Lecture 5 Centers of Origin of Crop Plants
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1 1 Lecture 5 Centers of Origin of Crop Plants The origin of crop plants is now basic to plant breeding in order to locate wild relatives, related species, and new genes (especially dominant genes, sources of disease resistance). Knowledge of the origins of crop plants is vitally important in order to avoid genetic erosion, the loss of germplasm due to the loss of ecotypes and landraces, loss of habitat (such as rainforests), and increased urbanization. Germplasm preservation is accomplished through gene banks (largely seed collections but now frozen stem sections) and preservation of natural habitats (especially in centers of origin). The Eight Vavilovian Centers (Fig. 5-1, 5-2) Old World I. Chinese Center: The largest independent center which includes the mountainous regions of central and western China, and adjacent lowlands. A total of 136 endemic plants are listed, among which are a few known to us as important crops. Cereals and Legumes 1. Broomcorn millet, Panicum miliaceum 2. Italian millet, Panicum italicum 3. Japanese barnyard millet, Panicum frumentaceum 4. Kaoliang, Andropogon sorghum 5. Buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum 6. Hull-less barley, Hordeum hexastichum 7. Soybean, Glycine max 8. Adzuki bean, Phaseolus angularis 9. Velvet bean, Stizolobium hassjoo Fig The eight Vavilovian centers of origin for crop plants
2 2 Lecture 5 Near East Far East Americas (New World) Fig Origin of basic crops. Source: J.N. Leonard 1973, First Farmers. Near East 1. Lentil 2. Chickpea 3. Salt 4. Pea 5. Raisin 6. Olive 7. Barley 8. Walnut 9. Almond 10. Pistachio nut 11. Apricot 12. Date 13. Wheat 14. Fig 15. Fava bean Americas 1. Pink bean 2. Lima bean 3. Manioc 4. Potato 5. Summer squash 6. Acorn squash 7. Small dried chili pepper 8. Fresh chili pepper 9. Corn (maize) 10. Dried chili pepper 11. Cocoa bean 12. Whole dried corn 13. Cracked dried corn 14. Pinto bean 15. Shelled pumpkin seed Far East 1. Adsuki bean 2. Yellow banana 3. Red banana 4. Green banana 5. Soybean 6. Coconut 7. Millet 8. Yam 9. Sugar cane 10. Rice
3 3 Roots, Tubers, and Vegetables 1. Chinese yam, Dioscorea batatas 2. Radish, Raphanus sativus 3. Chinese cabbage, Brassica chinensis, B. pekinensis 4. Onion, Allium chinense, A. fi stulosum, A. pekinense 5. Cucumber, Cucumis sativus Fruits and Nuts 1. Pear, Pyrus serotina, P. ussuriensis 2. Chinese apple, Malus asiatica 3. Peach, Prunus persica 4. Apricot, Prunus armeniaca 5. Cherry, Prunus pseudocerasus 6. Walnut, Juglans sinensis 7. Litchi, Litchi chinensis Sugar, Drug, and Fiber Plants 1. Sugarcane, Saccharum sinense 2. Opium poppy, Papaver somniferum 3. Ginseng, Panax ginseng 4. Camphor, Cinnamomum camphora 5. Hemp, Cannabis sativa II. Indian Center: This area has two subcenters. A. Main Center (Hindustan): Includes Assam and Burma, but not Northwest India, Punjab, nor Northwest Frontier Provinces. In this area, 117 plants were considered to be endemic. Cereals and Legumes Vegetables and Tubers Fruits 1. Rice, Oryza sativa 2. Chickpea or gram, Cicer arietinum 3. Pigeon pea, Cajanus indicus 4. Urd bean, Phaseolus mungo 5. Mung bean, Phaseolus aureus 6. Rice bean, Phaseolus calcaratus 7. Cowpea, Vigna sinensis 1. Eggplant, Solanum melongena 2. Cucumber, Cucumis sativus 3. Radish, Raphanus caudatus (pods eaten) 4. Taro, Colocasia antiquorum 5. Yam, Dioscorea alata 1. Mango, Mangifera indica 2. Orange, Citrus sinensis 3. Tangerine, Citrus nobilis 4. Citron, Citrus medica 5. Tamarind, Tamarindus indica
4 4 Lecture 5 Sugar, Oil, and Fiber Plants 1. Sugar cane, Saccharum offi cinarum 2. Coconut palm, Cocos nucifera 3. Sesame, Sesamum indicum 4. Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius 5. Tree cotton, Gossypium arboreum 6. Oriental cotton, Gossypium nanking 7. Jute, Corchorus capsularis 8. Crotalaria, Crotalaria juncea 9. Kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinus Spices, Stimulants, Dyes, and Miscellaneous 1. Hemp, Cannabis indica 2. Black pepper, Piper nigrum 3. Gum arabic, Acacia arabica 4. Sandalwood, Santalum album 5. Indigo, Indigofera tinctoria 6. Cinnamon tree, Cinnamomum zeylanticum 7. Croton, Croton tiglium 8. Bamboo, Bambusa tulda B. Indo-Malayan Center: Includes Indo-China and the Malay Archipelago. Fifty-five plants were listed, including: Cereals and Legumes Fruits 1. Job s tears, Coix lacryma 2. Velvet bean, Mucuna utilis 1. Pummelo, Citrus grandis 2. Banana, Musa cavendishii, M. paradisiaca, H. sapientum 3. Breadfruit, Artocarpus communis 4. Mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana Oil, Sugar, Spice, and Fiber Plants 1. Candlenut, Aleurites moluccana 2. Coconut palm, Cocos nucifera 3. Sugarcane, Saccharum offi cinarum 4. Clove, Caryophyllus aromaticus 5. Nutmeg, Myristaca fragrans 6. Black pepper, Piper nigrum 7. Manila hemp or abaca, Musa textilis III. Central Asiatic Center: Includes Northwest India (Punjab, Northwest Frontier Provinces and Kashmir), Afghanistan, Tadjikistan, Uzbekistan, and western Tian-Shan. Forty-three plants are listed for this center, including many wheats. 1. Common wheat, Triticum vulgare 2. Club wheat, Triticum compactum
5 5 3. Shot wheat, Triticum sphaerocoecum 4. Pea, Pisum sativum 5. Lentil, Lens esculenta 6. Horse bean, Vicia faba 7. Chickpea, Cicer arientinum 8. Mung bean, Phaseolus aureus 9. Mustard, Brassica juncea 10. Flax, Linum usitatissimum (one of the centers) 11. Sesame, Sesamum indicum Fiber Plants Vegetables Fruits 1. Hemp, Cannabis indica 2. Cotton, Gossypium herbaceum 1. Onion, Allium cepa 2. Garlic, Allium sativum 3. Spinach, Spinacia oleracea 4. Carrot, Daucus carota 1. Pistacia, Pistacia vera 2. Pear, Pyrus communis 3. Almond, Amygdalus communis 4. Grape, Vitis vinifera 5. Apple, Malus pumila IV. Near-Eastern Center: Includes interior of Asia Minor, all of Transcaucasia, Iran, and the highlands of Turkmenistan. Eighty-three species including nine species of wheat were located in this region. 1. Einkorn wheat, Triticum monococcum (14 chromosomes) 2. Durum wheat, Triticum durum (28 chromosomes) 3. Poulard wheat, Triticum turgidum (28 chromosomes) 4. Common wheat, Triticum vulgare (42 chromosomes) 5. Oriental wheat, Triticum orientale 6. Persian wheat, Triticum persicum (28 chromosomes) 7. Triticum timopheevi (28 chromosomes) 8. Triticum macha (42 chromosomes) 9. Triticum vavilovianum, branched (42 chromosomes) 10. Two-row barleys, Hordeum distichum, H. nutans 11. Rye, Secale cereale 12. Mediterranean oats, Avena byzantina 13. Common oats, Avena sativa 14. Lentil, Lens esculenta 15. Lupine, Lupinus pilosus, L. albus
6 6 Lecture 5 Forage Plants Fruits 1. Alfalfa, Medicago sativa 2. Persian clover, Trifolium resupinatum 3. Fenugreek, Trigonella foenum graecum 4. Vetch, Vicia sativa 5. Hairy vetch, Vicia villosa 1. Fig, Ficus carica 2. Pomegranate, Punica granatum 3. Apple, Malus pumilo (one of the centers) 4. Pear, Pyrus communis and others 5. Quince, Cydonia oblonga 6. Cherry, Prunus cerasus 7. Hawthorn, Crataegus azarolus V. Mediterranean Center: Includes the borders of the Mediterranean Sea. Eighty-four plants are listed for this region including olive and many cultivated vegetables and forages. Cereals and Legumes Forage Plants Oil and Fiber Plants Vegetables 1. Durum wheat, Triticum durum expansum 2. Emmer, Triticum dicoccum (one of the centers) 3. Polish wheat, Triticum polonicum 4. Spelt, Triticum spelta 5. Mediterranean oats, Avena byzantina 6. Sand oats, Avena brevis 7. Canarygrass, Phalaris canariensis 8. Grass pea, Lathyrus sativus 9. Pea, Pisum sativum (large seeded varieties) 10. Lupine, Lupinus albus, and others 1. Egyptian clover, Trifolium alexandrinum 2. White Clover, Trifolium repens 3. Crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum 4. Serradella, Ornithopus sativus 1. Flax, Linum usitatissimum, and wild L. angustifolium 2. Rape, Brassica napus 3. Black mustard, Brassica nigra 4. Olive, Olea europaea 1. Garden beet, Beta vulgaris 2. Cabbage, Brassica oleracea 3. Turnip, Brassica campestris, B. napus 4. Lettuce, Lactuca sativa 5. Asparagus, Asparagus offi cinalis
7 7 6. Celery, Apium graveolens 7. Chicory, Cichorium intybus 8. Parsnip, Pastinaca sativa 9. Rhubarb, Rheum offi cinale Ethereal Oil and Spice Plants 1. Caraway, Carum carvi 2. Anise, Pimpinella anisum 3. Thyme, Thymus vulgaris 4. Peppermint, Mentha piperita 5. Sage, Salvia offi cinalis 6. Hop, Humulus lupulus VI. Abyssinian Center: Includes Abyssinia, Eritrea, and part of Somaliland. In this center were listed 38 species. Rich in wheat and barley. Miscellaneous 1. Abyssinian hard wheat, Triticum durum abyssinicum 2. Poulard wheat, Triticum turgidum abyssinicum 3. Emmer, Triticum dicoccum abyssinicum 4. Polish wheat, Triticum polonicum abyssinicum 5. Barley, Hordeum sativum (great diversity of forms) 6. Grain sorghum, Andropogon sorghum 7. Pearl millet, Pennisetum spicatum 8. African millet, Eleusine coracana 9. Cowpea, Vigna sinensis 10. Flax, Linum usitatissimum 1. Sesame, Sesamum indicum (basic center) 2. Castor bean, Ricinus communis (a center) 3. Garden cress, Lepidium sativum 4. Coffee, Coffea arabica 5. Okra, Hibiscus esculentus 6. Myrrh, Commiphora abyssinicia 7. Indigo, Indigofera argente New World VII. South Mexican and Central American Central: Includes southern sections of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica. 1. Maize, Zea mays 2. Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris 3. Lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus 4. Tepary bean, Phaseolus acutifolius 5. Jack bean, Canavalia ensiformis 6. Grain amaranth, Amaranthus paniculatus leucocarpus
8 8 Lecture 5 Melon Plants Fiber Plants Miscellaneous 1. Malabar gourd, Cucurbita fi cifolia 2. Winter pumpkin, Cucurbita moshata 3. Chayote, Sechium edule 1. Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum 2. Bourbon cotton, Gossypium purpurascens 3. Chayote, Sechium edule 1. Sweetpotato, Ipomea batatas 2. Arrowroot, Maranta arundinacea 3. Pepper, Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens 4. Papaya, Carica papaya 5. Guava, Psidium guayava 6. Cashew, Anacardium occidentale 7. Wild black cherry, Prunus serotina 8. Cochenial, Nopalea coccinellifera 9. Cherry tomato, Lycopersicum cerasiforme 10. Cacao, Theobroma cacao 11. Nicotiana rustica VIII. South American Center: (62 plants listed) Three subcenters are found. A. Peruvian, Ecuadorean, Bolivian Center: Comprised mainly of the high mountainous areas, formerly the center of the Megalithic or Pre-Inca civilization. Endemic plants of the Puna and Sierra high elevation districts included: Root Tubers 1. Andean potato, Solanum andigenum (96 chromosomes) 2. Other endemic cultivated potato species. Fourteen or more species with chromosome numbers varying from 24 to Edible nasturtium, Tropaeolum tuberosum. Coastal regions of Peru and non-irrigated subtropical and tropical regions of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia included: 1. Starchy maize, Zea mays amylacea 2. Lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus (secondary center) 3. Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris (secondary center)
9 9 Root Tubers Vegetable Crops Fiber Plants 1. Edible canna, Canna edulis 2. Potato, Solanum phureja (24 chromosomes) 1. Pepino, Solanum muricatum 2. Tomato, Lycopersicum esculentum 3. Ground cherry, Physalis peruviana 4. Pumpkin, Cucurbita maxima 5. Pepper, Capsicum frutescens 1. Egyptian cotton, Gossypium barbadense Fruit and Miscellaneous 1. Passion flower, Passifl ora ligularis 2. Guava, Psidium guajava 3. Heilborn, Carica candamarcensis 4. Quinine tree, Cinchona calisaya 5. Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum B. Chiloe Center (Island near the coast of southern Chile) 1. Common potato, Solanum tubersum (48 chromosomes) 2. Wild strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis C. Brazilian-Paraguayan Center 1. Manioc, Manihot utilissima 2. Peanut, Arachis hypogaea 3. Rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis 4. Pineapple, Ananas comosa 5. Brazil nut, Bertholletia excelsa 6. Cashew, Anacardium occidentale 7. Purple granadilla, Passifl ora edulis
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