Daylighting Principles (and design) and Recent Standard Changes

Transcription

1 Daylighting Principles (and design) and Recent Standard Changes Brian Baewon Koh Paul Meyer INNOVATIVE DESIGN, INC. RALEIGH, NC Photo Credit: Michael Robinson

2 38 years 4,755 energy-efficient, environmentally sound buildings Expertise on daylighting integration

3 Innovative Design s 4,755 buildings peak reduction 51 MWs Equal to a 51 megawatt power plant

4 Comprehensive Building Energy Analysis Extensive Whole-Building Analyses 101 Detailed Daylighting Analyses 132 Analyses for other A&E firms 74 ASHRAE ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guide for K-12 School Buildings Achieving 30% Energy Savings (AIA Representative ) High Performance Buildings 5 articles, editorial board

5 SESSION OVERVIEW PART I Daylighting Design Basic Principles Impacts of Daylighting Building level Occupant level Daylighting Simulation An Integral Part of the Design Narrative PART II Evolving Standards LEED v4 ASHRAE 90.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

6 Daylighting Design BASIC PRINCIPLES The Key Sustainable Strategy

7 Daylighting The Key Sustainable Strategy What is Daylighting? Simplest form: Providing *working spatial illuminance using natural sources (sun & skylight) *working: glare free, general space illuminance suitable for a space s function while maintaining visual comfort

8 Daylighting The Key Sustainable Strategy Goals of daylighting: Provide illuminance for the performance of visual tasks Render architecture Reduce the energy consumed by electric lighting and cooling systems Increase human comfort Improve visual comfort

9 Daylighting The Key Sustainable Strategy Benefits of daylighting: Building energy performance Reduced operating costs Increased occupant productivity Protects our environment Enables sustainable design integration into building design

10 Daylighting The Key Sustainable Strategy Keys to daylighting design: Account for site constraints and benefits Select well integrated design strategies Consider human factors Incorporate optimized design methods

11 SITE Account for Site Constraints and Benefits KEYS TO SUCCESS Control the sun Account for adjacent buildings and trees Shading Reflectance Utilize landscaping to benefit overall design

12 SITE Account for Site Constraints and Benefits Control the sun KEYS TO SUCCESS Account for adjacent buildings and trees Shading Reflectance Utilize landscaping to benefit overall design Winter Solar Path East Summer Solar Path West Geographic South (or North) is used, rather than magnetic

13 SITE Control the sun KEYS TO SUCCESS Consider energy ramifications Orient the building to maximize daylighting Maximize south glazing Minimize east and west glazing Avoid uncontrolled skylights Optimally size overhangs to control heat gains Sun Angles for 35 o N Latitude

14 SITE Control the sun KEYS TO SUCCESS Influences: Thermal Comfort Heating v. cooling Visual Comfort Altitude v. Azimuth Glare control Glazing sizing Minimize size Maximize Transmission Btu/SF glass/day Thermal Gains by Window Orientation (graphic for 32 N latitude) BUILDING & SPACE GOALS Month

15 SITE Account for Site Constraints and Benefits KEYS TO SUCCESS Control the sun Account for adjacent buildings and trees Shading Reflectance Utilize landscaping to benefit overall design

16 SITE Account for adjacent buildings and trees Shading Potential future development analyzed for impacts KEYS TO SUCCESS Design for adequate solar access Building Impacts: Ensure adjacent buildings or portions of buildings do not shade daylighting apertures Account for adjacent structures in simulations Review impacts of potential future development Landscaping Impacts: Study shading from existing trees Select plantings that will not shade daylighting apertures

17 SITE Account for adjacent buildings and trees Shading KEYS TO SUCCESS Solar Access and Site Shading Study

18 SITE Account for adjacent buildings and trees Shading KEYS TO SUCCESS Solar Access and Site Shading Study

19 SITE Account for adjacent buildings and trees Shading KEYS TO SUCCESS Solar Access and Site Shading Study

20 SITE Account for adjacent buildings and trees Shading KEYS TO SUCCESS Solar Access and Site Shading Study

21 SITE Account for adjacent buildings and trees Reflectances KEYS TO SUCCESS Adjacent building surfaces need to be account for in daylighting design Exterior Roofing Use white/light colored roofing in front of daylighting glazing (specify roofing with a SRI of 78+) Roof reflection can increase daylight levels up to 40% Reduced glazing = cost savings Other Considerations: Consider how certain roofing systems decrease in reflectance over time Factor in reflectance reduction from dirt buildup

22 SITE Account for Site Constraints and Benefits Control the sun KEYS TO SUCCESS Account for adjacent buildings and trees Shading Reflectance Utilize landscaping to benefit overall design Summer Shade Winter Sun Graphic curtesy of permaculturenews.org

23 SITE Utilize landscaping to benefit overall design KEYS TO SUCCESS Landscaping Impacts: Careful selection of plantings, particularly near daylighting glazing Use Mature heights of plants when selecting plantings near daylighting glazing Analyze shading of existing and new trees Plantings can be used for controlling east/west low sun (if necessary) Deciduous trees & passive benefits Tree image curtesy of hudson.edu Mature Height

24 DESIGN STRATEGY Select well integrated daylighting strategies KEYS TO SUCCESS Do not consider daylighting strategies as alternates Daylighting design drives building form Use appropriate strategies per programmatic space, orientation, and location within the building Provide proper glass to floor area ratios

25 DESIGN STRATEGY Daylighting design drives building form KEYS TO SUCCESS The Key Sustainable Strategy

26 DESIGN STRATEGY Daylighting design drives building form KEYS TO SUCCESS Monitor combination design at Heritage Middle School, NC The Key Sustainable Strategy

27 DESIGN STRATEGY Daylighting design drives building form However daylighting does not define aesthetics KEYS TO SUCCESS The Key Sustainable Strategy

28 DESIGN STRATEGY Appropriate strategies KEYS TO SUCCESS Orientation and size of space drives strategy North v. South daylighting Toplighting v. Sidelighting Spatial function drives sizing Required illuminance Intentionally darkened spaces Visual comfort Eliminate glare Eliminate direct beam radiation

29 DESIGN STRATEGY Appropriate strategies Orientation and size of space drives strategy KEYS TO SUCCESS South Facing Top Lighting Roof Monitors Centrally located Uniform top lighting Independent of view glazing Architectural design element

30 DESIGN STRATEGY KEYS TO SUCCESS Appropriate strategies Orientation and size of space drives strategy South Facing Top Lighting Roof Monitors Light diffusion required Block, diffuse, filter direct beam radiation Interior fabric baffles (UV resistant, fire retardant) With baffles Without baffles

31 DESIGN STRATEGY Appropriate strategies Orientation and size of space drives strategy KEYS TO SUCCESS Linear design Ascending design

32 DESIGN STRATEGY Appropriate strategies Orientation and size of space drives strategy KEYS TO SUCCESS South Facing Sidelighting Clerestory Separate daylighting and view glazing Utilize separate window treatments for view glazing Take human factor into account for sizing

33 DESIGN STRATEGY Appropriate strategies Orientation and size of space drives strategy KEYS TO SUCCESS South Facing Sidelighting Clerestory Consider light transmission through different types of glazing and window treatments

34 DESIGN STRATEGY Appropriate strategies KEYS TO SUCCESS North Facing Top Lighting Roof Monitors Can be coupled with solar to maximize cost

35 DESIGN STRATEGY Appropriate strategies KEYS TO SUCCESS North Facing Sidelighting Clerestory Increased glazing areas Heat loss probable Less building energy benefit Maximize glazing transmission

36 DESIGN STRATEGY Appropriate strategies Orientation and size of space drives strategy KEYS TO SUCCESS North & South Daylighting Efficient use of space Treat each monitor differently Account for any rooftop equipment (shading) when sizing

37 DESIGN STRATEGY Provide proper glass to floor area ratios KEYS TO SUCCESS Influences: Daylighting strategy & goals Space orientation Project location Interior reflectances Provide proper glass-to-floor area ratios *Raleigh, NC Classroom Gym South monitor 8% - 11% 5% - 8% South lightshelf 8% - 11% w/blinds between glass 15% - 20% North monitor 12% - 15% 7% - 10% North glass (depth limited) 15% - 20%

38 HUMAN FACTORS Consider human factors in the daylighting design KEYS TO SUCCESS Daylighting must be superior to conditions normally experienced at least 2/3 of the time Eliminate direct beam radiation from entering critical spaces Consider the need to darken spaces Don t count on low view glass Differentiate view glass and daylighting glazing No direct beam radiation fully diffuse light

39 HUMAN FACTORS Superior daylighting KEYS TO SUCCESS Size daylighting to meet lighting goals 2/3 of the time Oversized daylighting is counterproductive (Heat & Manual Override) Integrate electric lighting systems and lighting controls to compliment daylighting Lack of controls leads to double lighting Review setpoints and calibration needs of sensors

40 HUMAN FACTORS Don t count of low view glass KEYS TO SUCCESS Reliance on manual controls typically fail Shades left down Windows blocked Use worst case closed scenario when simulating view glass Shades remain closed x x x x x x x x x x x x x

41 HUMAN FACTORS Consider the need to darken spaces KEYS TO SUCCESS Consider how the space will be used Utilize architectural elements to intentionally shade necessary areas, avoiding need for shades TV or A/V areas Teaching/Working walls Employ a lighting switching strategy that allows separate control of sensitive areas fc fc

42 HUMAN FACTORS Consider the need to darken spaces Fixed Architectural Shading No need for controls KEYS TO SUCCESS Controlled daylighting Shading only where required fc fc

43 HUMAN FACTORS Consider the need to darken spaces KEYS TO SUCCESS Contrast, glare, and video equipment Balance equipment brightness with spatial ambient lighting Contrast ratios Luminance v. Illuminance fc fc

44 HUMAN FACTORS Consider the need to darken spaces KEYS TO SUCCESS Designing for Visual Clarity Luminance visualizations Contrast ratios v Equipment capabilities

45 OPTIMIZED DESIGN Optimize daylighting implementations KEYS TO SUCCESS Utilize lightshelves to bounce light deeper into a space and shade lower view glass Optimize overhang design Understand your glazing selection Account for interior colors & finishes Optimize the ceiling design Light a total system approach

46 OPTIMIZED DESIGN Utilize lightshelves Glare control critical BBG, Solera, etc KEYS TO SUCCESS South facing lightshelves: Bounce light deeper into spaces Exterior lightshelves shade lower view glass Interior lightshelves diffuse incoming light Multi story applications

47 OPTIMIZED DESIGN Utilize lightshelves KEYS TO SUCCESS South facing lightshelves: Bounce light deeper into spaces Exterior lightshelves shade lower view glass Interior lightshelves diffuse incoming light Multi story applications Single solution Double benefits

48 OPTIMIZED DESIGN Utilize lightshelves KEYS TO SUCCESS South facing lightshelves: Bounce light deeper into spaces Exterior lightshelves shade lower view glass Interior lightshelves diffuse incoming light Multi story applications

49 OPTIMIZED DESIGN Utilize lightshelves KEYS TO SUCCESS South facing lightshelves: Bounce light deeper into spaces Exterior lightshelves shade lower view glass Interior lightshelves diffuse incoming light Multi story applications Easily applied solution to multiple stories

50 OPTIMIZED DESIGN Optimize overhang design KEYS TO SUCCESS Size overhangs to block intense summer sun (and heat) and allow winter passive heat gains Jun 21 st 10 a.m. Jun 21 st 12 p.m. Jun 21 st 4 p.m. Nov 21 st 10 a.m. Nov 21 st 12 p.m. Nov 21 st 4 p.m.

51 OPTIMIZED DESIGN Understand glazing selections KEYS TO SUCCESS Functions of glass Clear, double glazing LowE Solar control, lowe Translucent/Fiber Filled Switchable glazing Minimize size, maximize transmission Glazing schedules Application Exposure Type view glass (non-daylighting apertures) windows above lightshelves high windows above view glass General Glazing Uses for Various Applications south north east/west - unshaded east/west - shaded south north clear double, low-e with argon clear double, low-e with argon Solar control, Tinted double, low-e with argon Clear double, low-e with argon clear double or - translucent fiber-filled clear double roof monitors south clear double

52 OPTIMIZED DESIGN Understand glazing selections KEYS TO SUCCESS Important properties of glass and glazing units: VLT (visible light transmission) daylight U value energy SHGC energy Glare control Glazing Type Clear, Single glazing (interior applications) Clear, double glazing unit Clear, double glazing unit (LowE) Solar control glazing units Translucent, fiberfilled glazing Switchable Glazing (electrochromic) Rules of Thumb for Glazing Properties VLT U-value SHGC 88-90% % % % and less % max 0.1 (w/ aerogell) Stepped: 60%, 18%, 6%, 1% (tinted state) 0.41 (clear state)

53 OPTIMIZED DESIGN Understand glazing selections KEYS TO SUCCESS Light diffusion through glazing: Careful of hotspots on the glazing (VLT greater than 30%) Eliminates need for architectural diffusion (baffles, interior lightshelf) Increased glazing amounts Cost analysis Architectural impact Graphics curtesy of Advanced Glazing

54 OPTIMIZED DESIGN Understand glazing selections KEYS TO SUCCESS

55 OPTIMIZED DESIGN Account for interior colors and finishes KEYS TO SUCCESS Colors can define the space Use light colored finishes in daylit spaces Review color reflectance before specifying Use bright ceiling finishes Ceiling tiles with minimum fissures/holes If painted ceiling surface, use 70+% reflectance colors Color Gloss White Semi-gloss White Light Green* Kelly Green* Medium Blue* Medium Yellow* Medium Orange* Medium Green* Medium Red* Medium Brown* Dark Blue-Grey* Dark Brown* Reflectance 75% 70% 53% 49% 49% 47% 42% 41% 20% 16% 6% 12% * These values are estimated for flat paints. For gloss paints, add 5% 10%. Source: SBIC, Passive Solar Design Strategies

56 OPTIMIZED DESIGN Account for interior colors and finishes KEYS TO SUCCESS Consider interior finish types and colors when simulating daylight levels in a space Avoid glossy or specular finishes Use accent colors and finishes to compliment function Darker Accent color to improve visual comfort and contrast

57 OPTIMIZED DESIGN Account for interior colors and finishes KEYS TO SUCCESS Interior Colors & Finishes 2008 Ohio Schools Facilities Commission Study Rule of thumb for a 900 sf Classroom Blinds between glass Light Dark 11.5% 12.5% South roof monitor Light Dark 9.0% 9.5% Colors Light Typical Dark Walls 70% 60% 50% Ceiling 85% 80% 70% Floor 50% 35% 30% 1.0% increase 0.5% increase

58 OPTIMIZED DESIGN Optimize ceiling design KEYS TO SUCCESS Minimize ceiling cavity depth Slope ceilings to decrease floor to floor heights Use ceiling transitions to minimize contrast

59 OPTIMIZED DESIGN Optimize ceiling design Minimize ceiling cavity depth KEYS TO SUCCESS minimize Rule of thumb: Increase glass to floor by 3% points when increasing ceiling cavity from 5 to 10 in depth

60 OPTIMIZED DESIGN Optimize ceiling design Minimize ceiling cavity depth KEYS TO SUCCESS GFR = 9% GFR = 12% Daylight is lost due to well reflections

61 OPTIMIZED DESIGN Optimize ceiling design KEYS TO SUCCESS Slope ceilings to reduce floorto floor heights leading to an entire building cost savings Enhances light reducing back of room Mechanical and electrical services ran in cavity Increased exterior wall area for daylight glazing without increasing building floor tofloor height Mech + Elec Mech + Elec

62 OPTIMIZED DESIGN Optimize ceiling design KEYS TO SUCCESS Ceiling transitions: Reduce overall effect of ceiling cavity Minimize visual contrast

63 OPTIMIZED DESIGN A total lighting system approach KEYS TO SUCCESS The electric lighting system must compliment the daylighting design Use indirect lighting strategies that better match the quality of light provided from daylighting Compliment daylighting with appropriate lighting fixtures and controls Implement continuous dimming or staged lighting control strategies Task lighting v. Ambient lighting Employ a light switching strategy to allow separate controls of different visual areas

64 Daylighting The Key Sustainable Strategy Superior daylighting design enables: Optimal building orientation Optimal building envelope design Passive solar design principles Reduced energy consumption Improved thermal comforts Improved visual comforts Improved space efficiency

65 Daylighting The Key Sustainable Strategy Superior daylighting design enables: Optimal building orientation Optimal building envelope design Passive solar design principles Reduced energy consumption Improved thermal comforts Improved visual comforts Improved space efficiency The KEY Sustainable Strategy

66 Impacts of Daylighting The Key Sustainable Strategy IMPACTS OF DAYLIGHTING

67 Daylighting The Key Sustainable Strategy Benefits of daylighting: Building energy performance Reduced operating costs Increased occupant productivity Protects our environment Enables sustainable design integration into building design Health and Comfort IMPACTS OF DAYLIGHTING

68 BUILDING LEVEL Reducing Operating Costs Incorporate daylighting strategies & use high performance, energy efficient windows DAYLIGHTING IMPACTS IMPACTS OF DAYLIGHTING

69 BUILDING LEVEL Reducing Operating Costs DAYLIGHTING IMPACTS Diffuse Skylight Beam Sunlight LED Fluorescent Incandescent Luminous Efficacy Incandescent Fluorescent LED Beam Sunlight Diffuse Skylight Lumens/Watt Efficacy (lumens/watt) of daylight = More than 2 times efficacy of fluorescent lighting Use of Daylighting Reduced Lighting Energy Reduced Mechanical Cooling Reduced Cooling Equipment (Chillers etc.) Sizing IMPACTS OF DAYLIGHTING

70 BUILDING LEVEL Reducing Operating Costs DAYLIGHTING IMPACTS Reduced cooling equipment sizing: Make sure design tools can account for peak cooling load reduction (daylighting and envelope design) Decreased payback times More efficient equipment sizing leads to longer lasting equipment Peak Cooling Reduction Durant Middle Raleigh, NC 23% Millbrook Elementary Raleigh, NC 11% Heritage Middle Wake Forest, NC 24% Smith Middle Chapel Hill, NC 19% Kenton County Middle Kenton, KY 9% Riverside High Greenville, SC 27% Edmonson Gym Detroit, MI 18% Average 19% IMPACTS OF DAYLIGHTING

71 BUILDING LEVEL Reducing Operating Costs In addition to peak savings, energy consumption is reduced DAYLIGHTING IMPACTS Lighting Total Savings Energy Millbrook Elementary Raleigh, NC 59% 22% Heritage Middle Wake Forest, NC 43% 35% Smith Middle Chapel Hill, NC 64% 16% Kenton County Middle Kenton, KY 34% 10% Riverside High Greenville, SC 7% 20% Edmonson Gym Detroit, MI 44% 12% Average 42% 19% IMPACTS OF DAYLIGHTING

72 OCCUPANT LEVEL Increased Productivity DAYLIGHTING IMPACTS A 1999 study by the Heschong Mahone Group on 21,000 student records from 2000 classrooms in California, Washington, and Colorado found that students with the most daylighting in their classrooms progressed 20% faster on math tests and 26% faster on reading tests in one year than those with the least. (Heschong Mahone Group Daylighting in Schools, 1999, Report at m g.com) Analysis of the Performances of Students in Daylit Schools The students who attended daylit schools in Johnston County, NC outperformed the students in non daylit schools by 14% above the norm. (Nicklas & Bailey, 1996, Report at IMPACTS OF DAYLIGHTING

73 OCCUPANT LEVEL Increased Productivity DAYLIGHTING IMPACTS Smith Middle School, Chapel Hill, NC Springer Carrier Factory, Brazil IMPACTS OF DAYLIGHTING

74 OCCUPANT LEVEL Increased Productivity Springer Carrier Factory, Brazil DAYLIGHTING IMPACTS Before Daylighting IMPACTS OF DAYLIGHTING

75 OCCUPANT LEVEL Increased Productivity Springer Carrier Factory, Brazil DAYLIGHTING IMPACTS After Daylighting (Cost: $702,000) IMPACTS OF DAYLIGHTING

76 OCCUPANT LEVEL Increased Productivity Springer Carrier Factory, Brazil Cost: $702,000 DAYLIGHTING IMPACTS Year 10% Productivity Gains 10% Energy Savings Total Savings Accumulative 2000 $119,000 $55,467 $174,467 $174, $158,389 $73,525 $232,214 $809, $191,649 $89,327 $280,976 $1,346, $308,650 $143,859 $452,509 $3,233,014 IMPACTS OF DAYLIGHTING

77 Increased Productivity DAYLIGHTING IMPACTS OCCUPANT LEVEL Smith Middle School, Chapel Hill, NC IMPACTS OF DAYLIGHTING

78 OCCUPANT LEVEL Increased Productivity Smith Middle School, Chapel Hill, NC DAYLIGHTING IMPACTS Data Logging Data loggers measured lighting levels, temperature, lighting energy use Outdoor weather station to record temperature and solar intensity Chart below shows an average sampling of the recorded data 3 sunny and 3 partly cloudy days selected randomly 85% lighting energy reduction on sunny days 60% lighting energy reduction on cloudy and partly cloudy days Estimated lighting energy reduction using simulation was 64% IMPACTS OF DAYLIGHTING

79 OCCUPANT LEVEL Increased Productivity Smith Middle School, Chapel Hill, NC DAYLIGHTING IMPACTS Survey Response: 130 students & faculty participated in LRC survey General conclusion: THEY LIKE IT! A few teachers quotes: When I came to work at this school, I thought I had died and gone to heaven Daylighting provides a Natural Upper for the students According to the Principal: Students respond to their lessons better in the morning than in other schools that she had worked Simple Payback on daylighting at Smith Middle School was 4.2 years IMPACTS OF DAYLIGHTING

80 OCCUPANT LEVEL DAYLIGHTING IMPACTS Increased Productivity Smith Middle School, Chapel Hill, NC Effect of Daylight on the Human Circadian Rhythm The Experiment Daily exposure to Daylight measured for 22 students Half of the group also wore orange colored glasses to prevent short wavelength blue light, eliminating morning circadian light Morning sun light essential to stimulate the human body s 24 hour biological system, which controls the sleep wake cycle All Images on this slide courtesy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Lighting Research Lab IMPACTS OF DAYLIGHTING

81 OCCUPANT LEVEL Increased Productivity Smith Middle School, Chapel Hill, NC Effect of Daylight on the Human Circadian Rhythm DAYLIGHTING IMPACTS Results of the Experiment Removal of morning circadian light delayed the DLMO by 30 minutes Students wearing orange glasses get 30 minutes less sleep every night Students wearing orange glasses performed lower on standardized tests All Images on this slide courtesy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Lighting Research Lab IMPACTS OF DAYLIGHTING

82 Daylighting Simulation An integral part of the design narrative

83 PROCESS Daylighting Simulation & Analysis Analytical tools and metrics ACCURATE SIMULATIONS ILLuminance (footcandle) the amount of light striking a surface the incident light only Luminance (cd/m2): light measured off of the surface that has light hitting it. Measurement of the product of incident light and the surface anything that is reflected. Luminance is also considered the human perception of brightness or how bright we perceive the light that is reflected off a surface. DAYLIGHTING SIMULATION AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE DESIGN NARRATIVE

84 PROCESS Daylighting Simulation & Analysis ACCURATE SIMULATIONS Consider unique conditions with each project Analytical tools and metrics Characteristics of space (size, proportions, colors) Location (latitude and climatic conditions) Use patterns (time of use, function in relationship to time) Function (degree of glare control required, darkening) General properties of materials used DAYLIGHTING SIMULATION AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE DESIGN NARRATIVE

85 PROCESS Daylighting Simulation & Analysis Modeling methodology ACCURATE SIMULATIONS DAYLIGHTING SIMULATION AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE DESIGN NARRATIVE

86 PROCESS Daylighting Simulation & Analysis Modeling methodology ACCURATE SIMULATIONS Develop accurate whole building model Create a sensor grid covering all unique spaces DAYLIGHTING SIMULATION AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE DESIGN NARRATIVE

87 PROCESS Daylighting Simulation & Analysis Modeling methodology ACCURATE SIMULATIONS DAYLIGHTING SIMULATION AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE DESIGN NARRATIVE

88 ACCURATE SIMULATIONS PROCESS Daylighting Simulation & Analysis Analytical tools and metrics Illuminance Analysis: Annual analysis charts Target FC level Key Performance Data DAYLIGHTING SIMULATION AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE DESIGN NARRATIVE

89 PROCESS Daylighting Simulation & Analysis Analytical tools and metrics ACCURATE SIMULATIONS Use simulation for designing architectural solutions to any potential lighting or visual problems DAYLIGHTING SIMULATION AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE DESIGN NARRATIVE

90 PROCESS Daylighting Simulation & Analysis Analytical tools and metrics ACCURATE SIMULATIONS Use results to drive design decisions Design options and impacts (colors, VLT, interior shading) DAYLIGHTING SIMULATION AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE DESIGN NARRATIVE

91 PROCESS Daylighting Simulation & Analysis Analytical tools and metrics ACCURATE SIMULATIONS Glare: A measure of the physical discomfort of an occupant caused by excessive light or contrast in a specific field of view dependent on the luminance distribution in the field of view of an observer. Daylight Glare Probability (DGP): Metric that incorporates the vertical eye illuminance in addition to a comparison with the source luminance and size against the scene luminance and the position index of the glare source an evaluation of visual contrast. The outcome analytical result is a probability of people expressing issues with glare. Below is the typical DGP chart used throughout this analysis. DAYLIGHTING SIMULATION AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE DESIGN NARRATIVE

92 PROCESS Daylighting Simulation & Analysis Analytical tools and metrics ACCURATE SIMULATIONS DAYLIGHTING SIMULATION AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE DESIGN NARRATIVE

93 PROCESS Daylighting Simulation & Analysis Analytical tools and metrics ACCURATE SIMULATIONS DAYLIGHTING SIMULATION AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE DESIGN NARRATIVE

94 PROCESS Daylighting Simulation & Analysis ACCURATE SIMULATIONS Analytical tools and metrics Brightness: Used to select equipment specs to offer proper contrast ratios and ensure video equipment will be easy to see DAYLIGHTING SIMULATION AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE DESIGN NARRATIVE

95 PROCESS Daylighting Simulation & Analysis Modeling methodology ACCURATE SIMULATIONS DAYLIGHTING SIMULATION AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE DESIGN NARRATIVE

96 Evolving Standards EVOLVING STANDARDS

97 IEQ Cr: Int Lighting LEED v4 Option 1: Lighting Control (1 pt): Controllability min. 3 steps (on, off, mid) 90 % of occupants Projection presentation wall to be controlled separately. EVOLVING STANDARDS

98 IEQ Cr: Int Lighting LEED v4 Option 2: Quality - select four (1 pt): A. Fixtures < 2,500 cd/m2 (232 lm/ft2) b/w 45 and 90 deg from nadir in all reg. occupied spaces B. CRI 80 or higher except special use C. 75% of lights to be 24,000 hr or higher D. 75% or more to be indirect in reg. occupied spaces E. Reflectance in 90% of reg. occupied spaces o Ceiling = 85% o Walls = 60% o Floor = 25 EVOLVING STANDARDS

99 IEQ Cr: Int Lighting LEED v4 Option 2: Quality - select four (1 pt): F. If furniture included, reflectance to be 45% for work surface and 50% for movable partitions G. Wall to work plane illuminance ratio 1:10 along w/ E & F H. Ceiling to work plane illuminance ratio 1:10 along w/ E & F (software calculation necessary) EVOLVING STANDARDS

100 IEQ Cr: Daylight LEED v4 Increased up to 3 pts Daylighting Simulation sda300/50% and ASE 1,000/250-10%. 2-ft grids at 30 high Daylight Autonomy Annual Sunlight Exposure No Prescriptive Method Site obstructions, furniture, glare control devices to be included. EVOLVING STANDARDS

101 IEQ Cr: Daylight Annual Simulation vs. Equinox Simulation LEED v4 Annual 55% 2 pts 75% 3 pts Vs. Equinox 75% 1 pt 90% 2 pts EVOLVING STANDARDS

102 ASHRAE Adoption ASHRAE ASHRAE EVOLVING STANDARDS

103 2013 CHANGES ASHRAE LPDs LOCAL CONTROL AUTOMATIC DAYLIGHT CONTROL BI LEVEL LIGHTING CONTROL EXTERIOR LIGHTING CONTROL MANUAL ON OR PARTIAL AUTOMATIC ON AUTOMATIC PARTIAL OFF controls and daylighting requirements "The focus in the 2013 standard, therefore, was not just on lowering LPDs, but on finding ways to achieve savings by adding more controls and daylighting requirements as well as including lighting limits for exterior applications based on jurisdictional zoning." Rita Harrold, IES Director of Technology EVOLVING STANDARDS

104 2013 CHANGES ASHRAE AUTOMATIC DAYLIGHT RESPONSIVE CONTROL FOR SIDELIGHTING AND TOPLIGHTING Required automatic reduction where daylight can help illumination (sidelighting or toplighting) Ambient lighting in daylit areas with more than 150W of connected load Continuous dimming Stepped dimming 1 st step: 50 70% power 2 nd step: 20 40% power 3 rd step: Off EVOLVING STANDARDS

105 2013 CHANGES ASHRAE SAVING ENERGY WITH ADDITIONAL INTERIOR LIGHTING CONTROLS Local control occupants can override scheduled shut off by max of two hours Lights On manual on or auto on to max 50% (auto on to full allowed in areas with life safety concerns) Lights Off lighting must automatically shut off within 20 minutes of vacancy Partial Off stairwells and corridors shall be reduced by at least 50% after 20 unoccupied minutes EVOLVING STANDARDS

106 Thank you!! PRESENTERS: Brian Baewon Koh, AIA, LEED AP BD+C, LEED Faculty Paul Meyer, AAIA INNOVATIVE DESIGN, INC. RALEIGH, NC (919)