های دلیل- زمان و شرط می پردازیم ( time ) : ربط دهندههای زمان (I when / while / before / after / since/ as /until /till / as long as / as soon as when به معنی وقتی که : * زمانی استفاده می شود که دو عمل به دنبال هم یا به صورت همزمان اتفاق بیفتند. When it began to rain, he closed the door. She was in other room when the phone rang. As به معنی همان طوری که در حالی که به محض اینکه : * برای بیان دو عمل که به طور مستمر و همزمان صورت میگیرند. As I was delivering lecture, the students were listening carefully. * برای ربط دو عمل که متعاقب هم صورت گرفته باشند. As I completed my project, I sent it to my professor's office. به محض اینکه پروژه را به اتمام رساندم آن را به دفتر استادم ارسال کردم. I fell as I was rushing down the stairs. * برای بیان عملی که در گذشته توسط عمل دیگری قطع شده باشد. به مفهوم همان طوری که نیز به کار میرود. As I pointed out, tomorrow the school will remain closed because of heavy snowfall. as نکته 1: ٩٨

3 (99) دوره پیش دانشگاهی نکته 2: as به عنوان ربط دهنده تناسب نیز به کار میرود. As he is getting older, he is losing his memory. نکته 3: as به عنوان ربط دهنده مقایسه نیز بکار میرود. He can speak English as fluently as a native speaker. Since به معنی از زمانی که: به عنوان ربط دهنده زمان به مبدا زمان اشاره میکند. I have not been to London since I left there some years ago. ( reason ) ربط دهندههای دلیل: (II because / since / as به معنی به دلیل اینکه زیرا و به علت اینکه: As I was too hungry I stopped to buy a sandwich. She didn't go out because it was raining. Since the exercise is too easy, we can easily do it. به معنی اگر چه چه مگر اینکه: You must go tomorrow whether you are ready or not. فردا باید بروی چه آماده باشی چه نباشی. ( condition ) ربط دهندههای شرط: (III if /whether or / unless Unless you start at once you ll be late. If you don t start at once you ll be late. unless + if = فعل به صورت مثبت + فعل منفی + ٩٩

4 (100) گرامر دبیرستان و کنکور A: Structure: ( choose the best answer for each question ) 1-Do you ever watch TV you are having dinner. ( azad riazi 84 ) 1)although 2)since 3)whereas 4)while 2-I feel sleepy.i attend in the afternoon classes.(azad pezeshki 84) 1)whether 2)since 3)while 4)when 3-..the economy is uncertain,people tend to spend less. ( tajrobi azad 84) 1)As 2)When 3)While 4)Whereas 4-We watched television all evening we had nothing better to do. (azad tajrobi 84) 1)so that 2)while 3)although 4)as 5-We will go on a trip we are ready or not. (tajrobi 84) 1)unless 2)whether 3)because 4)although 6-Everybody can still enjoy sports.he is young or old. ( zaban 84) 1)unless 2)since 3)whether 4)so that 7-The mirror fell and broke.my mother was hanging it on the wall. (riazi 84) 1)during 2)whereas 3)since 4)while 8-..he had no money for a bus, he had to walk all way the home. ( zaban 84) 1)But 2)Thus 3)So 4)As 9-Whether you stay here go to another country you should work and study. 1)but 2)and 3)or 4)so 10-He studied medicine he wished to help the sick. 1)unless 2)because 3)furthermore 4)but B: Vocabulary : ( Choose the best answer for each question ) 11- So tired was David that he went.to bed. ( azad pezeshki 84) 1) distant 2)extreme 3)anxious 4)straight 12-Things needed to keep a living thing alive and to help it grow are.. ( honar 84) 1)contents 2)joints 3)nutrients 4)networks ١٠٠

5 (101) دوره پیش دانشگاهی 13-Children usually have bodies since they can bend and stretch easily. (riazi 84) 1)mild 2)relaxed 3)flexible 4)reduced 14-The amount of money one earns the work he is doing. (ensani 84) 1)depends on 2)refers to 3)asks for 4)consist of 15-In most countries, the people all understand one language.they feel..of their country, its history and way of life. (azad tajrobi 84) 1)anxious 2)nervous 3)proud 4)worried 16-Television can.our knowledge of the outside world ;there are high quality programs that help us understand many fields of study. (tajrobi 84) 1)decrease 2)reduce 3)magnify 4)increase 17-Plants draw minerals and other from the soil. ( zaban 84) 1)nutrients 2)chemicals 3)underpass 4)features 18-I didn't see him. I just heard his voice. (zaban 84) 1)firmly 2)actually 3)sharply 4)constantly 19-A.number of students are becoming engineers these days. (ensani 84) 1)frequent 2)growing 3)developing 4)subordinate 20-Too much pressure produced by the blood pressing against inner walls of the blood is called high blood pressure. (azad riazi 84) 1)joints 2)vessels 3)nutrients 4)ankles ١٠١

6 (102) گرامر دبیرستان و کنکور ١٠٢

7 1 2 (103) دوره پیش دانشگاهی LESSON TWO GIVING A SPEECH + to مفعول + فعل ( (by ) اسم مصدر + ) مصدر بدون Verb + object + Bare infinitive (I By + Gerund for manner (II (Verb + object + Bare infinitive).i ) مصدر بدون + to مفعول + فعل ( در این درس با سه فعل let,make,help ١٠٣ بعد از افعال ) let اجازه دادن) و بعد از ) make سرو کار داریم. وادار کردن) مصدر بدون to بکار میرود. He made his son clean the house A smile lets them know that you are human and trustworthy. ) کمک کردن ( هم میتوان از مصدر بدون to help و هم مصدر با استفاده کرد. to Your sense of humor can help the audience (to) have fun. نکته 1: افعالی که بعد از آنها در حالت معلوم مصدر بدون to به کار میرود در حالت مجهول پس از آنها مصدر با to استفاده می شود. His son was made to clean the house. let نکته 2: از این قاعده مستثنی است. یعنی چه در حالت معلوم چه مجهول پس از این فعل مصدر بدون to قرار می گیرد. نکته 3: به خاطر داشته باشید که فعل let به شکل مجهول در نمیآید و معمولا در این حالت به جای آن از افعال allow و permit استفاده میشود.

8 1 1 2 (104) گرامر دبیرستان و کنکور نکته 4: پس از افعال allow,permit و فعل force که هم معنی make است مصدر با to میآوریم. He forced me to stay at home. نکته 5: بعد از افعال بالا و قبل از مصدر مفعول میآید. ( By + Gerund for manner ). II ) اسم مصدر + by ( by گاهی اوقات می توان از ساختار + ing فعل + برای بیان شیوه انجام یک کار استفاده کرد. Put feeling and energy into your voice by practicing. نکته 1: اگر این عبارت در ابتدای جمله بیاید پس از آن کاما می گذاریم. By speaking in front of mirror, you can practice your speaking skill. گرامر این درس در این جا به پایان می رسد اما برای یاد آوری به نکات زیر بعد توجه کنید: الف) اسم مصدر( (Gerund ا سم مصدر را با افزودن ing به آخر شکل ساده فعل می سازند. ا سم مصدر مانند ا سم عمل کرده و در سه جای جمله بکار می رود: در اول جمله و در نقش فاعل: learning English is easy. بعد از حرف اضافه و در نقش مفعول حرف اضافه: I'm tired of sitting here. ١٠٤

9 1 2 (105) دوره پیش دانشگاهی I like swimming. توجه :1 حروف اضافه عبارتند از:.) by, (to, at,on, in, after, before, for, بعد از برخی افعال در نقش مفعول آن افعال: توجه 2: افعالی که بعد از آنها اسم مصدر بکار می رود عبارتند از: Avoid, enjoy, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, go on, dislike, risk, stop, practice, consider, involve, delay, deny, escape, appreciate, quit, suggest, mention, discuss. توجه 3: بعد ا ز ا فعال زیر هم می توان ا سم مصدر بکار برد و هم مصدر با :to like, start, try, remember, forget, allow, hate, love. ب) افعالی که بعد از آنها فعل به صورت مصدر با to میآید. برخی ا فعال هستند که اگر فعل دیگری بعد از آنها بیاید. به صورت مصدر با to بکار میرود. این افعال عبارتند از: (want, ask, tell, try, promise, forget, agree, decide, plan, like) (begine, prefer, wish, hope, seem, learn, refuse, appear, help, mean) I want to sit here. گاهی اوقات با برخی از این افعال قبل از مصدر با to مفعول بکار میرود. (want, ask, tell, promise, like) (advise, allow, expect, hate, help, mean, order, prefer, teach, wish) I want John to sit here. A: Structure: ( Choose the best answer for each questions ) 1-You can make sauce by the cream. ( azmayeshi 84) 1)boiled 2)boiling 3)boils 4)boil 2-I ll decide what to do by myself. You can not make me anything. (azmayeshi 84) 1)to do 2)do 3)doing 4)did ١٠٥

10 (106) گرامر دبیرستان و کنکور 3-The examiner made us.our identification in order to be admitted to the test center. (zaban 82) 1)showed 2)show 3)to show 4)showing 4-I m still looking for a job but I..something soon. (azad ensani 79) 1)to hope find 2)hope to find 3)find to hope 4)hope finding 5-I dislike in one place all day long.it s make me tired. (ensani 79) 1)staying 2)stay 3)will stay 4)to stay 6-I don t mind at home all day because then I can spend more time on the children. (riazi 79) 1)to stay 2)stayed 3)staying 4)to stay 7-Would you mind..your name for me? ( riazi 74) 1)spell 2)spelling 3)to spell 4)to spelling 8-The teacher made the students.their homework. (ensani 74) 1)doing 2)do 3)done 4)to do 9-Good drivers always avoid..very fast in busy and crowded streets. (tajrobi 74) 1)to drive 2)driving 3)from driving 4)of driving 10-Let s.the teacher collect the exam paper. ( tajrobi 70) 1)help 2)helping 3)to help 4)we help B:Vocabulary: ( Choose the best answer for each questions) 11-one of the effects of television on the human brain is that it seemed to cause poor. ( riazi 84) 1)concentration 2)background 3)involvement 4)promotion 12-She always moves into the same.for the cameras. (tajrobi 84) 1)posture 2)formation 3)capacity 4)scene 13-Children who view a lot of T.V can often on a subject for only fifteen to twenty minutes. (ensani 84 ) 1)concentrate 2)communicate 3)compute 4)connect 14-I felt.that I would pass my driving test. (azad ensani 84) 1)artificial 2)confident 3)addictive 4)complex ١٠٦

11 (107) دوره پیش دانشگاهی 15-There is so much in my new job. I do something different everyday. (azmayeshi) 1)effect 2)hobby 3)degree 4)variety 16-A talk that gives information on a special subject is a/an.. (zaban 84) 1)proportion 2)presentation 3)prediction 4)expectation 17-I would just like to.how important it is for people to learn foreign languages. 1)enhance 2)encourage 3) hypothesize 4)emphasize 18-Her eyes..the love she felt toward her son. (azmayeshi) 1)encouraged 2)expressed 3)attached 4)realized 19-Audience.will encourage them to pay attention to your speech. (azmayeshi) 1)comparison 2)permission 3)relationship 4)involvement 20-There is a close..between man and his environment. (azmayeshi) 1)relationship 2)communication 3)friendship 4)education ١٠٧

12 (108) گرامر دبیرستان و کنکور ١٠٨

13 1 2 4 (109) دوره پیش دانشگاهی LESSON THREE GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL CONCERN The boy in blue is John. Reduced Adjective Clauses ) عبارات وصفی «موصولی» کوتاه شده ( عبارت( (phrase : مجموعه چند کلمه مرتبط است که فاعل و فعل ندارد. نکته 1: عبارتها می توانند نقش اسمی صفتی قیدی و.. داشته باشند. مانند جمله بالا که در آن in blue یک عبارت صفتی است که اسم the boy را توصیف می کند. جمله واره (قضیه) یا یا ناقص باشد. : clause بخشی از یک جمله است که فاعل و فعل دارد و میتواند کامل When he comes, we'll leave. 3 جمله وارههای را که اسم قبل از خود را توصیف می کنند جمله واره موصولی ) clause ( relative مینامند. جمله وارههای موصولی را با ضمایر موصولی آغاز میکنند که این ضمایر عبارتند از: who, whom, which, that,.. The boy who is sitting there is my brother. 5 جملهواره موصولی (وصفی صفتی) را به دو طریق میتوان به عبارت صفتی تبدیل کرد: الف) اگر فعل جملهواره صفتی to be باشد: فعل to be و ضمیر موصولی را حذف میکنیم. Most plastics which are made from oil are difficult to recycle. Most plastics made from oil are difficult to recycle. ١٠٩

14 (110) گرامر دبیرستان و کنکور ب) اگر فعل جمله واره صفتی to be نباشد: اگر جمله به زمان حال ساده باشد ضمیر موصولی را حذف و فعل اصلی را به صورت ing فرم در میآوریم. All over the world, there are people who pollute the environment All over the world, there are people polluting the environment. 6- به نکات زیر که از کتاب درسی استخراج شده توجه کنید : عبارتهای صفتی که مفهوم معلوم دارند با اضافه کردن ing به فعل ساخته میشوند. عبارتهای صفتی که مفهوم مجهول دارند با شکل سوم فعل ساخته میشوند. A: Structrue : (choose the best answer for each questions) 1-The train at 10:30 is the best for you. So hurry up;otherwise, you will miss it. (85) 1)leaving 2)left 3)which left 4)to leave 2-Acid rain by burning gas, oil and coal destroys forest. ( riazi azad 84 ) 1)is created 2)creating 3)created 4)which created 3-The psychologists..the nature of sleep have made important discoveries. (honar84) 1)studying 2)study 3)to study 4)be studying 4-Somebody Jack phoned while you were out. ( zaban 84) 1)named 2)naming 3)being named 4)which named 5-The experiment..at the university of Tehran was succesful. (riazi 84) 1)conducted 2)conducting 3)which conducted 4)to conducted 6-People..in the area can enjoy the fresh air and peace. (azmayeshi) 1)who living 2)live 3)lived 4)living 7-Most of the people..in the area were originally from France. (zaban 83) 1)lived 2)to live 3)living 4)live 8-The children.paintings won a prize were given 10 pounds each. (zaban 81) 1)who 2)that 3)what 4)whose 9-He is the man about..i told you. (74) 1)who 2)whom 3)whose 4)that ١١٠

15 (111) دوره پیش دانشگاهی 10-This is the house in..we lived for ten years. (75) 1)where 2)that 3)whose 4)which B: Vocabulary : ( Choose the best answer for each questions) 11-I d like to the size of the photograph so that we can use it as birthday card. (84) 1)provide 2)locate 3)estimate 4)reduce 12-We put our empty bottles in a bottle bank for... (azad 84) 1)trapping 2)surviving 3)recycling 4)suffering 13-The report made a direct.to a certain members of the government. ( tajrobi 84) 1)decision 2)references 3)experience 4)solution 14-Fortunately,my second attempt at making outline for the book was more.than my first. (honar 84) 1)equipped 2)repetitive 3)reflected 4)effective 15-Test the of the water to make sure it is not hot. ( honar 84) 1)posture 2)gesture 3)temperature 4)atmosphere 16-We need stronger laws to protect the.from pollution. (honar 84) 1)projection 2)achievement 3)environment 4)biography 17-People living in cold need to wear thick clothes to keep them warm. ( azad 84) 1)distances 2)regions 3)bulls 4)craters 18-When we talk about the weather, we talk about the.that is,how cold or hot it is.(riazi 84) 1)culture 2)community 3)temperature 4)pollution 19- is a type of black material that is mined from the ground. (zaban 84) 1)Coal 2)Core 3)Crater 4)Crust 20-The school arranges social for students on the weekends. ( ensani 84) 1)activities 2)procedures 3)capacities 4)achievement ١١١

16 (112) گرامر دبیرستان و کنکور ١١٢

17 1 (113) دوره پیش دانشگاهی LESSON FOUR EARTHQUAKES so.that,such ( a/an ). Cause and Result Conjunctions (ربط دهندههای تابع قیدی علت و نتیجه) جهت استفاده از ربط دهنده های تابع قیدی علت و نتیجه که عبارتند از: از الگو های زیر استفاده میکنیم: so به معنی خیلی آنقدر چنان. جمله + ) that ( + قید / صفت + so کاربرد الف) I was so tired that I couldn't walk. نکته 1: میتوان so را همراه با much-little,many-few اسم جمع بسته شده+ so many ( few ) به صورت زیر بکار ببریم: Maryam had so many letters to type that she couldn t leave the office early. اسم غیر قابل شمارش )+ little so much ( Maryam had so much homework that she couldn't watch TV ب)کاربرد such suchقبل از 1- به معنی آنچنان آنقدر چنین. اسم یا اسم همراه صفت با توجه به الگوهای زیر بکار می رود: ١١٣

18 (114) گرامر دبیرستان و کنکور Such (a/an) + اسم مفرد + صفت + that +... It was such a cold day that Javad stayed at home. Such + اسم غیر قابل شمارش یا اسم جمع بسته شده + صفت + that + It is such sunny weather that he can play tennis in the park. Intensifiers ) تشدید کنندهها ( الف) کاربرد enough به عنوان صفت به معنی کافی. enough قبل از اسم میآید و به جمله معنی مثبت میدهد. هم در جملات منفی بکار میرود و هم در جملات مثبت. الگوی کاربرد enough به صورت زیر است : + to فعل + اسم+ enough He had enough experience to get the job. I didn't have enough time to finish the exam. ١١٤ ب) کاربرد enough به عنوان قید به معنی به قدر یا اندازه کافی. enough بعد از صفت یا قید میآید. هم در جملات مثبت و هم در جملات منفی بکار میرود. به جمله معنی مثبت میدهد که نشان میدهد انجام فعل بعد از آن امکان پذیر است. الگوی کاربرد آن به صورت زیر است:

19 1 2 3 (115) دوره پیش دانشگاهی فعل + to + ) اسم یا ضمیر مفعولی + for + enough + ( صفت/قید 1-He is five years old. He can t go to school He is not old enough to go to school. 2-The suitcase was light. I could lift it. The suitcase was light enough for me to lift. ج) کاربرد too به معنی خیلی و بیش از حد قبل از صفت یا قید بکار میرود. معنی منفی به جمله میدهد و نشان میدهد که انجام فعلی که بعد از آن بکار میرود امکان پذیر نیست. الگوی کاربرد too به صورت زیر است: فعل+ + to ) مفعول اسم یا ضمیر + for +( قید/صفت + too 1-My father is very old. He can't play tennis. My father is too old to play tennis. 2-The house was very small. We couldn't live in it. The house is too small for us to live in. توجه 1: اسم جمع بسته شده+ many too اسم غیر قابل شمارش+ too much There were too many guests in the celebration. توجه : 2 too به جمله مفهوم منفی میدهد بنابراین در جمله دارای too کلمه not نداریم. در صورتی که فاعل و فعل مشترک باشد مفعول را از آخر جمله The box is too heavy for me to lift. توجه 4: بعد از much too صفت قرار میگیرد. He is much too tired. ١١٥ توجه : 3 در جمله دارای too حذف میکنیم.

20 (116) گرامر دبیرستان و کنکور A: Structrue : ( Choose the best answer for each questions ) 1-Let s stay home; it is not to go swimming. ( zaban 84 ) 1)warm too 2)enough warm 3)too warm 4)warm enough 2-My parents didn't think I was to get married. (honar 84) 1)so old 2)very old 3)such old 4)old enough 3-It was..stormy that the wind blew the roof off the building. (ensani 84) 1)so 2)very 3)too 4)such 4-The house was.small for us to live in, so we moved to a bigger one. (riazi 84) 1)so 2)such 3)very 4)too 5-They have got..money they don't know what to do with it. (riazi 84) 1)such a 2)so much 3)so many 4)too many 6-It was..amusing film that I couldn t stop laughing. (tajrobi 84) 1)so 2)too 3)very 4)such an 7-There weren t..for everybody to have coffee at the same time. (azad pezeaki 84) 1)so many cups 2)enough cups 3)such cups 4)too many cups 8-the problem was so..that I had to ask for help in order to solve it. (azmayeshi 84) 1)confuse 2)confused 3)confusing 4)to confuse 9-I was working..that I forgot what the time was. (zaban 84) 1)so hard 2)so hardly 3)too hard 4)too hardly 10-We had..in our holiday that we didn t want to come back home. (pezeshki 80) 1)such a good time 2)so a good time 3)too good time 4)a good time enough ١١٦

21 (117) دوره پیش دانشگاهی B: Vocabulary: (Choose the best answer for each questions) 11-A.is an old story that may or may not be true. (zaban 84) 1)culture 2)convent 3)legend 4)mystery 12-A way of doing something, especially the usual way is a.. (riazi 84) 1)feature 2)gesture 3)procedure 4)posture 13-The open windows were all night because of the wind. (tajrobi 84) 1)reacting 2)damaging 3)rattling 4)floating 14-The engineers.. that it would take more than a year to finish building factory. (en 84) 1)observed 2)estimated 3)supported 4)experimented 15-I d like to..the size of the photograph so that we can use it as a birthday card. (84) 1)provide 2)locate 3)estimate 4)reduce 16-One of the effects of television on the human brain is that it seems to cause poor 1)concentration 2)background 3)involvement 4)promotion 17-So tired was David that he went.to bed. (azad pezeshki 84) 1)distant 2)extreme 3)anxious 4)straight 18-Children usually have..bodies since they can bend and stretch easily. (riazi 84) 1)mild 2)relaxed 3)flexible 4)reduced 19-The amount of money one earns..the work he is doing. (ensani 84) 1)depends on 2)refers to 3)asks for 4)consists of 20-Plants draw minerals and other from the soil. (zaban 84) 1)nutrients 2)chemicals 3)underpass 4)features ١١٧

22 (118) گرامر دبیرستان و کنکور ١١٨

23 (119) دوره پیش دانشگاهی LESSON FIVE CHILD LABOUR: A GLOBAL ISSUE برای بیان مغایرت از دو کلمه معنی این دو کلمه در حالی که می باشد. Showing direct contrast ) تضاد مستقیم ( while,whereas استفاده می کنیم. این دو کلمه برای ارتباط دو جمله ای بکار می روند که بیانگر تفاوتی منطقی و طبیعی باشند. چنانچه این دو کلمه در اول جمله قرار گیرند بین دو جمله پایه و پیرو کاما قرار میگیرد و در صورتی که وسط جمله قرار گیرند استفاده از کاما اختیاری است. نکته: while ربط دهنده زمان نیز میباشد. I fell while I was getting on the school bus. در حالی که سوار اتوبوس مدرسه می شدم افتادم. 5 while, whereas استفاده میشود. نکته: but به معنی while, whereas با هم تفاوتی ندارند فقط از whereas عمدتا در نوشتههای رسمی انگلیسی نیز میباشند. While Jack is a clever student, his brother is lazy. Some people like team sports, whereas others prefer individual sport. ١١٩

24 (120) گرامر دبیرستان و کنکور A: Structure: (Choose the best answer for each questions) 1-Mary is in a good health condition,..her husband suffers from different disease. 1)therefore 2)since 3)as 4)while 2-..Jack is a clever student, his brother is lazy. 1)While 2)Since 3)Because 4)Therefore 3-She is most of the time happy.today she is sad. 1)since 2)whether 3)but 4)because 4-Some people like group work, others prefer individual activities. 1)so that 2)since 3)so as 4)whereas 5-..driving is hard work, it is interesting to some people. 1)When 2)While 3)So 4)Therefore 6-..our team didn't know the mountain roads, we had to take a guide with us. 1)Although 2)Unless 3)While 4)Since 7-John likes traveling,.i don t. 1)whereas 2)since 3)whether 4)so 8-Some people prefer to work for the government,..others like to be selfemployed. 1)since 2)as 3)whereas 4)1&2 9-For some reasons, I always had trouble with chemistry,..physics was very easy for me. 1)afterward 2)therefore 3)then 4)while 10-It was a great holiday. We had.good time. 1)very 2)such 3)such a 4)so B: Vocabulary: ( Choose the best answer for each questions) 11-The idea of law.. in every culture. ( azad tajrobi 84) 1)attaches 2)removes 3)traps 4)exists 12-The school is for the safety of the children during the school hours. ( zaban 84) 1)responsible 2)particular 3)flexible 4)similar ١٢٠

25 (121) دوره پیش دانشگاهی 13-A low-fat, high fiber diet is a diet for heart disease or certain cancers. (azad riazi 84) 1)supportive 2)destructive 3)preventive 4)addictive 14-We like to maintain good.with our customers in all parts of the country. (azad pezeshki 84) 1)relations 2)presentation 3)promotion 4)recognition 15-He was so tired after the day s labor that he went to bed at eight." labor means. (tajrobi sarasari 83) 1)action 2)service 3)work 4)practice 16-As a father, he is concerned about violence, but he doesn t want to the opportunity of viewing the news from his children. (azad ensani 84) 1)reduce 2)distract 3)damage 4)remove 17-Industry helps the most to the country s economy followed by.and tourism. ( azad84) 1)agriculture 2)extinction 3)proportion 4)procedure 18-Another important..is the making of electrical goods, like radios and television. (riazi84) 1)category 2)summary 3)instrument 4)industry 19-When you agree to respect the..of others, they will do the same to you, in return. 1)grades 2)extremes 3)natures 4)rights 20-The work the children are given to do often involves risks to their health. 1)perfect 2)serious 3)limited 4)well-known ١٢١

26 (122) گرامر دبیرستان و کنکور ١٢٢

27 1 2 3 (123) دوره پیش دانشگاهی LESSON SIX SPACE EXPLORATION Subordinators of adverbial clause of purpose (ربط دهندههای قیدی هدف و منظور) ١٢٣ برای بیان هدف و منظور از عبارتهای زیر استفاده میکنیم: (so that, in order that) so that,in order that به معنی به منظور اینکه یا تا میباشند. این ربط دهندهها را قبل از جمله پیرو یعنی جمله ای که هدف یا مقصود انجام کار را بیانگر میباشد به کار می بریم. I went out so that/in order that I could meet my friend 4 جهت ارتباط دو جمله باید دارای تطابق زمانی باشند یعنی نمیتوان جمله ی پایه را به زمان حال و جمله پیرو را به زمان گذشته و یا بالعکس بیان نمود. John goes to the library so that he can study in a quiet place. John went to the library so that he could study in a quiet place. 5 در جمله پیرو دارای so that معمولا افعال کمکی نظیر may, would,will, could, can داریم. might, 6 that را میتوان حذف کرد و معمولا در محاوره حذف میشود. نکته 1: برای بیان منظور و هدف از in order to, so as to نیز استفاده میکنیم. نکته 2: چون این دو ساختار ربط دهنده نیستند بنابراین بعد از آنها جمله قرار نمیگیرد. (فاعل و فعل کمکی جمله پیرو را حذف میکنیم و فعل اصلی جمله را به صورت ساده مینویسیم). He comes here in order to learn English.

28 (124) گرامر دبیرستان و کنکور She s going to the post office so as to buy some stamps. نکته 3: در پاسخ به جمله سوالی شده با why میتوان in order را حذف و فقط از to استفاده کرد. Why did he come here? He came here to learn English. for نکته 4: برای بیان هدف و منظور از حرف اضافه است بعد از آن اسم میآید. for هم میتوان استفاده کرد اما باید توجه داشت که چون He went to the store in order to buy some bread. He went to the store for some bread. A saw is used for cutting. نکته 5: بعد از ساختار be used to اسم مصدر قرار میگیرد. to نکته 6: فرمولهای زیر را هم به خاطر داشته باشید: فعل + فعل + in order to so as to so that in order that for فعل + جمله + جمله + اسم + A: Structure: ( Choose the best answer for each questions ) 1-The first thing to do develop powerful rockets put a satellite into orbit. (azad riazi 84) 1)so that 2)to 3)so as 4)in order that 2-Bob went to the library.he could study in a quiet place.( azad tajrobi 84) 1)in order to 2)even though 3)so that 4)since 3-He has to wear dark glasses the sunshine may not hurt his eyes, (riazi saras 77) 1)for 2)in order to 3)so that 4)such that ١٢٤

29 (125) دوره پیش دانشگاهی 4-The bus stopped at the bus stop.the people could get on and off. (ensani 77) 1)so that 2)such as 3)for 4)in order to 5-The teacher usually puts on her glasses..read and write better. (ensani 75) 1)because 2)so that 3)for 4)in order to 6-I gave my friend my telephone number.she could contact me if necessary. ( 75) 1)so that 2)in order to 3)unless 4)whether 7-The customer asked the shopkeeper for a bag.put the fruits in. (riazi 76) 1)for 2)because 3)so that 4)in order to 8-She had saved Tomans.she could start her university. 1)so that 2)in order 3)in order for 4)so as to 9-No one wastes his time..learn something which is not available. 1)in order that 2)in order to 3)so as 4)so that 10-I tried to be on time.. see if she could win the match. 1)in order to 2)so that 3)so as 4)in order B: Vocabulary: ( Choose the best answer) 11-We are living in the of the computer. (zaban 84) 1)era 2)environment 3)pace 4)plain 12-Neil Armstrong made his first on the moon on July 20, )art 2)steps 3)dream 4)dates 13-The first landing on the moon was one small step for a man,one giant for mankind. 1)leap 2)labor 3)mass 4)nation 14-Since ancient times, people have..of leaving their home planet and exploring other worlds. 1)enhanced 2)assumed 3)designed 4)dreamed 15-There are still a lot of.about space. 1)proportions 2)richter 3)mysteries 4)partner ١٢٥

30 (126) گرامر دبیرستان و کنکور 16-This microscope can an object up to forty times. 1)magnify 2)classify 3)consider 4)arrange 17-They tested..of new cheese. 1)samples 2)leaps 3)craters 4)devices 18-Is the..from one end of a football field to the other end 100 yards. 1)balance 2)distance 3)influence 4)instance 19-They went on an trip to.the River Amazon. 1)explore 2)invent 3)employ 4)locate 20-Photography is not..inside the church. 1)allowed 2)competed 3)constructed 4)caused ١٢٦

31 1 2 3 (127) دوره پیش دانشگاهی LESSON SEVEN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Showing Contrast (unexpected Result) ) بیان تضاد نتیجه غیرمنتظره ( برای بیان تضاد از ربط دهندههای even though / though / although استفاده میکنیم. این ربط دهندهها بیانگر تضادی غیر طبیعی یا غیر منتظره میباشند. معنی این ربط دهندهها با وجود اینکه یا علی رغم میباشد. He studied hard. He didn't get good mark. جمله پایه جمله پیرو Although he studied hard, he didn t get good marks. نکته 1: though بیشتر در انگلیسی گفتاری و غیر رسمی بکار میرود. نکته 2: اگر در انتهای جمله جای خالی داشتیم حتما از این کلمه استفاده میکنیم که در این صورت قید است نه کلمه ربط و به معنی با این حال و با این وجود می باشد. نکته 3: although را می توان همه جا بکار برد. نکته 4: though even تاکید بیشتری را نشان میدهد. نکته 5: برای بیان مغایرت از ربط دهندههای دیگری نیز میتوانیم استفاده کنیم که این ربط دهندهها در واقع دو جمله ساده را به هم ربط میدهند و نتیجه این ربط یک جمله مرکب است ودر بین دو جمله میآیند و عبارتند از: however, nevertheless, yet, but, despite, in spite of 1-It was raining.however/nevertheless; they went out for a walk. 2-he was very sick; however/nevertheless, he went to work. ١٢٧

32 (128) گرامر دبیرستان و کنکور 3-He was a computer engineer, but/yet he didn't know how to repair the computer. 4-He came to class in spite of being sick/sickness. نکته : 6 به تفاوت بین although, however از روی علایم نقطهگذاری توجه کنید. Although جمله + (,) +جمله + + (, ) +although جمله + جمله + جمله ; + جمله +. + جمله + however however +, جمله +. + ١٢٨

33 (129) دوره پیش دانشگاهی A: Structure : ( choose the best answer for each questions ) 1-There is nothing on at the cinema;.,lets go to the museum. ( zaban 84) 1)however 2)instead 3)though 4)whereas 2-I didn't pass the test, I had studied a lot. (ensani 84) 1)as 2)whether 3)because 4)although 3-.they played well, they never looked like winning. ( azad ensani 84) 1)Since 2)While 3)Although 4)Whereas 4-..the weather was bad, we climbed to the top of mountain. ( honar 84) 1)Unless 2)Though 3)Whereas 4)However 5- I was extremely tired, I walked all the way home. 1)However 2)Furthermore 3)Even though 4)As 6-Many people don t know how to use computer it is available in many places. 1)though 2)but 3)because 4)as 7- it was getting late,he set off his journey to Colombia. 1)In order to 2)Besides 3)Because 4)Although 8-I finally reached my..after a two day long trip. ( ensani 84 ) 1)permission 2)exploration 3)expression 4)destination 9-A:Do you think all this money will change your life? B:.not. (ensani 84) 1)Regularly 2)Firmly 3)Certainly 4)Equally 10-The two organization.to form one company. (riazi 84) 1)combined 2)compared 3)influenced 4)contained 11-The system has been designed to allow the user to easily..the computer files. 1)access 2)assume 3)guide 4)stick 12-Some people carry on active social lives with computers their own or the ones.at terminals in public places. (riazi azad 84 ) 1)available 2)particular 3)voluntary 4)various 13-A hammer is a useful.for banging nails into walls. (zaban 84) 1)bar 2)case 3)track 4)device ١٢٩

34 (130) گرامر دبیرستان و کنکور 14-A (n)..version of the software will be available within six month. ( zaban 84) 1)issued 2)operated 3)updated 4)speculated 15-The most negative effect of TV might be people s..to it. (azad riazi 84) 1)relationship 2)confidence 3)addiction 4)projection 16-An instruction handbook from the manufacturer is.to the consumers. (riazi 84) 1)personal 2)available 3)relative 4)brilliant 17-Newspaper classified...frequently specify that employers are looking for nonsmokers only. (azad riazi 84) 1)advertisement 2)multimedia 3)unemployment 4)exploration 18-What the computer does is to information by making rapid arithmetic calculation. 1)pretend 2)protect 3)present 4)process 19-We have..for an assistant in the local newspaper. 1)entertained 2)advertised 3)avoided 4)composed 20-on the web, news is..continuously. 1)underlined 2)functioned 3)updated 4)launched ١٣٠

35 1 2 (131) دوره پیش دانشگاهی LESSON EIGHT MOTHER TERESA Present infinitive (مصدر کامل) فعل مصدر کامل را با یکی از افعال مدال, can't should, could, may / might, must, و have و قسمت سوم فعل میسازند. کاربرد هر یک از این افعال کمکی فوق معنی معینی به جمله می دهد که عبارتند از: الف مصدر کامل با should عملی را نشان میدهد که باید یا بهتر بوده در گذشته انجام می گرفته ولی انجام نشده است. 1-We didn t play very well. We should have played better. توجه 1: اگر بجای should در ترکیب بالا shouldn t بکار ببریم نشان میدهد که کاری در گذشته نباید انجام میشده ولی انجام شده است. 2-You have caught a cold. You shouldn t have gone out without a coat. ب مصدر کامل با could عملی را نشان میدهد که موقعیت و یا تواناي ی انجام کار در گذشته وجود داشته اما انجام نگرفته است. 3-We could have gone to the cinema, but we stayed at home. ١٣١

36 (132) گرامر دبیرستان و کنکور ج مصدر کامل با may / might نشان میدهد که شاید کاری در زمان گذشته انجام شده باشد ولی ما زیاد مطمي ن نیستیم. (در مورد انجام کار شک و تردید بیشتری داریم ( ) درصد انجام کار %50 ). 4-A: I can t find my bag. B:You may / might have left it at home (= perhaps you left it at home ) د مصدر کامل با must از این فعل زمانی استفاده میکنیم که بخواهیم انجام حتمی عمل را در گذشته نشان دهیم و به عبارت دیگر میخواهیم نشان دهیم عملی با توجه به قراي ن و شواهد باید انجام میگرفته و حتما انجام گرفته است (مطمي نا کاری به وقوع پیوسته باشد). نکته 1: شکل منفی must در مصدر کامل He slept very early last night. He must have been tired. can tمیباشد. (نفی استنباط منطقی در گذشته) She can't have left home this morning. She must have left last night. نکته 2: فرمولهای زیر را به خاطر داشته باشید. مصدر بدون + فعل مدال to + ing فعل + be + + have + pp ing فعل مدال فعل مدال + فعل + been + have فعل مدال زمان حال استمرار در حال و آینده زمان گذشته استمرار در گذشته A: structure: ( choose the best answer for each questions ) 1-A:Do you know where Ali left the car keys? ( azad ensani 84 ) B: He them on the table; I am not sure. 1)must have left 2)should have left 3)might have left 4)would have left ١٣٢

37 (133) دوره پیش دانشگاهی 2- A: Did your friend, Hamed,decide to get a job? ( azad fani 84 ) B: He..to get a job; I am not sure. 1)might have decided 2)must have decide 3)should have decided 4)could have decided 3-Reza, you in bed at least for a week! Why didn't you? ( zaban 84 ) 1)must stay 2)should stay 3)must have stayed 4)should have stayed 4-You missed a great birthday party last night, you come. (zaban 84) 1)could 2)had to 3)must have 4)should have 5-He..her aunt to the airport if his car had not been stolen. ( honar 84 ) 1)must drive 2)could drive 3)could have driven 4)must have driven 6-Fatima caught a bad cold last night. She..in the rain for a long time. (riazi 84 ) 1)must stay 2)should stay 3)would have stayed 4)must have stayed 7-A:Ali said he had failed in the exam. ( tajrobi 84 ) B: he harder last semester. 1)must study 2)should study 3)should have studied 4)must have studied 8-A:Do you think the fire was an accident? ( ensani 84 ) B: Yes, it..an accident. 1)should be 2)might be 3)would have been 4)might have been 9-The party was great. You.why didn't you? ( azad zaban 82 ) 1)should have come 2)might have come 3)shouldn t have come 4)must have come 10-You.my grandmother. She died before you were born. (ensani 81) 1)couldn't meet 2)couldn t have met 3)shouldn t meet 4)shouldn't have met B: Vocabulary : ( choose the best answer ) 11-He made a quick decision and now he is from it. ( riazi 84 ) 1)injuring 2)suffering 3)repairing 4)invading 12-Russia wants to be considered as a good member of the international.. (riazi84) 1)community 2)technology 3)capacity 4)quality ١٣٣

38 (134) گرامر دبیرستان و کنکور 13-Various..organization i.e. those making no profit, were formed in the country to help the poor. (ensani 84 ) 1)fashionable 2)primary 3)relevant 4)voluntary 14-With the help of.assistants, the architect had created some of the houses, year after year. (riazi azad 84 ) 1)attached 2)facial 3)devoted 4)complicated 15-A group of people having the same religion, job,etc,are a ( ensani 84) 1)category 2)community 3)missionary 4)government 16-The government is doing all it can do to decrease..in low-income families. (84) 1)quality 2)poverty 3)fault 4)extinction 17-Scientist are trying to a new robot. (azmayeshi 84) 1)manage 2)amuse 3)invent 4)taste 18-The.that you make at school often last for life. ( zaban 83) 1)friendships 2)operations 3)organizations 4)memberships 19-Mary has become a big girl. She's up fast. 1)walking 2)looking 3)getting 4)growing 20-The hall has a seating..of 500. ( azad 77) 1)capacity 2)ability 3)probability 4)capability ١٣٤