Energy Efficient Building Design College of Architecture Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago. Ceiling/Airspace
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1 HEAT GAINS and LOSSES : ROOFS and WALLS Wall Roof Ts To Ts To Ti Ceiling/Airspace Ti Roof and wall are analyzed in the same way. In winter the heat loss is simple transmission based on the inside and outside temperature, and U-value of composite structure; Q(winter) = U*A*(Ti-To) Ti = Inside air temperature To = Outside air temperature In summer the solar radiation affects the outside surface of wall and roof. The absorbed radiation increases the temperature of the outside surface to a value that is greater than outside air temperature. This outside surface temperature is called Sol-air temperature. It depends on the properties of wall and roof structure, outside surface material and color, and solar radiation intensity component perpendicular to the outside surface. The solar radiation amount depends on the orientation of the surface, solar altitude angle, and solar azimuth angle. An approximate equation for the sol-air temperature (Ts) of the outside surface of a given wall or roof is: Ts = To + A * (Id + Is) / Hso A = absorption coefficient of outside surface Id = direct solar radiation on surface Is = scatter or diffuse solar radiation Hso = outside wall or roof surface film resistance The heat gain through a wall or roof in summer is: Q(summer) = U*A*(Ts - Ti) Q must be adjusted for thermal lag and time delay. OR Q(summer) = U*A*(CLTD) using the CLTD method Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP ARCH-551 (Fall-2002) ARCH 552 (Spring-2003) F12-1
2 Wall CLTD selection 1. Use ASHRAE table 8.5, page 8.26 (page 26 note) to determine (a) principal mass of the composite wall, and (b) ASHRAE code number of the wall construction. 2. Determine placement of the principal mass with respect to insulation and the outdoors. This can be (a) inside, and (b) outside. 3. Calculate the overall resistance (R-value) of the composite wall. 4. Determine secondary material category of the composite wall. Category examples are (a.) stucco (b) steel or lightweight siding, and (c) face brick 5. Use ASHRAE table 8.6A, 8.6B or 8.6C (page 27,28,29) to determine the wall type no. 6. Determine the latitude of the building location. 7. Select the appropriate ASHRAE table from 8.3A (24ºN), 8.3B (36ºN) or 8.3C (48ºN) based on latitude (page note). 8. Go to table for given wall type number. 9. Determine CLTD for (a) wall number and (b) hour of the day 10. Correct CLTD for (a.) indoor temperature = 78ºF (b) outdoor mean temperature = 85ºF. (The CLTD tables are based on this condition. A correction is required for other conditions) 11. CLTD (corrected) = CLTD (table) + (78-Tr) + (Tm-85). Roof CLTD selection 1. From ASHRAE table 8.5, page 8.26 (page 26 note) determine (a) principal mass of the composite roof, and (b) ASHRAE code number of this mass. 2. Determine placement of the principal mass with respect to insulation and the outdoors. This can be (a) inside (b) outside (c) evenly placed or no insulation. 3. Calculate the overall resistance (R-value) of the composite roof. 4. Determine presence or absence of a suspended ceiling. 5. From ASHRAE table 8.2 page 8.25 (page 25 note) determine the roof type no. 12. Determine the latitude of the building location. 13. Select the appropriate ASHRAE table from 8.2A (24ºN), 8.2B (36ºN) or 8.2C (48ºN) based on latitude (page 8.15,15 note). 14. Go to table for given roof type number. 15. Determine CLTD for (a) roof number and (b) hour of the day 16. Correct CLTD for (a.) indoor temperature = 78ºF (b) outdoor mean temperature = 85ºF. (The CLTD tables are based on this condition. A correction is required for other conditions) 17. CLTD (corrected) = CLTD (table) + (78-Tr) + (Tm-85). Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP ARCH-551 (Fall-2002) ARCH 552 (Spring-2003) F12-2
3 ROOF AND WALL HEAT GAIN (CLTD METHOD) In CLTD/SCL/CLF method the heat gain through wall and roof is Q = U*A*(CLTD) Q = Sensible Heat Gain through Wall or Roof A = Surface Area of Wall or Roof U = Overall U-Value for composite Wall or Roof CLTD=Cooling load temperature difference from ASHRAE table for a given 1) Latitude 2) Wall or roof type 3) Wall or roof exposure orientation 4) Hour of day ASHRAE tables are for latitude 24ºN, 36ºN or 48ºN, which cover U.S.A and Canada, for 16 predefined wall types and 14 predefined roof types. Example NW N NE Building : 120'L x 120'W x 20'H Latitude : 24 o N W E All Exterior Wall Areas = 40' x 20' = 800 ft2 Month : July SW S SE No Windows Wall Type : Light Construction Wall Facing Light Construction : CLTD Values for Hours 8 AM to 7 PM N NE E SE S SW W NW SUM Simultaneous peak of all walls = 6:00 PM Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP ARCH-551 (Fall-2002) ARCH 552 (Spring-2003) F12-3
4 Example Latitude : 24 o N Month : July Wall Type : Medium Construction Facing Hours 11AM-10PM N NE E SE S SW W NW SUM Simultaneous peak of all walls = 9:00 PM Example Latitude : 24 o N Month : July Wall Type : Heavy Construction Facing Hours 1PM-12MIDNIGHT N NE E SE S SW W NW SUM Simultaneous peak of all walls = 10:00 PM Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP ARCH-551 (Fall-2002) ARCH 552 (Spring-2003) F12-4
5 NOTES: Wall CLTD values in the table are based on Dark wall surface outside Indoor room temperature = 78ºF (Troom). Outdoor maximum temperature = 95ºF (Tmax) Average outdoor temperature = 85ºF (Tavg) Daily range = 21ºF Outside surface film resistance = hr.ft².ºf / Btu Inside surface film resistance = hr.ft².ºf / Btu Tavg = Tmax ( Daily range / 2) Tmax and daily range are available from ASHRAE weather data for cooling loads design calculation. ADJUSTMENT TO TABLE DATA (CLTD Corrected) CLTD Corrected = CLTD table + (78-Troom) + (Tavg-85) Example: Wall Type = 9; Tavg = 90ºF; Troom = 70ºF; Medium Construction; 9 PM; West Wall CLTD Corrected = CLTD table + (78-70) + (90-85) = = 60 EXAMPLE: ROOF Example Latitude : 24 o N Month : July Roof type Hours 9AM-10PM Roof Type 1 (light) peaks at 2:00 PM and Roof Type 14 (heavy peaks at 7 PM Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP ARCH-551 (Fall-2002) ARCH 552 (Spring-2003) F12-5
6 NOTES: Roof CLTD values in the table are based on Dark roof surface outside Indoor room temperature = 78ºF (Troom). Outdoor maximum temperature = 95ºF (Tmax) Average outdoor temperature = 85ºF (Tavg) Daily range = 21ºF Outside surface film resistance = hr.ft².ºf / Btu Inside surface film resistance = hr.ft².ºf / Btu Tavg = Tmax ( Daily range / 2) Tmax and daily range are available from ASHRAE weather data for cooling loads design calculation. ADJUSTMENT TO TABLE DATA (CLTD Corrected) CLTD Corrected = CLTD table + (78-Troom) + (Tavg-85) Example: Roof Type = 5; Tavg = 90ºF; Troom = 70ºF; At 5:00 PM CLTD Corrected = CLTD table + (78-70) + (90-85) = = 84 o F Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP ARCH-551 (Fall-2002) ARCH 552 (Spring-2003) F12-6
7 EXAMPLE: WALL AND ROOF N WALLS and ROOF 100 ft Example 24 o N Latitude Building: 100'L x 100'W x 300'H (No Glass) 300 ft E Calculate Heat Transfer for: S (1) Light Construction (Wall type = 3, Roof type = 3) (2) Heavy Construction (Wall = 16, Roof = 14) 100 ft July L I G H T C O N S T R U C T I O N July H E A V Y C O N S T R U C T I O N Hour Wall Type = 3, Roof Type = 3 Hour Wall Type = 16, Roof Type = 14 No. N E S W RF No. N E S W RF Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP ARCH-551 (Fall-2002) ARCH 552 (Spring-2003) F12-7
8 Building Length (ft) = 100 Width (ft) = 100 Height (ft) = 300 Wall Area (ft2) = 30,000 Roof Area (ft2) = 10,000 Wall U-value = 0.2 Roof U-value = 0.2 Calculate Heat Gains at: (1) 8:00 AM (2) 12:00 Noon (3) 4:00 PM (4) 8:00 PM (5) 12:00 Midnight Heat Gain (btu/hr) = Area * U-value * CLTD MBH = 1000 btu/hr July N O R T H E A S T S O U T H W E S T R O O F TOT Hr.No. CLTD MBH CLTD MBH CLTD MBH CLTD MBH CLTD MBH MBH L I G H T C O N S T R U C T I O N Peaks at 4 PM H E A V Y C O N S T R U C T I O N Peaks at 8 PM Envelope Solar Radiation BTUH Solar Heat Gain Light Contruction MBH Radiation MBH Heavy Construction MBH BTUH 1000 MBH 800 MBH 300 BTUH 600 MBH 200 BTUH 400 MBH 200 MBH 100 BTUH 8:00 12:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 AM Noon PM PM Mdngt Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP ARCH-551 (Fall-2002) ARCH 552 (Spring-2003) F12-8
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