Copy right All Rights Re served. Cir cle Sys tems, Inc.

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2 Copy right 2007 All Rights Re served Cir cle Sys tems, Inc. The Stat/Trans fer pro gram is li censed for use on a sin gle com puter sys tem or net work node. Use by mul ti ple us ers on more than one com puter is pro hib ited. If in doubt, please call and ask about our very eco nom i cal site li censes. Stat/Trans fer is a trade mark of Cir cle Sys tems, Inc. This man ual re fers to nu mer ous prod ucts by their trade names. In most, if not all, cases these des ig na tions are claimed as trade marks or reg is tered trade marks by their re spec tive com pa nies.

3 CIR CLE SYS TEMS SINGLE USER LI CENSE AGREE MENT AND LIM ITED WAR RANTY FOR STAT/TRANSFER IM POR TANT READ CARE FULLY BE FORE IN STALL ING THE STAT/TRANS FER SOFTWARE. By click ing the Next but ton, open ing the sealed packet(s) con tain ing the soft - ware, or us ing any por tion of the soft ware, you ac cept all of the fol low ing Cir cle Sys tems License Agreement. THIS IS A LE GAL AGREE MENT BE TWEEN CIR CLE SYS TEMS, INC. AND YOU, THE END USER. CARE FULLY READ THIS AGREE MENT BE FORE OPEN ING, IN STALL - ING, OR US ING THE STAT/TRANS FER SOFT WARE (the soft ware ). CIR CLE SYS - TEMS WILL NOT AC CEPT ANY PUR CHASE OR DER OR SELL YOU A LI CENSE TO IN STALL AND USE THE SOFT WARE UN LESS YOU AGREE TO ALL OF THE TERMS OF THIS LI CENSE AGREE MENT. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THESE TERMS, DO NOT OPEN THE DISK PACK AGE, OR IN STALL OR USE THE SOFT WARE ON YOUR COM PUTER; RE MOVE ALL COP IES FROM YOUR COM PUTER AND RE TURN THE SOFT WARE AND ANY AC COM PA NY ING MA TE RI ALS WITHIN 30 DAYS OF PUR - CHASE, WITH PROOF OF PUR CHASE, FOR A FULL RE FUND OF THE AMOUNT YOU ORIGINALLY PAID FOR THE SOFTWARE. SOFTWARE LICENSE Cir cle Sys tems grants you the right to load and use one copy of the soft ware on a sin gle com - puter (your Ded i cated Com puter ). You may trans fer the soft ware to an other sin gle Ded i cated Com puter pro vided you re move all cop ies of the soft ware from the first com puter when you in - stall it on the other com puter. If one in di vid ual uses the Ded i cated Com puter more than 80% of the time that it is in use, then that in di vid ual may also load and use the soft ware on that in di vid - ual s por ta ble or home com puter. You may also make a copy of the soft ware for backup or ar - chi val pur poses. If you re ceive a copy of the soft ware elec tron i cally and on disk, you may use the disk copy for archival purposes only. Copy right and other in tel lec tual prop erty laws and in ter na tional treaty pro tect this soft ware. Copy right law pro hib its you from mak ing any other copy of the soft ware and user man ual with out the per mis sion of Cir cle Sys tems. You may not al ter, mod ify, or adapt the soft ware or user man ual, or cre ate any de riv a tive works based on them. Cir cle Sys tems dis trib utes the soft ware in com puter ex e cut able form only, and does not al low user ac cess to the un der ly ing source code and data. You may not re verse en gi neer, decompile, or dis as sem ble the soft ware to gain ac cess to such code and data, ex cept to the ex tent ap pli ca ble law ex pressly per mits such ac tiv ity. Decompiling or dis as sem bling the software may also violate the software s copyright. You may not sublicense, sell, rent, lend, lease, sublicense, or give away the soft ware to oth - ers. You may, how ever, with the prior writ ten per mis sion of Cir cle Sys tems, trans fer the soft - ware, writ ten ma te ri als, and this li cense agree ment as a pack age if the other party reg is ters with Cir cle Sys tems and agrees to ac cept this agree ment. You may not trans fer a li cense orig - i nally sold in a vol ume or net work li cense un less you trans fer all the li censes at the site. You may not re tain any cop ies of the soft ware your self once you have transferred it. Any un au tho rized copy ing, dis tri bu tion, or mod i fi ca tion of the soft ware will au to mat i cally can cel your li cense to use the soft ware and vi o late the soft ware s copyright.

4 LIMITED WARRANTY AND REMEDIES Cir cle Sys tems war rants that the soft ware will per form in sub stan tial com pli ance with the spec i fi ca - tions set forth in the user man ual pro vided with the soft ware, pro vided that it is not mod i fied and it is used on the com puter hard ware and with the op er at ing sys tem for which it was de signed. Cir cle Sys - tems also war rants that any disk me dia and printed user man u als it pro vides are free from de fects in ma te ri als and work man ship un der nor mal use. These war ran ties are lim ited to the 90-day pe riod from your orig i nal pur chase. If you re port in writ ing within 90 days of pur chase a sub stan tial de fect in the soft ware s per for mance, Cir cle Sys tems will at tempt to cor rect it or, at its op tion, au tho rize a re fund of the amount you orig i nally paid for the soft ware. If you re turn faulty me dia or a printed user man ual dur ing this pe riod, along with a dated proof of pur chase, Cir cle Sys tems will re place it free of charge. You must in sure items be ing re turned, since Cir cle Sys tems does not ac cept the risk of loss or dam age in tran sit. THE WAR RAN TIES AND REM E DIES SET FORTH ABOVE ARE EX CLU SIVE AND IN PLACE OF ALL OTH ERS, ORAL OR WRIT TEN, EX PRESS OR IM PLIED. CIR CLE SYS TEMS DOES NOT AND CAN NOT WAR RANT THE PER FOR MANCE OR RE SULTS YOU MAY OB TAIN US - ING THE SOFT WARE. EX CEPT FOR THE FORE GO ING LIM ITED WAR RANTY AND REM E - DIES, AND FOR ANY WAR RANTY, CON DI TION, REP RE SEN TA TION, OR TERM TO THE EX TENT TO WHICH IT CAN NOT OR MAY NOT BE EX CLUDED OR LIM ITED BY LAW AP - PLI CA BLE TO YOU IN YOUR JU RIS DIC TION, CIR CLE SYS TEMS MAKES NO WAR RAN - TIES, REPRESENTATIONS, OR CONDITIONS, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO THE SOFT WARE, ME DIA, OR USER MAN UAL, IN CLUD ING THEIR MER CHANT ABIL ITY, SAT IS FAC TORY QUAL ITY, NONINFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS, IN TE GRA TION, OR FIT NESS FOR A PAR TIC U LAR PUR POSE. CIR CLE SYS TEMS WILL IN NO EVENT BE LI A - BLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAM- AGES ARIS ING FROM THE USE OF OR IN ABIL ITY TO USE THE SOFT WARE OR MAN UAL, EVEN IF CIR CLE SYS TEMS HAS BEEN AD VISED OF THE POS SI BIL ITY OF SUCH DAM - AGES. Be cause soft ware is in her ently com plex and may not be com pletely free of er rors, Cir cle Sys tems is not re spon si ble for any costs in clud ing, but not lim ited to, lost prof its or rev e nue, loss of time or use of the soft ware, loss of data, the cost of re cov er ing soft ware or data, the cost of sub sti tute soft ware, claims by third par ties, or sim i lar costs. In no event will the li a bil ity of Cir cle Sys tems ex ceed the amount paid for the software. NO TICE TO U.S. GOV ERN MENT END US ERS The soft ware and man ual are Com mer cial Items, as that term is de fined at 48 C.F.R , con - sist ing of Com mer cial Com puter Soft ware and Com mer cial Com puter Soft ware Doc u men ta tion, as such terms are used in 48 C.F.R or 48 C.F.R , as ap pli ca ble. Con sis tent with 48 C.F.R or 48 C.F.R through , as ap pli ca ble, the Com mer cial Com puter Soft ware and Com mer cial Com puter Soft ware Doc u men ta tion are be ing li censed to U.S. Gov ern ment end us ers only as Com mer cial Items and with only those rights as are granted to all other end us ers pur su ant to the terms and con di tions herein. Un pub lished-rights re served un der the copy - right laws of the United States. Circle Systems, Inc., 1001 Fourth Av e nue, Suite 3200, Se at tle, WA USA. GENERAL This is the com plete and ex clu sive state ment of the agree ment be tween you and Cir cle Sys tems. It su - per sedes any prior agree ment or un der stand ing, oral or writ ten, be tween you and Cir cle Sys tems, its agents and em ploy ees, with re spect to this sub ject. No Cir cle Sys tems dis trib u tor, dealer, or agent is au tho rized to make any mod i fi ca tion, ex ten sion, or ad di tion to this Agree ment and the lim ited war - ranty and lim i ta tion of li a bil ity. The laws of the State of Washington, USA govern this agreement.

5 Ta ble of Con tents In tro duc tion 1 Dif fer ences be tween the Unix and Win dows Ver sions 1 Sup ported File Types 2 What s New in Stat/Trans fer 3 For mats 3 Other New Fea tures 3 Installation 4 In stall ing Stat/Trans fer 4 Trial Mode Soft ware 4 Li cens ing File 4 Reg is tra tion 5 Tech ni cal Sup port 6 Us ing Stat/Trans fer 7 Call ing Stat/Trans fer 7 The Copy Com mand 8 Run ning a Trans fer from within Stat/Trans fer 8 Wildcard Transfers 9 Run ning a Trans fer from the Op er at ing Sys tem Prompt 9 Com bin ing Files 10 Spec i fy ing the File Types 11 Stan dard Ex ten sions 11 File-Type Tags 11 Special Cases when Specifying Files 13 Se lect ing Cases from the In put File 14 Case-Selection Expressions 14 Sam pling Func tions 16 Se lect ing Vari ables from the In put File 17 KEEP and DROP Com mands 17 The TYPES Com mand - Chang ing Out put Vari able Types 18 Out put Vari able Types 20 De fault Types As signed by Stat/Trans fer 20 Op ti miz ing Tar get Types 21 Man u ally Chang ing Out put Vari able Types 23 Op tions Set by Pa ram e ters af ter the COPY Com mand 25 Op tions for In put Data Sets 25 Op tions for Vari ables 27 Op tions for Mes sages 28 Op tions Set with the SET com mand 29 Set ting Op tions 29 Startup Op tions File 29 Avail able Op tions 29 Avail able Op tions-de tails 32 Other Avail able Com mands 49 Run ning Pro grams and Shell Com mands 49 Stat/Transfer Help 49 Log ging Stat/Trans fer Ses sions 50 Quit 50 iii

6 Com mand Files 51 Con struct ing Com mand Files 51 Com mand File Ex ten sions 51 Ex e cut ing Com mand Files 51 Run ning Pro grams from Com mand Files 52 Vari able Nam ing and Lim its 53 Variable Names 53 Lim i ta tions on the Num ber of Vari ables 53 Lim i ta tions on Strings with Value La bels 53 In ter nal Lim i ta tions 53 Re turn Trans fers to the Orig i nal For mat 54 Sup ported Pro grams Worksheet Files 56 ASCII Files - De lim ited 59 ASCII Files - Fixed For mat 61 ASCII SCHEMA Files 64 dbase Files and Compatibles 71 Epi Info 72 Ex cel Worksheets 73 FoxPro Files 76 Gauss Files 77 HTML Ta bles 78 JMP Files 79 LIMDEP Files 80 Matlab Files 81 Mineset Files 82 Minitab Worksheets 83 NLOGIT Files 84 OSIRIS Files 85 Par a dox Ta bles 86 Quattro Pro Worksheet Files 87 R 90 SAS Data Files 92 SAS Value La bels 94 SAS CPORT 97 SAS Trans port Files 98 S-PLUS Files 100 SPSS Data Files 102 SPSS Por ta ble Files 104 Stata Files 105 SYSTAT Files 107 Fre quently Asked Ques tions 108 General Questions 108 SAS Data Files 109 SAS Trans port Files 110 S-PLUS Files 110 Stata Files 110 Worksheet Files 111

7 Introduction Stat/Trans fer is de signed to sim plify the trans fer of sta tis ti cal data be tween dif fer ent pro - grams. Data gen er ated by one pro gram is of ten needed in an other con text, ei ther for anal y sis, for clean ing and cor rec tion, or for pre sen ta tion. How ever, not only must the data be trans - ferred, but in ad di tion, the vari ables gen er ally must be re-de scribed for each pro gram with ad - di tional in for ma tion, such as vari able names, miss ing val ues and value and vari able la bels. This pro cess is not only time-con sum ing, it is er ror-prone. For those in pos ses sion of data sets with many vari ables, it rep re sents a se ri ous im ped i ment to the use of more than one pro gram. Stat/Trans fer re moves this bar rier by pro vid ing an ex tremely fast, re li able and au to matic way to move data. Stat/Trans fer will au to mat i cally read sta tis ti cal data in the in ter nal for mat of one of the sup ported pro grams and will then trans fer as much of the in for ma tion as is pres ent and ap pro pri ate to the in ter nal for mat of an other. Stat/Trans fer pre serves all of the pre ci sion in your data by stor ing it in ter nally in dou ble pre - ci sion for mat. How ever, on out put, it will, where pos si ble, au to mat i cally min i mize the size of your out put data set by in tel li gently choos ing data stor age types that are only as large as nec es sary to pre serve the in put pre ci sion. Stat/Trans fer also al lows pre cise and easy man ual con trol over the stor age for mat of your out put vari ables, in case this is nec es sary. In ad di tion to converting the formats of variables, Stat/Transfer also processes missing values automatically. Stat/Trans fer can save hours and even days of man ual la bor, while at the same time elim i nat - ing er ror. Fur ther more, you gain this speed and ac cu racy with out los ing flex i bil ity, since Stat/Trans fer al lows you to se lect just the vari ables and cases you want to trans fer. Dif fer ences be tween the Unix and Win dows Ver sions The Stat/Trans fer com mand pro ces sor on Win dows and on Unix plat forms share a com mon code base. How ever, there are a few dif fer ences in style be tween the two ver sions and also in the file types sup ported. If you are fa mil iar with the Win dows ver sion of Stat/Trans fer, you should read the fol low ing sec tions. Dif fer ences in Sup ported File Types The fol low ing for mats are not yet avail able on Unix: Access ODBC Statistica Style Differences Switches The switch char ac ter used with Unix com mands is the dash, rather than the slash used with DOS com mands. For ex am ple, to copy a file with op ti miz ing and no warn ing prompt when over writ ing an ex ist ing file, type: copy indata.ssd01 out.dta -o -y In tro duc tion 1

8 Al ter na tive Com mands There are sev eral changes to the built-in op er at ing sys tem com mands un der Unix: cp is equiv a lent to copy ls is equiv a lent to dir! or sys tem takes the place of DOS Case Stat/Trans fer com mands are not case sen si tive, but Unix file sys tems are. There fore, file names and paths must al ways be in the cor rect case, but case does not mat ter with com mands when us ing Stat/Trans fer for Unix. Mes sages When run from the op er at ing sys tem prompt, Stat/Trans fer for Unix by de fault will is sue mes sages only if er rors oc cur. If you wish more ver bose out put, use the -v switch. Wildcards When us ing the Unix ver sion, if you are run ning a wild card trans fer from the op er at ing sys - tem prompt, the ar gu ments must be en closed in quotes to pre vent the shell from ex pand ing the wildcards be fore Stat/Trans fer sees them. For ex am ple: st "in/*.sd2" "out/*.dta" Sup ported File Types Ver sion 9 of Stat/Trans fer for Unix sup ports the fol low ing file types: ASCII - De lim ited ASCII - Fixed for mat dbase and com pat i ble for mats Epi Info Excel FoxPro Gauss HTML ta bles JMP LIMDEP Matlab Mineset Minitab NLOGIT OSIRIS (read-only) Paradox Quattro Pro R SAS for Win dows and OS/2 SAS for Unix SAS CPORT (read-only) SAS Trans port S-PLUS SPSS Data SPSS Por ta ble Stata SYSTAT 2 In tro duc tion

9 What s New in Stat/Trans fer Formats Stat/Trans fer Ver sion 9 has added sup port for the fol low ing: Ex cel 2007 NLOGIT R SAS CPORT data sets and cat a logs (read only) SAS PC/DOS 6.04 (read only) S-Plus through Ver sion 7 De lim ited ASCII with a Stat/Trans fer SCHEMA file Other New Fea tures Worksheet pages can be con cat e nated into a sin gle out put file. The com mand pro ces sor now al lows mul ti ple in put files to be com bined into a sin gle out put file. Value la bel tags and sets can be pre served. SAS value la bels can now be read from trans port files, CPORT files, data sets and cat - a logs. JMP sup port has been ex panded. Us ers can spec ify any de lim iter for ASCII files and can com bine ad ja cent blank de - lim it ers. Gen er ated pro grams and ASCII files can now pre serve in put widths. In R and S-Plus, fac tors can now be con verted to nu meric vari ables with la bels or to string vari ables. Sup port for lon ger string vari ables and lon ger value and vari able la bels has been added, so that Stat/Trans fer is com pat i ble with the lim its of all sup ported pro grams. Be cause we make ev ery ef fort to keep up with changes in the file for mats of pop u lar soft ware, be sure to check the READ.ME file for the lat est in for ma tion on which ver sions of these pro grams are sup ported. You can also get cur rent in for ma tion about Stat/Trans fer by vis it ing our Web site at You can reach our Web site from the About Screen. What s New in Stat/Trans fer 3

10 Installation In stalling Stat/Trans fer Ver sion 9 of Stat/Trans fer for Unix runs on the fol low ing plat forms: HP-9000 (HP-UX) IBM RS/6000 (AIX) Intel/AMD (x86) (32 Bit Linux) Intel/AMD (x86-64) (64 Bit Linux) Sun SPARC (32 Bit Solaris) Sun SPARC (64 Bit Solaris) The Stat/Trans fer ex e cut able file for each of these plat forms is available on our web site as a sin gle, un com pressed file, named st: HP-9000 (HP-UX) ftp://ftp.stattransfer.com/hp/st IBM RS/6000 (AIX) ftp://ftp.stattransfer.com/aix/st Intel/AMD (x86) (32 Bit Linux) ftp://ftp.stattransfer.com/linux/st Intel/AMD (x86-64) (64 Bit Linux) ftp://ftp.stattransfer.com/linux64/st Sun SPARC (32 Bit Solaris) ftp://ftp.stattransfer.com/solaris/st Sun SPARC (64 Bit Solaris) ftp://ftp.stattransfer.com/solaris64/st Down load the ap pro pri ate st file and save it to any con ve nient lo ca tion. Trial Mode Soft ware The down loaded file will be in trial mode. Your soft ware will work as if it were a full ver - sion, ex cept that one out of ap prox i mately six teen cases will be de leted from your out put file. A message will warn you of this. If you choose to pur chase the soft ware, we will send you a li cens ing file by that will en able it. Licensing File A li cens ing file must be pres ent for the pro gram to run cor rectly. The li cense is a small text file, which is gen er ally sent as an at tach ment. If the in for ma tion in this file is al tered 4 Installation

11 or the file is miss ing, the pro gram will re vert to trial mode and one out ev ery six teen cases will be de leted. If you have pur chased a per sonal li cense, the li cense file must be in stalled in your home di - rec tory and it must be named.circlesys.lic (note the lead ing dot). If you have pur chased a site li cense, the li cense file should be named circlesys.lic (no lead ing dot). It should be in stalled in /usr/lib/circlesys/ or, al ter na tively, it should have a name and lo ca tion pointed to by the en vi ron ment vari able STLIC. For ex am ple, if you wanted to put the li cense file in /usr/lib/lic and name it st.lic, you could set the fol low ing en vi ron ment vari - able: STLIC=/usr/lib/lic/st.lic The li cense can also be lo cated in the same di rec tory as the pro gram file st, as long as the di - rec tory is on your path. If you find that you are hav ing trou ble in stall ing your li cense file, type st li cense and Stat/Trans fer will type a log of its ac tiv ity as it searches for your li cense. Reg is tra tion We pro vide sup port only to reg is tered us ers. You must re turn your reg is tra tion card, or reg is - ter on line through our Web site, if you wish to re ceive support. Our Web site can be reached at Installation 5

12 Technical Support We pro vide sup port only to reg is tered us ers. You must re turn your reg is tra tion card, or reg is - ter on line through our web site, if you wish to re ceive sup port. Our web site ad dress is You can reach our web site from the About Stat/Trans fer screen. Be fore you call for sup port, please check this man ual for a so lu tion to your prob lem. Be sure to check the Fre quently Asked Ques tions sec tion on page 108. You can also check to see if your prob lem is ad dressed in the Sup port sec tion of our web site. If you are un able to re solve your prob lem with the help tools avail able to you, the best way to seek help is by at support@circlesys.com When you con tact us, please let us know the na ture of your prob lem and any er ror mes sages you en coun tered. It is also help ful if you start up Stat/Trans fer and note the ex act ver sion of Stat/Trans fer that you are us ing. Our gen eral ad dress, should you want reach us about any thing other than sup port, is stat-transfer@circlesys.com. 6 Tech ni cal Sup port

13 Using Stat/Trans fer Stat/Trans fer for Unix will per form trans fers us ing a copy-like syn tax, which al lows batch jobs to be run for re pet i tive trans fers. You can se lect vari ables and cases, au to mat i cally op ti - mize the out put vari able types, or change out put types man u ally. When run ning Stat/Trans fer, you can give commands in ei ther of two ways: di rectly, or from a stored com mand file which is ex e cuted at the Stat/Trans fer or op er at ing sys tem prompt. Call ing Stat/Trans fer At the op er at ing sys tem prompt, type: st In or der for the op er at ing sys tem to find Stat/Trans fer, you will need to be in the di rec tory in which you in stalled Stat/Trans fer, or have that di rec tory on your path, or spec ify the path to Stat/Trans fer when you call it (for ex am ple, ~/bin/st). Trans fers from within Stat/Trans fer If no other pa ram e ters are en tered, you will see the Stat/Trans fer prompt. You can then en ter com mands or ex e cute a com mand file. Trans fers from the Op er ating Sys tem Prompt If you give in put and out put file names or a com mand file name af ter the st com mand, as dis cussed on page 9, you will carry out an im me di ate data trans fer, with out see ing the Stat/Trans fer prompt. Using Stat/Trans fer 7

14 The Copy Com mand The ba sic com mand used when run ning Stat/Trans fer is COPY, COPY infilename.ex1 outfilename.ex2 -x1 -x2... If Stat/Trans fer is be ing used from the op er at ing sys tem prompt, then the COPY com mand is im plicit ST infilename.ex1 outfilename.ex2 -x1 -x2... De tails are given be low. Run ning a Trans fer from within Stat/Trans fer The COPY com mand at the Stat/Trans fer prompt is used in the fol low ing way: COPY infilename.ex1 outfilename.ex2 -x1 -x2... where infilename.ex1 and outfilename.ex2 are the in put and out put files, re spec tively and.ex1 and.ex2, are stan dard ex ten sions used to de ter mine the type of file that is read and writ ten. The file names can be com plete file spec i fi ca tions. An al ter na tive for spec i fy ing the file type is to use a "file-type tag" in stead of a stan dard ex - ten sion. This is dis cussed on page 11. Stat/Trans fer com mands are not case sen si tive, but Unix file sys tems are. There fore, file names and paths must al ways be in the cor rect case, but case does not mat ter with com mands. Parameters -xi fol low ing the file names al low some op tions to be se lected, such as se lect ing ta bles and pages, op ti mi za tion of vari ables or con trol ling mes sages from Stat/Trans fer. See page 25. You can give ad di tional com mands be fore you give the COPY com mand at the Stat/Trans fer prompt. These al low you to se lect cases and vari ables, to man u ally change out put vari able types and to set a num ber of op tions. These are dis cussed be gin ning on page 14. Note that if you carry out a trans fer in ter ac tively from the op er at ing sys tem prompt, these ad - di tional com mands will not be avail able, ex cept for SET commands, which may be given in a startup op tions file (see page 29.) If no com mands for se lect ing cases or vari ables are given, then by de fault, all of the vari ables and cases will be trans ferred. For ex am ple, to copy all of the vari ables and all of the cases from an Ex cel file, indata.xls, to a SAS file, outdata.sd2, type: copy indata.xls outdata.sd2 where the file type is given by us ing stan dard ex ten sions. In stead of en ter ing com mands di rectly, you can store them in a com mand file and ex e cute that file at the Stat/Trans fer prompt. See page Using Stat/Trans fer The Copy Com mand

15 Wild card Trans fers Wild cards can be used to copy mul ti ple files in one trans fer. For ex am ple: copy /in/*.dta /out/*.sd2 will con vert all of the Stata files in the di rec tory /in to SAS files in the di rec tory /out. Stan dard wildcards work in the in put file (? and * ). The out put file names should al ways be spec i fied with an as ter isk and will be con sist of the in put file names, with the new ex ten sion. We rec om mend that you use wild card spec i fi ca tions with an in put di rec tory that con tains just the filesto be trans ferred. To avoid the pos si bil ity of over writ ing ex ist ing files or of be ing prompted about this pos si bil ity, the out put di rec tory should be empty. You may also spec ify the -Y parameter, (see page 11), to sup press prompt ing, but you should do so with ex treme cau tion. Note that when you are run ning a wild card trans fer from the op er at ing sys tem prompt, as dis - cussed be low, the ar gu ments must be en closed in quotes. Run ning a Trans fer from the Op er ating Sys tem Prompt You can run a trans fer from the op er at ing sys tem prompt by typ ing the fol low ing: st infilename.ex1 outfilename.ex2 -x1 -x2... where infilename.ex1 and outfilename.ex2 are the in put and out put files, re spec tively, just as they are for the COPY com mand used within Stat/Trans fer. In or der to run a trans fer from the op er at ing sys tem prompt line, you will need to be in the di - rec tory in which you in stalled Stat/Trans fer, or have a path de fined to it, or spec ify the path to Stat/Trans fer when you call it. The parameters, -xi, that are used from Stat/Trans fer prompt can also be used at the op er at ing sys tem prompt. See page 25. When a trans fer is run in ter ac tively from the op er at ing sys tem prompt, the op tions set with SET com mands, de scribed on pages 29-45, are avail able only if they are in cluded in a startup op tions file (see page 29.) When a trans fer is run in ter ac tively, the com mands that con trol vari able se lec tion and case se - lec tion are not avail able. Thus, all vari ables and all cases will be trans ferred. Carrying out a trans fer in ter ac tively from the op er at ing sys tem prompt is equiv a lent to copy ing the com plete file from one for mat to an other. For ex am ple, to trans fer all of the vari ables and cases from an Ex cel file, indata.xls to a Stata file, outdata.dta, type: st indata.xls outdata.dta Wildcard Transfers Wild card trans fers can be spec i fied from the op er at ing sys tem prompt, just as they are from the Stat/Transfer prompt. How ever, when you are run ning a wild card trans fer from the op er - at ing sys tem prompt, the ar gu ments must be en closed in quotes to pre vent the shell from ex - pand ing the wildcards be fore Stat/Trans fer sees them. For ex am ple, st /in/*.dta /out/*.sd2 The Copy Com mand Using Stat/Trans fer 9

16 Combining Files If you wish to com bine mul ti ple in put files into a sin gle out put file, use the COM BINE com - mand in stead of the COPY com mand: COM BINE *.ex1 filename.ex2 -[f[+]file name] where *.ex1 are the in put files to be com bined (all in the same di rec tory), filename.ex2 is the out put file and.ex1 and.ex2 are stan dard ex ten sions used to de ter mine the file types. The pa - ram e ter -[f[+]file name] is de scribed be low. The in put files will be con cat e nated into one output file. The syn tax for this com mand is sim i lar to that of the COPY com mand us ing wildcards, de - scribed on the pre vi ous page, ex cept that the out put file spec i fi ca tion does not con tain a wildcard. The files to be com bined do not need to have iden ti cal vari ables and the vari ables do not need to be in the same or der. By de fault, the first file in al pha bet i cal or der be comes the ref er ence file and the vari ables in this file and their char ac ter is tics de ter mine the struc ture of the out put file. The vari ables in suc ceed ing files are then matched to the first file. If a file does not have a vari able with a match ing name or the type of the vari able does not match, it will not be in cluded in the output. The switch -f al lows you to spec ify which file will be used as the ref er ence file. For ex am - ple, if you have file1, file2, and file3 as in put and you want to use file3 in stead of file1 as the ref - er ence, you would spec ify -ffile3. Note that you use the file name with out the extenstion. The file name it self may con tain some in for ma tion about the data in the file. For ex am ple, you might have in put files with data for each state, with files named with the state name. In such cases, you may wish to have an ad di tional vari able cre ated from the in put file names and writ ten to the out put file. The pa ram e ter -f+ tells Stat/Trans fer to cre ate a new vari able from the input file names. This pa ram e ter can be com bined with the ref er ence file spec i fi ca tion. For ex am ple, -f+file3 tells Stat/ Trans fer to use file3 as the ref er ence file and to cre ate a new out put vari able from the in put file names. All of the op tions used with the COPY com mand can be used with the COM BINE com mand. 10 Using Stat/Trans fer The Copy Com mand

17 Spec ifying the File Types When a COPY com mand is given, Stat/Trans fer de ter mines the file types of both the in put and out put files by look ing for stan dard ex ten sions. An al ter na tive for spec i fy ing the file type is to use a file-type tag in stead of a stan dard ex - ten sion. Stan dard Ex ten sions If you use stan dard file ex ten sions, these will tell Stat/Trans fer what kind of file is to be read or writ ten. The stan dard ex ten sions used by Stat/Trans fer are given in the ta ble on the next page. A list of stan dard ex ten sions can be ob tained by typ ing: help for mats at the Stat/Trans fer prompt. File-Type Tags If your file does not have a stan dard ex ten sion, you can pre cede the file name by a file-type tag, which in di cates the file type. For ex am ple, if you want to write a Win dows SAS file that has a.dat ex ten sion in stead of an.sd2 ex ten sion, you can type copy indata.xls sas outdata.dat where sas in di cates that the out put file is to be a SAS Win dows file. The file-type tags used by Stat/Trans fer are given in the ta ble on the next page. When you are us ing Stat/Trans fer, a list of tags can be ob tained by typ ing: help for mats Dis tin guishing Be tween File Names and File-type Tags Stat/Trans fer uses the pres ence of a pe riod. to dif fer en ti ate be tween ex ten sions and file-type tags. There fore, when us ing the COPY com mand, you must ei ther use a pe riod in your file name or, if the name does not con tain a pe riod, then you must use one af ter the file name. For ex am ple, if you have a Stata file named populat, and you are go ing to a file, populat.wk3, the COPY com mand would look like: copy stata populat. pop u late.wk3 The file-type tag must be used since the in put file does not have a stan dard ex ten sion. The pe riod af ter the file name tells Stat/Trans fer that this is the file name. Spec ifying the File Types Using Stat/Trans fer 11

18 Stan dard File Ex ten sions and File-Type Tags File Type Stan dard Ex ten sion File-Type Tag wk?,wb? 123 ASCII - De lim ited txt,csv delim ASCII - With Schema - In put sts stfixed ASCII - De lim ited with Schema stsd stdelim ASCII - Fixed with Schema stsf stfixed ASCII - Fixed For mat - all pro grams fix fixed-all dbase and compatibles dbf xbase Epi Info epi epi Ex cel 2007 xlsx excelx Ex cel 97+ xls excel Excel Version 2 xls excel2 FoxPro dbf xbase Gauss dat gauss Gauss 96 dat gauss96 HTML html html JMP jmp jmp JMP Ver sion 3 jmp jmp3 LIMDEP lpj limdep Matlab mat matlab Mineset schema mineset Minitab mtw minitab NLOGIT lpj limdep OSIRIS dct, dict osiris Paradox dbf par a dox Quattro Pro wq?,wb? quattro R rdata r SAS V6 for Win dows and OS/2 sd2 sas2 SAS V7, V8 and V9 for Win dows sas7bdat sas SAS V6 for Mac, Unix - HP, Sun, IBM ssd01 sas1 SAS V6 for Unix - DEC ssd04 sas4 SAS CPORT stc cport SAS Trans port Files tpt,xpt sasx S-PLUS for Win dows, OS/2, DEC Unix. splus SPSS Data for Win dows, OS/2, DEC Unix sav spss SPSS Data for Unix - HP, Sun, IBM sav spss-hl SPSS Por ta ble por spssp SPSS Syn tax & Data File sps spsss Stata (Stan dard) dta stata Stata/SE dta stata/se Stata Pro gram & Data File do statado SYSTAT sys systat 12 Using Stat/Trans fer Spec ifying the File Types

19 Spe cial Cases when Spec ifying Files Spec ifying S-PLUS Files A pe riod must al ways be added to stan dard S-PLUS file names, since these do not have any ex ten sion. No file-type tag is needed, how ever, since the stan dard ex ten sion for S-PLUS files is none. For ex am ple, to trans fer the S-PLUS file indata to a Matlab file outdata.mat, type copy indata. outdata.mat The pe riod tells Stat/Trans fer that indata is a file name, not a file-type tag. In put Worksheets and SAS Trans port Files You can se lect worksheet pages and mem bers of SAS trans port files by us ing pa ram e ters that fol low the COPY com mand. These are dis cussed be gin ning on page 25. Over writing Out put Files By de fault, Stat/Trans fer will check to see if the des ti na tion file al - ready ex ists and warn you that an ex ist ing file is about to be over - writ ten. You can sup press this warn ing us ing the pa ram e ter -Y. Spec ifying the File Types Using Stat/Trans fer 13

20 Selecting Cases from the In put File When you are us ing the COPY com mand from the Stat/Trans fer prompt or when you are us - ing a com mand file, you can se lect cases to be trans ferred. Trans fers that are typed in di - rectly at the op er at ing sys tem prompt will trans fer all of the in put cases. You se lect cases from the in put file us ing the case-se lec tion (WHERE) com mands de scribed be low. The WHERE state ments are en tered be fore the COPY com mand. The ac cu racy of a WHERE state ment will be checked only when the COPY com mand is ex e - cuted. For this rea son, par tic u lar care should be taken when typ ing in vari able names. Case-Se lec tion Ex pres sions The case-se lec tion or WHERE state ment is used to give the con di tions on the vari ables that will de fine the sub group of the data set that you wish to se lect. The WHERE state ment has the form WHERE vari able ex pres sion re la tional op er a tor se lec tion con di tion where variable expression con sists of a sin gle vari able or an ex pres sion in volv ing sev eral variables, re la tional op er a tor is one of the op er a tors listed be low, while selection con di tion gives spec i fi ca tions for the vari ables to be se lected. Variable Expression All of the usual arith me tic op er a tors [+ - / * ( ) ] are avail able for use in this ex pres sion. If vari able names used in WHERE ex pres sions con tain em bed ded blanks or char ac ters such as re la tional op er a tors like /, then they must be en closed in sin gle quotes. In ter nal Vari able An in ter nal vari able, _rownum is avail able which al lows spe cific rows or re cords of the data set to be ref er enced. Relational Operators The fol low ing re la tional op er a tors are available: = equals!= not equal < less than > greater than <= less than or equal >= greater than or equal & and or, or (used in a se ries)! not The modulus op er a tor is also avail able: % the in te ger re main der af ter di vi sion by the op er and fol low ing 14 Using Stat/Trans fer Selecting Cases from the In put File

21 Selection Conditions If vari able val ues con sist of strings, then when they con tain blanks or char ac ters such as /, they must be en closed in dou ble quotes. Ex am ples Ex am ples of se lec tion con di tions given by WHERE expressionsare where educ = 12 & rate >.2 where (income1 + income2)/famsize < where income1 >= income2 >= where acct!= 2001 where name = smith where dept = auto loan where id % 2 = 0 (which se lects all even val ues of ID ) where _rownum < 200 (which se lects rows 1-199) Wildcards in Se lec tion Con di tions Wildcards ( * or? ) are avail able to se lect sub groups of string vari ables. For ex am ple: where ac count =?3* where name = mc* name = mac* Note that when the wild card? is used, it re places a sin gle char ac ter, while the wild card * re places an un spec i fied num ber of char ac ters. Thus the spec i fi ca tion?3* will se lect ac count num bers of any length that have a three in the sec ond place. Comma Op er a tor The comma op er a tor, is used to list dif fer ent val ues of the same vari able name that will be used as se lec tion cri te ria. It al lows you to by pass po ten tially lengthy OR ex pres sions when se lect ing lists of val ues. For ex am ple, the WHERE ex pres sion above can be more eas ily writ ten: Other examples are: where name = mc*,mac* where age = 21,31,41,51,61 which will se lect only the listed ages, and where caseid!= 22*,30??,4?00 which will se lect all cases ex cept those id s start ing with 22 or four char ac ter id s start ing with 30 or start ing with 4 and end ing with 00. Miss ing Val ues You can test to see if the value of any vari able is miss ing by com par ing it to the spe cial in ter - nal vari able _miss ing. For ex am ple where in come!= _miss ing & age!= _miss ing Selecting Cases from the In put File Using Stat/Trans fer 15

22 Sampling Functions Three func tions are avail able for sam pling. The first samp_rand(prop) al lows for sim ple ran dom sam pling. Each case is se lected with a prob a bil ity equal to prop. For ex am ple, for a ran dom sam ple of one tenth of a data set, use: The sec ond func tion where samp_rand(.1) samp_fixed(sam ple_size,to tal_ob ser va tions) al lows a ran dom sam ple of fixed size to be drawn. When us ing this func tion, the first case is drawn with a prob a bil ity of sam ple_size/to tal_ob ser va tions, and the suc ceed ing i th case is drawn with a prob a bil ity of (sam ple_size - hits) / (to tal_ob ser va tions - i). For ex am ple, if you had a data set of 1000 cases and wished for a ran dom sam ple of 25 cases, you would spec ify: Fi nally, a third func tion where samp_fixed(25,1000) samp_syst(in ter val) per forms a sys tem atic sam ple of ev ery n th case af ter a ran dom start. For in stance, to take ev - ery 6 th case, use: where samp_syst(6) Ex pres sions are eval u ated from left to right. You can thus sam ple from a sub set of your cases by subsetting them first and then sam pling. For ex am ple, to take a ran dom half of high school grad u ates, use: where school ing >= 12 & samp_rand(.5) Sampling Seed and Reproducible Samples The ran dom num ber gen er a tor that pro vides the ba sis of these sam pling rou tines is rand_port() in Jerry Dwyer, Quick and Por ta ble Ran dom Num ber Gen er a tors. C Us ers Jour nal, June, 1995, pp By de fault, it is seeded us ing a per mu ta tion of the time of day, and will yield a dif fer ent sam ple on each run. If you need a re pro duc ible sam ple, you can gen er ate it by us ing the same seed each time. The seed is en tered with the SET com mand SAMP-SEED and should be a pos i tive in te ger in the range of one through 2,147,483, Using Stat/Trans fer Selecting Cases from the In put File

23 Selecting Variables from the In put File When you are us ing the COPY com mand or a com mand file from the Stat/Trans fer prompt, you can se lect in put vari ables to be trans ferred. Trans fers that are typed in at the op er at ing sys tem prompt will trans fer all of the in put vari ables. Vari ables can be se lected with one of the com mands KEEP, DROP, or TYPES. Only one of these com mands can be given and it must be given prior to the COPY com mand. KEEP and DROP Com mands The com mands KEEP or DROP are used when you wish to se lect vari ables but do not wish to change the out put vari able types as signed by Stat/Trans fer. You can use the SET com mand DROP-KEEP to re use the same vari able list for more than one trans fer. See page 33. Spec i fy ing a List of Vari ables. KEEP or DROP can be fol lowed by a list of vari ables to be used or omit ted, re spec tively. KEEP DROP variablelist Ranges can be given and wildcards are al lowed. For ex am ple: drop age,sat1-sat10,inc* will drop the vari ables age, sat1 through sat10 and all fields be gin ning with inc. Us ing a File to Spec ify Vari ables with KEEP or DROP If you have a file con tain ing a list of vari ables to be kept or dropped, then in stead of a vari - able list af ter the KEEP or DROP com mands, you can spec ify the name of the file pre ceded with sym bol. For ex am ple: will read the file varkeep.lst for a list of vari ables to be kept. These can be de lim ited with spaces or new lines. Note that files used with the KEEP or DROP com mands can not con tain the tar get out put types for in put vari ables. Such files must be read with the TYPES com mand. The VARS Com mand with KEEP or DROP To fa cil i tate the cre ation of a file con tain ing se lected in put vari ables, a com mand is avail able that will write a list of vari ables to a file: VARS file name variablelist [-oc] where filename is the name of the in put file con tain ing the vari ables to be trans ferred (with an ex ten sion con form ing to the usual con ven tions) and variablelist is the name of the file that is to con tain the data list. All of the in put vari ables will be writ ten, one per line, un less the pa ram e ter -OC has been given to au to mat i cally drop con stant or miss ing vari ables.(see page 22 for de tails.) If vari - able la bels are avail able, these will also be writ ten as com ments in the file. Se lect ing Vari ables from the In put File Using Stat/Trans fer 17

24 Once the file has been cre ated, you can use your fa vor ite ed i tor to de lete the vari ables that are not to be used with the DROP or KEEP com mand. Writ ing to the Screen If, for some rea son, you wish to have the in put vari ables listed on the screen, use the VARS com mand with out spec i fy ing an out put file VARS file name The TYPES Com mand - Chang ing Out put Vari able Types The TYPES com mand is used in stead of the KEEP or DROP com mands when you wish to change the out put vari able tar get types as signed by Stat/Trans fer. See page 20 for a dis cus - sion of tar get out put vari able types and and page 23 for a dis cus sion of how to change them. The TYPES com mand has the form: TYPES vartypelist where vartypelist is a file con tain ing the se lected in put vari ables and their tar get out put types. Note that sym bol does not pre cede the file name. For ex am ple, types vari ables.lst will read the file vari ables.lst for a list of vari ables to be used, along with the tar get out put type cho sen. Each vari able along with the tar get out put type must be on a sep a rate line. TYPES CLEAR Com mand When a TYPES com mand has been given it will be used with all suc ceed ing COPY com - mands, un til a new TYPES com mand has been given or un til the fol low ing com mand is given. TYPES CLEAR The VARS Com mand with TYPES The VARS com mand with ap pro pri ate op tions can be used to write a file giv ing the out put vari able types as signed by Stat/Trans fer, as well as vari able names and la bels. In this case it has the form: VARS file name vartypelist [-t] [-o -o-] [-o[d][c]] where filename is the name of the in put file and vartypelist is the name of the file that is to con tain the vari able list. All of the in put vari ables will be writ ten, un less con stants are dropped with the pa ram e ter OC. They will be writ ten one per line, and if vari able la bels are avail able, these will also be writ ten as com ments in the file. The pa ram e ter -T will write the tar get out put vari able type for each in put vari able. By de fault, op ti mi za tion of tar get types is on (see page 21). If you wish to turn it off, use the pa ram e ter '-O-'. If you have turned it off in your startup op tions file, then you can, if you wish, turn it back on here with the pa ram e ter -O. 18 Using Stat/Trans fer Se lect ing Vari ables from the In put File

25 The pa ram e ters -OD, '-OC' and -ODC will se lect op ti mized tar get types with the dou ble op tion, drop-con stants op tion or both 'dou ble' and 'drop-con stants' op tions re spec tively (see page 21), be fore writ ing the vari able list. Once the file has been cre ated, you can use your fa vor ite ed i tor to de lete the vari ables that are not to be trans ferred and to change any out put types you wish. This file can then be used with the TYPES com mand. If you give the pa ram e ters -OD, -OC, or -ODC with the VARS com mand, when you use the re sult ing file with TYPES, you should not give any of them with the COPY com mand. Se lect ing Vari ables from the In put File Using Stat/Trans fer 19

26 Output Variable Types Sys tems dif fer widely in the num ber and va ri ety of vari able types they sup port. When data are trans ferred from one file type to an other, a vari able type in the out put for mat must be as - signed to each of the vari ables be ing trans ferred. Note that with Stat/Trans fer, nu mer i cal pre ci sion is never lost in the trans fer pro cess, since all nu mer i cal vari ables are stored in ter nally as dou ble pre ci sion float ing point num bers and are then writ ten out ac cord ing to the as signed vari able type. Stat/Trans fer will au to mat i cally as sign out put types when you se lect vari ables for trans fer. In most cases it is ap pro pri ate to ac cept the out put types that Stat/Trans fer chooses. How ever, there are times that you may wish to over ride these de faults and set the out put types your self. De fault Types As signed by Stat/Trans fer When as sign ing de fault out put vari able types, Stat/Trans fer uses all of the in for ma tion at its dis - posal about the in put data vari ables in or der to pre serve nu meric pre ci sion and, at the same time, min i mize the size of the out put data set. If you choose not to have out put types op ti mized, as dis cussed be low, then in for ma tion about the vari ables gen er ally co mes from the in put file dic tio nary, which de scribes the vari ables. If out put types are op ti mized (the de fault be hav ior), then ad di tional in for ma tion is ob tained by ex - am in ing the val ues of vari ables. When read ing nu mer i cal vari ables, Stat/Trans fer se lects a tar get out put vari able type based on the in for ma tion avail able to it. This tar get vari able type is not used for in ter nal stor age dur - ing the trans fer, but is sim ply the pre ferred out put type. If this type is not sup ported in the cho sen out put file type, the best ap prox i ma tion will be cho sen. The var i ous tar get out put vari able types used by Stat/Trans fer are given be low. Stat/Transfer Target Types byte one byte signed in te ger (-128 to 127) int two byte signed in te ger ( to 32767) long four byte signed in te ger float four byte IEEE sin gle pre ci sion float ing point num ber dou ble eight byte IEEE dou ble pre ci sion float ing point num ber date date stored as se rial day num ber (the num ber of days since De cem ber 30, 1899) time frac tion of a day (12:00 noon =.5) date/time float ing point num ber (in te ger part - se rial day num ber, frac tional part - time) string Char ac ter string of a max i mum length spec i fied by the in put file. In ter nal limit of 255 char ac ters. Re mem ber that the tar get type will not nec es sar ily be the ac tual out put type. If the tar get type as signed to a vari able by Stat/Trans fer is avail able as one of the vari able types of the 20 Using Stat/Trans fer Out put Vari able Types

27 out put file for mat, then that type will be used for the out put. If the as signed tar get type is not one of the avail able out put types, then a for mat of the next larger size will be used. You can see the tar get out put type as signed to each in put vari able by us ing the VARS com - mand with the pa ram e ter -T as dis cussed on page 23. You can then, if you wish, use this file to change the as sign ments man u ally. Optimizing Target Types Stat/Trans fer at tempts to pro duce the small est pos si ble out put data set. On the first pass through the data, in for ma tion from the data file dic tio nary is read. Un for tu nately, for some in put data types, this in for ma tion is not suf fi cient to do any thing other than set all of the out - put vari able types to float. By de fault, Stat/Trans fer will make an ad di tional op ti mi za tion pass through your data to de - ter mine more in for ma tion about each vari able. This pass will only be per formed if the se - lected out put file type is such that the out put file could be made smaller by op ti mi za tion. Some out put file types, such as Stata, have a rich as sort ment of stor age types and ben e fit from op ti mi za tion. Oth ers, such as worksheets or files that have only one nu meric type (SPSS for ex am ple), do not ben e fit. Stat/Trans fer can de ter mine whether any vari ables can be rep re sented as in te gers, and, for those cases, it can de ter mine the small est in te gral type that can be used to rep re sent the data. Fur ther, if a vari able can not be rep re sented by an in te gral type, Stat/Trans fer can au to mat i - cally de ter mine whether it can be rep re sented by a float in stead of a dou ble with out a loss of in for ma tion. In for ma tion on the max i mum length of string vari ables is also ac cu mu lated, so that these can be stored in vari ables of the small est pos si ble length. In ver sions of Stat/Trans fer prior to Ver sion 7, the de fault set ting for au to mat i cally op ti miz ing tar get types was N. In or der to read ten digit num bers such as So cial Se cu rity num bers cor - rectly, the op tion had to be changed to Y, or the out put vari able type had to be changed man u ally. To elim i nate this prob lem, we have now made au to matic op ti mi za tion of tar get types the de - fault be hav ior. This should cause very lit tle dif fer ence in Stat/Trans fer s per for mance. It will sim ply take a lit tle lon ger (usu ally a few sec onds) to trans fer your data, as Stat/Trans fer has to read it twice. How ever, with au to matic op ti mi za tion, you are as sured that you will never lose pre ci sion in your trans fer. Fur ther more, Stat/Trans fer will only make an op ti mi za tion pass when out put file vari able types will ben e fit from the ad di tional in for ma tion. For file types such as worksheets or de lim ited ASCII, it will not bother. There fore, we sug gest you leave op ti mi za tion turned on. You can change this be hav ior, so that Stat/Trans fer does not per form an op ti mi za tion pass, by set ting the op tion -O-, ei ther with the COPY com mand: COPY infilename.ex1 outfilename.ex2 -oor with the VARS com mand when the -T pa ram e ter is used: VARS file name vartypelist -t -o- When this pa ram e ter is given, Stat/Trans fer will not make an op ti mi za tion pass even if the out put file type will ben e fit from op ti mi za tion. You can also turn op ti mi za tion off and on by us ing the SET com mand AUTO-OPTIMIZE, ei - ther with the COPY com mand or in a startup op tions file. Out put Vari able Types Using Stat/Trans fer 21