Chapter Two INTRODUCTION TO DATA AND INFORMATION

Transcription

1 Chapter Two INTRODUCTION TO DATA AND INFORMATION Nian Khidr Aziz, MSc. Dept. of Electrical Engineering Salahaddin University-Erbil Mobile #:

2 1. Introduction to Computer Systems Computer systems are found everywhere. Computers have become almost as common as televisions. But what is a computer? A computer is a system made of two major components: hardware and software. The computer hardware is the physical equipment. The software is the collection of programs (instructions) that allow the hardware to do its job.

3 2. Computers An electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) in a particular form and of performing a sequence of operations in accordance with a predetermined set of procedural instructions (program) to produce a result in the form of information or signals

4 Computers; More Definitions Computers are devices perform pre-specified mathematical manipulation. or, Computers are millions of electronic switches make ON and OFF according to pre-specified procedures. These procedures are called PROGRAMS.

5 3. Data and Information Data can be defined as a representation of facts (examples: Signs, Sounds, characters, numbers, photos, etc.), concepts or instructions in a formalized manner which should be suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by human or electronic machine. Data is represented with the help of characters like alphabets (A-Z,a-z), digits (0-9) or special characters(+,-,/,*,<,>,= etc.), or any other symbols. Data is not information. Data requires interpretation to become information. Information is organized or classified data which has some meaningful values for the receiver.

6 4. Analogue and Digital Data Analog and digital signals are used to transmit information. In analog technology, information is translated into electric waves of varying amplitude. In digital technology, information is translated into binary format (zero or one)

7 5. Numbering Systems A number system is a way to represent numbers. We are used to using the base-10 number system, which is also called decimal (1-9). But there are other number systems like: Base-16 (hexadecimal, 0 F) Base-2 (binary, 0,1).

8 6. Binary Number Digits digits, digits, digits, A 1011 B 1100 C 1101 D 1110 E 1111 F 4 digits, 2 4

9 7. Binary Coding Binary to Decimal Decimal to Binary Binary to Hexadecimal Digit 8 Digit 4 Digit 2 Digit 1 12 = = Binary Hex F 1 C B= F1C9 H

10 8. Binary, Hex, Decimal

11 9. Data Types Numeric (example: INT, Decimal) Binary (example: bit, BYTE, WORD) Text (String) (example: CHAR, VARCHAR, LONGTEXT) Memo (long text or numbers) Time (example: HH:MM:SS) Date (example: YYYY:MM:DD) Currency (example $, ID) Video Audio

12 10. File In Computer Literature, file is record of data in a storage medium. Files are created by Software (Applications), which define the file type.

13 Thank You Questions?