Tropical Rainforests. A Resource Book for Secondary School Teachers. ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r-oaú;sl mdgyd,d.=re Nj;=ka i yd jq iïm;a ld;shla

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1 Tropical Rainforests A Resource Book for Secondary School Teachers ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r-oaú;sl mdgyd,d.=re Nj;=ka i yd jq iïm;a ld;shla madkz;ly kiof;fhlfs;-,ilepiyg; ghlrhiy MrphpaHfSf;fhd xu tsehy; Compiled by Charmalee D. Jayasinghe, Sarath P. Ekanayake, Channa N. B. Bambaradeniya and Shalini Amarasinghe IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Sri Lanka This publication has been prepared by IUCN - Sri Lanka with financial assistance from CIDA - Canadian International Development Agency i

2 Published by : IUCN - Sri Lanka The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or other participating organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or other participating organizations. Copyright : 2005, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Charmalee Jayasinghe initiated the compilation of this publication in her capacity as the Head of the Education and Communications Unit of IUCN Sri Lanka in Currently she serves as the Communications Coordinator at the Interantional Water Management Institute (IWMI). Sarath Ekanayake, Senior Programme Officer, Channa Bambaradeniya, Technical Programme Coordinator and Shalini Amarasinghe, Programme Officer are from IUCN Sri Lanka. Citation : Jayasinghe, C. D., Ekanayake, S. P., Bambaradeniya, C. N. B. and Amarasinghe, S. (Compilers) (2005). Tropical Rainforests: A Resource Book for Secondary School Teachers. IUCN, Sri Lanka. vi pp ISBN : Cover Photograph : Naalin Perera Printed by : Karunaratne & Sons Ltd. 67, UDA Industrial Estate, Katuwana Road, Homagama, Sri Lanka. Available from : IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Sri Lanka Country Office, No. 53, Horton Place, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka. ii

3 Contents Preface iv Foreword v Acknowledgements vi 1. Introduction to Tropical Rainforests 1 ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r ms<sn j ye kaùu mad kz;ly kiof;fhlfsf;fhd mwpkfk; 2. Structure of a Tropical Rainforest 11 ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;rhl jhqyh mad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;g 3. Fauna and Flora of Tropical Rainforests 23 ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r jdis Ydl iy i;=ka madkz;ly kiof;fhl;bys;s jhtuq;fs; kw;wk; tpyq;ffs; 4. Rainforests of the World 41 f,`lfha jr Id jkdka;r cyfpd; kiof;fhlfs; 5. Rainforests in Sri Lanka 55 Y%S,xldfõ jr Id jkdka;r,yq;ifapd; kiof;fhlfs; 6. The Importance of Tropical Rainforests 69 ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r j, jeo.;alu mad kz;ly kiof;fhlfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; 7. Threats to Tropical Rainforests 85 ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r j,g mj;sk ;r ck mad kz;ly kiof;fhlfsf;f cs;s mr;rwj;jy;fs; 8. How can Tropical Rainforests be Conserved? 105 ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r ixrcikh l< yelafla flfiao@ madkz;ly kiof;fhlfis vt;thw ghjfhf;fyhk;? 9. Quizzes and Projects 117.egΩ iy jhdmd;s tpdhf;fsk; nraw;wpl;lkk; 10. Bibliography & References 125 wdy% s;.%ka: Gj;jfg;gl;bay; tpgukk; crhj;jizak;; 11. Rainforest Glossary 129 jr Id jkdka;r - md NdIsl jpk ud,dj kiof;fhlfs; - fiyr;nrhw;fs; 12. Annexes 139 weuqkqï,izg;gfs; Annex 1: Some examples of naturally occurring plant species in the Sinharaja forest 140 weuqkqï 1( isxyrdc jkdka;rfha iajndúlj yuqjk Ydl úfyai i yd W yrk,izg;g 1: rpq;fuh[ tdj;jpd;,aw;ifahf re;jpf;ff; $ba jhtu thf;fq;fs; - cjhuzk; Annex 2: Some examples of animals inhabiting the rainforests of Southern Sri Lanka 141 weuqkqï 2( Y%S,xldfõ jr Id jkdka;r j, yuqjk i;a;aj úfyai i yd W yrk,izg;g 2:,yq;ifapd; mad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bys;s tpyq;f thf;fq;fs; - cjhuzk; iii

4 Preface The Resource Book on Tropical Rainforests has contributed in a number of ways to fulfil the need of the hour. Rainforests are considered to be the most important vegetation type or biome of the world. Rainforests are of paramount importance as a biological entity because of its vast bio-diversity as well as its far reaching contribution towards maintaining balance in nature. The wealth of resources contained in its flora and fauna has been utilized right throughout the human civilization. Due to this very reason, the rainforests are being depleted at an alarming rate. Making the society aware of the nature and the importance of the rainforests will definitely be beneficial in implementing strategies for conserving rain forests. The main objective of publishing this book is to impart this knowledge to the entire society through the school community. It will also facilitate to understand the ecological concepts included in the G. C. E. (A/L) Biology syllabus, which is among one of the major objectives of publishing this book. Publishing this book will also fulfil one of the major tasks that has been entrusted to the G. C. E. (A/L) Biology curriculum development committee of the National Institute of Education. The sponsorship given in publishing this book by IUCN Sri Lanka has immensely contributed in presenting it in an attractive manner as well as to the highest standard of quality. The contribution of IUCN Sri Lanka in this regard is therefore, greatly appreciated. Prof. J. W. Wickramasinghe Director General National Institute of Education Maharagama. iv

5 Foreword Tropical rain forests are the world s most biologically diverse ecosystems - harbouring over 50% of the world s plants and animals. These highly productive ecosystems perform invaluable services to man, by helping to regulate the global climate; acting as barriers against soil erosion and providing us with products that are of great economic, agricultural and medicinal value. Unfortunately, tropical rain forests are becoming increasingly threatened due to destructive human activities. Today, rain forests occupy only about 6% of the earth s land area. In Sri Lanka, rain forests cover less than 3% of the total land extent and these areas are becoming highly threatened due to increasing anthropogenic pressures. This resource book on tropical rainforests is a collaborative effort between IUCN - The World Conservation Union and the National Institute of Education, with part financial support from the Canada Fund for Local Initiatives - CIDA. It is targeted at secondary school teachers for use as supplementary resource material, particularly when teaching the subject of biodiversity to Advanced Level students. In order to ensure maximum usage, the book has been prepared in English, Sinhala and Tamil and contains colour photographs, maps, spotlights and teaching strategies, which would assist in demonstrating the beauty and value of this amazing ecosystem. In order to protect our fast depleting rain forests, educational and awareness efforts are vital as a means of inculcating positive attitudes towards conservation. Hence, it is our fervent hope that this resource book will contribute towards increased awareness and improved understanding of the urgent need to protect our remaining rainforests. Shiranee Yasaratne Country Representative IUCN - Sri Lanka April 2005 v

6 Acknowledgements IUCN-The World Conservation Union, gratefully acknowledges the contributions of many people and organizations in the preparation of this resource book on tropical rainforests. Mr. Naalin Perera, Mr. Sandun Perera, Ms. Rehenika Algama and Ms. Tehara Wickramaratne of IUCN Sri Lanka provided valuable assistance in the drafting of the English text and in the preparation of the design and layout. Ms. Romesha Perera prepared the Sinhala translation whilst Dr. Saravana Kumar, with the assistance of Ms. Jezima Atham Lebbe, Mr. K. Kuggatharan, Mr. Oliver Kulas and Mrs. T. Bhalakumaran prepared the tamil translation. Editing was done by Dr. T. Wettasinghe and officials of the National Institute of Education (NIE). IUCN Sri Lanka is very grateful to Mr. R.S.J.P. Uduporuwa and Mr. C.M.R. Anthony from the NIE for their invaluable assistance throughout the preparation of this book. We would further like to thank all those who kindly provided the featured photographs. The valuable inputs towards the content of this book provided by the teachers who participated in the review workshop are gratefully acknowledged. The following organizations are acknowledged for providing information on tropical rainforests: Kalpavriksh and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Environment Team (ANET), The Forest Department of Sri Lanka and the Young Zoologists Association of Sri Lanka. The preparation and publishing of this book was made possible with part financial assistance from the Canada Fund for Local Initiatives, Canadian International Development Agency. vi

7 1 Introduction to Tropical Rainforests 1 ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r ms<sn j ye kaùu mad kz;ly kiof;fhlfsf;fhd mwpkfk; 1

8 Introduction to Tropical Rainforests We know the sap which courses through the trees as we know the blood that courses through our veins. We are part of the earth and it is part of us. The perfumed flowers are our sisters. The bear, the deer, the great eagle, these are our brothers. The rocky crests, the juices in the meadow, the body heat of the pony, and man, all belong to the same family Chief Seattle ( ) A tropical rainforest is characterized by lush vegetation, high temperatures and rainfall experienced throughout the year. (They are evergreen forests with an annual leaf-fall of less than 50%). Tropical rainforests are the world s most biologically diverse ecosystems containing about 50% of all species on earth. They are also one of earth s oldest living ecosystems that have been evolving for more than 30 million years. The vast variety of habitats and microhabitats in rainforests is fundamental to the maintenance of species richness. The highly productive ecosystems of rainforests are of invaluable service to man. They help regulate the global climate by absorbing carbondioxide - a gas believed to be partially responsible for global warming (See Chapter 7). The atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide balance is maintained through photosynthesis. Rainforests prevent soil erosion and safeguard marine and coastal ecosystems from the effects of surface run off. They also provide many products of economic value, particularly new drugs for medicinal use. Not to be overlooked is the fact that rainforests in many parts of the world are home to millions of indigenous people whose traditional lifestyles are interlinked with the forest. Teaching Strategy 1.1: Introducing Rainforests Give the class an introductory presentation. Follow up the presentation with a round table discussion/ debate/role-play activity to reiterate and give the class a feel for the rainforest and related issues. Characteristics of a tropical rainforest Vegetation To be classified as a rainforest, a forest should have a multi-storeyed, evergreen and continuous canopy in which the treetops or crowns touch each other, creating a shaded forest interior. (See Chapters 2 & 3). Temperature and humidity The temperature in a tropical rainforest is high and relatively stable throughout the year. The average temperature is between 20 C and 34 C. Rainforests are extremely humid due to the closed canopy and dense vegetation. The average humidity is between 77% and 88%. Rainfall Rainforests belong to the tropical wet zone climate group. Hence, the average annual rainfall is high, often more than 2500 mm, and well distributed with no exceptionally dry months (See Figure 1.1). However, the high rainfall that is necessary to maintain this environment also threatens its existence. The water that constantly bombards the soil leaches out most of its nutrients. Therefore, rainforest plants and animals should be adapted to deal with this constant heavy downpour and to compete successfully for nutrients. (See Chapters 2 & 3) Soil The soil of tropical rainforests is shallow, very poor in nutrients and almost devoid of soluble minerals released during the weathering of rocks. The heavy rain in rainforests leaches away the nutrients in the soil. Rainforests have very short nutrient cycles. Nutrients generally remain in an ecosystem by being 2

9 1 recycled. In rainforests, nutrients are found mainly in the living plants and in the layers of decomposing leaf litter. Various species of decomposers like insects, bacteria and fungi turn dead plant and animal matter into nutrients, and plants absorb these nutrients the moment they are released. Where can you find tropical rainforests? Rainforests are located in a band around the equator, mainly in the area between the Tropic of Cancer N and the Tropic of Capricorn S (See Figure 1.2). This 4800km wide band, harbouring tropical rainforests amongst other ecosystems, is called the tropics. Tropical rainforests are found in South and Central America, Africa, Asia and Oceania (the islands around Australia). The largest rainforests are in the Amazon River Basin in South America, the Congo River Basin in Western Africa, and throughout much of Southeast Asia. Smaller rainforests are located in Central America, Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka, Australia and other locations in the tropics. (See Chapter 4). Unfortunately, tropical rainforests are increasingly threatened due to destructive human activities and this fragile ecosystem is dwindling at an alarming rate. At present, rain forests occupy only about 6% of the earth s land area, which amounts to only 2% of the entire surface of the earth. In Sri Lanka, rainforests once covered a substantial proportion of the island. However, at present they cover less than 3% of the total land area of the country (See Chapter 7). Did You Know? Tropical rainforests are the Earth s oldest living ecosystem. Fossil records show that the forests of Southeast Asia have existed, in more or less their present form, for 70 to 100 million years (Rainforest Action Network, 2004) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species provides information on groups of plants and animals whose status has been evaluated using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. The Red List can be accessed at species of Subtropical/Tropical Moist rainforest plants/animals are listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 19 species of Subtropical/Tropical Moist rainforest plants/animals are listed as Extinct in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 3

10 ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r ms<sn j ye kaùu.iaje,a j, idrfha fukau wmf.a kyrj,.,k reêrfha o oauh wm fyd ka y kkafkuq' wm fï md:ßúfha fldgila fukau md:ßúh o wfmau fldgils' iqj j;a l=iqï wm fidfydhq hka h' j,iqka" uqjka" uyd rdcd,shka wfmau fidfydhqfr`h' l uq ka" ireidr ;DK N+ñ" fm`kshkaf.a fukau wfmau Y r j, WKqiqu hk fï ish,a, wh;a jkafka tlu mjq,lgh' r;= bka hdkq kdhl ishefg,a ^ & jr Ih mqrd fydoska me;srek" idfmalaij jeä WIaK;ajhla yd jr Idm;khla iys; >kj jr Okh jq Ydl m%cdjla iys; i y ; jkdka;rhla ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;rhla f,i ye kafõ' md;=úh u; mj;sk ffcj úohd;aulj jvd;au úúo;ajhla iys; m ir moao;sh fuh jk w;r" ù úfyai j,ska 50] muk m%udkhl jdin+ñh ùu fya;=fjkao ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r jeo.;a fõ' ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r md:ßúfha mj;sk jvd;au mer m ir moao;shla jk w;r th ñg jir ñ,shk 30 l muk fmr isg m Kduh ù we;' ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r ñksidg jeo.;a jkafka flfiao@ fuu wêl ksiamdok;djhla iys; m ir moao;sh ñksidg ñ, l< fkdyels fiajdjka rdyshla,ndfohs' md:ßúh WKqiqï ùfï l%shdj,sh i yd tla fya;=jla jk ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqj md,kh ls u i yd ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r odhl jk w;r fuuûska md:ßúfha ldnkavfhdlaihsâ iy Tlaiscka hk jdhqka w;r iu;=,s;;djh mj;ajd f.k hduo is fõ' jr Id jkdka;r u.ska mdxy= Ldokh j<lajk w;r tu ksid uv wxy= ;ekam;a ùfuka fldr,amr jeks id. l m ir moao;s úkdy ùuo wju fõ' jr Id jkdka;rhl mj;sk wêl ffcj úúo;ajh ;=, wêl ñ,la iys; kj T!Io jr. mj;shs' óg wu;rj wdr :ßluh f,i jdisodhl ksiamdok jr. rdyshla jr Id jkdka;r j,ska,efí' ;jo" f,dj mqrd jdih lrk ñ,shkhlg wêl mdrïm l jkdka;r jdiskaf.a jdiia:dkh f,i ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r jeo.;a jk w;r Tjqkaf.a jk l%uh ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r yd ne mj;shs' tfy;a úkdyld ñksia l%shdldrlï ksid fuu jákd m ir moao;sh b;d is>%fhka ñys u;ska iuq.ksñka we;' jr ;udkfha ksjr ;k jkdka;r md:ßúfha N+ñ m%udkfhka 6] la muk fõ' w;s;fha Y%S,xldfõ N+ñfhka ie,lsh hq;= m%udkhla ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r j,ska wdjrkh ù mej;=ks' tfy;a jr ;udk Y%S,xldfõ jr Id jkdka;r wdjrkh 3] muk b;d wvq w.hla.kshs' tneúka fuu b;d jákd m ir moao;sh wdrlaid lr.eksug ta ms<sn j fyd wjfndaohla,nd.eksu b;d jeo.;a fõ' b.ekaùfï l%fudamdhka 1'1( jr Id jkdka;r y kajd u mdvï ud,dj wdrïn ls ug m%:uj ye kaùfï foaykhla,nd fokak' YsIH$YsIHdjkaf.a wjodkh jr Id jkdka;r yd iïnkaoj mj;sk ;r ck yd ixrlaik l%shdudr.hka fj; jvd;a keuqre ls u i yd jg fïi idlépd" újdo yd kdghhka wd l%shdldrlï is lrkak' ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;rhl,laik Ydl m%cdj jr Id jkdka;rhla f,i y kajkq,nkafka iody ;" nyq ia:í h yd Ydl uq ka tlsfkl.eàfuka wlkavj úhka ia:rhla ksr udkh ù we;s jkdka;rhka h' ^jr Id jkdka;rhl jhqyh ms<sn j jeä úia;r 2 yd 3 m Éf o j, we;&' WIaK;ajh iy wdr ø;djh ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r ;=< by< WIaK;ajhla mj;sk w;r th jir mqrdu fndfyda rg ia:djr uügul mj;shs' fuu jkdka;r ;=< uoh jdr Isl WIaK;ajh fi,aishia 20 isg 34 m%udkhl fõ' >k Ydl wdjrkh yd ixjd; úhka ia:rh ksid ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r ;=< wdr ø;djh wêl jk w;r idudkhh idfmalai wdr ø;djh 77] isg 88] muk uügul mj;shs' jr Idm;kh jr Id jkdka;r ksjr ;k f;;a l,dmsh foay.=k l,dmfha msysgd we;s w;r ñ'ñ' 1500 jeä jdr Isl jr Idm;khla,efnhs' fuu m%foayh ;=< úfyais; úh<s ld,hka olakg fkd,efí' jr Idm;kh u.ska jr Id jkdka;r j,g wjyh md i l 4

11 1 ;;a;ajhka ksr udkh lrk w;ru" tys meje;augo ;r ckhla jk wjia:d o we;' wêl jr Idm;kh u.ska mfia mj;sk w;hjyh fmdaih fldgia fia hdfï wjodkula mj;shs' tneúka jr Id jkdka;r jdis Ydl yd i;a;aj úfyai i;=j wêl jr Id ;;a;ajhkag Tfrd;a;= ug yd wfkl=;a úfyai iuû ;rûld f,i fm`ikh,nd.eksug idr :l wkqjr ;khka mej;sh hq;=h' mi jr Id jkdka;r j, mdxy= ia:rh fndfyda úg fkd.etqre fõ' tfiau jkdka;r mfia mj;sk fmdail øjh m%udkh b;d iaj,amhla jk w;r" c,fha ødjh fmdaih modr :hka b;du;a wvq uügul mj;shs' r Kh jk mdidkhka f.ka,nd.kakd fmdail øjh wêl jr Idj ksid ks;ru fi`od hdulg,lafõ' jkdka;rfha mj;sk fmdaih øjh ks;ru m%;spl%slrkh fjñka mj;sk w;r" fmdaih fldgia i ù Ydl ;=, fyda úfhdackhg Ndckh jk Ydl fldgia ;Ügqj wdy%s;j mj;shs' ldóka",sr yd nelaàßhd jeks úúo ldkav j,g wh;a úfhdaclhka uerekq Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia úfhdack lrk w;r" tys fmdail fldgia mig tl;= jq jydu Ydl u.ska ;rûld f,i kej; wjfy`ikh lr.kq,nhs' ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r jhdma;j we;s m%foay fudkjdo@ md:ßúfha iuia: f.dvìñ m%udkfhka 6] la mukla ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r u.ska wdjrkh ù mj;shs' fuu jkdka;r iulh wdy%s;j f.dvìï ;Srhl jhdma;j mj;sk w;r lr lgl ksjr ;kh ^W;=re wlaidxy 22'5 0 & yd ulr ksjr ;kh ^ol=kq wlaidxy 22'5 0 & w;r m%foayhlg mukla isud fõ' fuu ksjr ;hka w;r msysá lsf,daógr 4800 m<, ;Srh" ksjr ;k l,dmh f,i y kajkq,efí' ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r uohu yd ol=kq weu ldj" wm%sldj" wdishdj" Ikshdkq m%foay ^ iafü%,shdj wjg m;a& yd ksjr ;k l,dmfha fjk;a m%foay wdy%s;j jhdma;j we;' ^jeä úia;r i yd 4 jk m Éf oh hgf;a we;s" f,dalfha jr Id jkdka;r" hk fldgi n,kak& Tn k isáhd jr ;udkfha md:ßúh u; mj;sk jvd;a merksu m ir moao;sh ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r fõ' w.aks. wdishdfõ mj;sk jr Id jkdka;r wjqre ñ,shk 70 ;a 100 ;a w;r ld,hla merks nj fmdis, jdr ;d u.ska ks.ukh lr we;' f,dal ixrlaik ix.ufha r;= o;a; l%ufõoh u.ska md:ßúh u; jdih lrk ù úfyai j, ;;a;ajh ms<sn we.hsulg Ndckh lrk w;r" tu.ska ;r ckhg,lajq Ydl yd i;a;aj úfyai ms<sn j jq r;= o;a; jdr ;dj ilikq,efí' fuu r;= o;a; jdr ;dj ms<sn j úia;r hk wka;r cd,,smskh u.ska,nd.; yelsh' ;r ckhg,lajq ù úfyai ms<sn f;dr;=re mj;sk r;= o;a; jdr ;djg wkqj ksjr ;k yd Wm ksjr ;k l,dmsh m%foay j, jdih lrk ù úfyai 378 la ±ä f,i j ù hdfï ;r ckhg uqyqk md we;' r;= o;a; jdr ;djg wkqj ksjr ;k yd Wm ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r jdis ù úfyai 19 la fï jk úg ñysu;ska j ù f.dia we;' 5

12 mad kz;ly kiof;fhlfsf;fhd mwpkfk; vkj ehsq;fspd}lhfg;ghak; FUjpr;Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpidg;Nghd;Nw kuq;fspd}lhfg;ghak; Rw;Nwhl;lj;ijAk; ehk; mwpnthk;.,e;j cyfpd; xu $W ehk;. vk;kpy; xu $W,e;j cyf. kdq;fkok; kyhfs; vkj rnfhjhpfs;. fubfs;> khd;fs;> nguq;foffs; vy;yhk; vkj rnfhjuhfs;. ghiw nrwpe;j kiyf;fhlfs; grikahd Gd;dpyq;fs; NfhNtW foijapd; ntjntjg;g> kdpj clypd; fjfjg;g,itnay;yhk; xnu FLk;gj;ijr; NrHe;jitNa. nrt;tpe;jpah jiyth fpaw;wy; ( ) mad kz;ly kiof;fhlfspd; mlh;j;jpahd jhtu,dq;fs>; cah;ntg;gepiy. Mz;L KOtJkhd cah; kiotpo;r;rp vd;gd,tw;wpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fshfk;. Gtpapd; caph; gy;tifikapd; 50% f;fhd,dq;fisf; nfhz;bug;gjld; Gtpapy; goik tha;e;j capus;s #oy; njhfjpfspy; xd;whftk; mad kz;ly kiof;fhlfs; fhzg;glfpd;wd.,j 30kpy;ypad; tulq;fspw;f Nkyhff; $h;g;g eilngw;wf;nfhz;buf;fk; #oy; njhfjpahftk; jpfo;fpd;wj.,it cah; Mf;fj;jpwd;fisf; nfhz;l #oy; njhfjpahf tpsq;ftjld;> mstpl Kbahj mst ed;ikfis kdpjdf;f toq;ffpd;wj. mad kz;ly fhlfspy; fhzg;glk; gy; NtWgl;l thoplq;fsk;> Ez;thoplq;fSk;,f;fhLfspy; caph;,dg;gy;tifikiag; Ngzpf;fhg;gjpy; kpfg; gpujhd gq;if tfpf;fpd;wj. mj;jld; Gtpapy; CO 2,id mfj;jwpq;rtjd; %ykhf #oy; ntg;gkhjiyg; gfjpahff; fl;lg;glj;jtjpyk>; #oypd; CO 2 - O 2 rkdpiyiag; NgZtjpYk; cjtfpwj.,f;fhlfs; kz;zhpg;igj;- jlg;gjd; %yk;,jd; njhlh;r;rpahd tpisthfpa epnuhl;lk; vd;gtw;iwf;fl;lg;glj;jtjhy; fiunahu fly; gpunjrq;fs; fly; mhpg;gpypue;j ghjfhf;fg;glfpwj. mj;jld; gy nghushjhu Kf;fpaj;JtKila tpisnghul;fsk;> Fwpg;ghf Gjpa kue;j %ypifg;nghul;fisak;,f;fhlfs; vkf;f toq;ffpwj. NkYk; cyfpd; gy kpy;ypad; vz;zpf;ifapyhd tdtho; kf;fspd; ciwashftk; mth;fspd; fyhr;rhu tho;f;if KiwAld;,ilj;njhlh;Gila tdkhftk;,j fhzg;glfpwj. fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 1.1: kiof;fhlfis mwpkfg;glj;jjy; kiof;fhlfs; gw;wpa fye;jiuahly; xd;wpid tfg;giwapy; epfo;j;jjy;. xt;nthu cg myfpd; KbtpYk; mjd; rhuhk;rq;fis njhfj;j jpiuaply; %yk;,yfthd fw;wyf;fhd ntspg;ghl;bid Vw;gLj;Jjy;. mad kz;ly fhlfspd;,ay;gfs; jhtu tif mad kz;lyf;fhlfspd; ghfglj;jypy; gpd;tuk; rpwg;gpay;gfs; gq;f nfhs;fpd;wd.,jd;gb,jd; fhnlhd;w gf;fg; ghh;itapy; gy mlf;ffisf; nfhz;ljhftk;> vd;wk; grikahdjhftk; njhlh;r;rpahd tpjhdq;fsila ku cr;rpfsk; my;yj Kbfs; xd;wlndhd;w njhlh;r;rpahf fhzg;glfpd;wikak;,jd; %yk; fhl;bd; cl;gug;gpy; epoiy Vw;gLj;JtjhAk;,jd;,ay;Gfs; tpsq;fg;glfpd;wd. (Nkyjpf jfty;fs; - myf 2 kw;wk; 3,y;). ntg;gepiyak; <ug;gjdk;,f;fhlfspd; ntg;gepiy cah;thdjhftk; Mz;L KOtJk; rpuhdjhftk; fhzg;glfpwj>,jd; ruhrhp ntg;gepiy tpr;rhdj 20 0 C njhlf;fk; 34 0 C tiu fhzg;glfpwj. kiof;fhlfspy; %lg;gl;l tpjhdk; fhuzkhdjhftk;,jd; mlh;j;jpahd jhtuq;fs; fhuzkhftk;,jd; <ug;gjd; kpf cah;thdjhff;fhzg;glfpd;wj,jd; ruhrhp <ug;gjd; 77%,ypUe;J 88% tiu mikayhk;. kiotpo;r;rp kiof;fhlfs; mad kz;ly <u tiyaj;jpds; mlq;ffpd;wd. vdnt tul;rpahd khjq;fs; cs;slq;fyhf 2500 mm Fiwahj kiotpo;r;rpia Mz;Lr; ruhrhp kiotpo;r;rpahf; nfhz;ls;sj.,r;#oypidg; NgZifapy; cjtpahf,uf;fk;> kiotpo;r;rpna,r;#oiy NgZtjw;Fk; mr;rwj;jtjw;fk; fhuzkhf,uf;fpd;wj. fl;lghl;by;yhj kio tpo;r;rpahdj njhlr;rpahff; fhzg;glkplj;j kz;zhdj epue;juj; jhf;fj;jpw;fs;shtjld;,q;f kz;zhpg;gpdhy;> nguk;ghyhd Nghrizg;gjhh;j;jq;fs; epuld; fiue;j epiyapy; vlj;jr; nry;yg;glfpd;wd.,jd; fhuzkhf,k;kiof;fhlfspd; jhtuq;fsk; tpyq;ffsk;,e;epue;ju nts;s epge;jidapy; Nghl;bapl;L 6

13 1 ntw;wpfukhfg; Nghrizg; nghul;fisg; ngw;w thok;,irthf;fj;ijf; nfhz;ls;sd (kiof;fhl;lj;jhtuq;fisak; mjd;,irthf;fk; gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fisak; - myf 2 kw;wk; 3,y; fhz;f) kz; mad kz;lyf; fhlfspy; Mokpd;wpa kz; fhzg;gltjld; Nghrizg; nghul;fspd; mst kpff; Fiwthd Fwpg;ghf ephpy; fiua Kbahj fdpg;nghul;fisak; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;glfpwj. rpijtw;w ghiwfspy;,ue;j,k;kz; ngwk; Nghrizg; nghul;fs; mjp$ba kiotpo;r;rpapd; fhuzkhff; fotp vlj;jr;nry;yg;glfpwj. kiof;fhlfspd; fdpg;nghus; tl;lkhdjhftk; kpfr;rpwpajhftk; fhzg;glfpwj. MapDk;> nghjthff; fdpg;nghus; tl;lj;jpd; kwrow;rpapd; fhuzkhfnt fdpg;nghul;fs; epiy epwj;jg;glfpd;wd. vt;thwhapdk; kiof;fhlfspy; gpujhdkhf caph; thok; jhtuq;fspyk;> gphpe;jope;j nfhz;buf;fk;,iy Fg;igfspYk; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;ls;sj. gy;ntw tif nfhz;l gphpifahf;fpfshd g+r;rpfs;> gw;wpupah> gq;frfs; Mfpait,we;j jhtu tpyq;fg; gfjpfisg; gphpiff;fs;shf;fp kz;zpy; Nghrizg; nghul;fis tpltpf;fpd;wd.,g;nghrizg; nghul;fisj; jhtuq;fs; cldbahf mfj;jwpq;rfpd;wd. mad kz;ly kiof;fhlfis vq;f fhzyhk;? Gtpapd; kj;jpa Nfhl;il mz;kpj;js;sjhftk; gpujhdkhf flff; Nfhl;bw;Fk;> kfuf;nfhl;bw;fk;,ilg;gl;l madkz;lyg; gpunjrq;fspy; Vwj;jho 4800 km mfyhq;f topna,f;fhlfs; fhzg;glfpd;wd. mad kz;ly kiof;fhlfs; njd; kj;jpa mnkhpf;fh> Mgphpf;fh> Mrpah> Xrpahdpah vdg;glk; mt];jpnuypahitr; #ots;s jptfspy; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sj. kpfg;nghpa kiof;fhlfshdj njd;dkhpf;fhtpd; mnkrd; ejpg; gs;sj;jhf;ffspyk; Nkw;fhgphpf;fhtpd; nfhq;nfh ejp gs;sj;jhf;fpyk; njd;fpof;fhrpa ehlfspyk; fhzf;$bajhs;sj. rpwpa mstpyhd kiof;fhlfis kj;jpa mnkhpf;fh> klf];fhh;>,e;jpah>,yq;if Nghd;w ntg;g tyag; gfjpfspyk; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sj (myf 4 Ig; ghh;f;f). Jujp\;ltrkhf mad kz;ly kiof;fhlfs; kdpj eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf moptg;ghijapy; kpf Ntfkhf vlj;jr; nry;yg;glfpd;wd. jw;fhyj;jpy; Gtpapy; 6% kl;lnk,f;fhlfs; fhzg;glfpd;wd.,j g+kpapy; epyg;gug;gpy; 2% kl;lnk MFk;.,yq;ifapy; Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; fzprkhd mst,f;fhlfs; fhzg;gl;lhyk; jw;nghj,j;jptpd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 3% kl;lnk,f;fhlfs; fhzg;glfpd;wd.,t;thwhf mjpj mopthgj;jpw;fs;shd,r;#oj;njhfjpapd; vjph;fhy epiyg;glj;jiy epr;rag;glj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;jw;fhf,jd; fw;wy; mtrpakhfpwj. cq;fsf;fj; njhpakh? cyfpd; kpfg;gioik tha;e;j caphtho; #ow;nwhfjp madkz;ly kiof;fhlfshfk;. njw;fhrpa fhlfspy; 70,ypUe;J 100 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfspypUe;J Njhd;wpajhfr; Rtl;Lg;gjpTfs; fhl;lfpd;wd. (Rainforest Action Network, 2004) IUCN rptg;ggl;baypy; kpftk; Mgj;jhd mr;rwj;jyf;fs;shd 378,dq;fs; cg madkz;ly / madkz;ly kiof;fhl;lj; jhtuq;fsk; tpyq;ffsk; fhzg;glfpd;wd. IUCN rptg;gg;gl;baypy; 19,dq;fs; cg madkz;ly/madkz;ly <u kiof;fhl;lj;jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;ffs; mr;rwj;jy;fsf;fs;shdit vdg;gl;bay; glj;jg;gl;ls;sd IUCN rptg;gg;gl;bay; mr;rwtjw;fhd,dq;fs; gw;wpa jhtu tpyq;ff; $l;lq;fspd; nra;jpfis IUCN rptg;gg;gl;bay; jpl;lj;ij cgnahfpj;j kjpg;gplfpd;wj. rpgg;g gl;bay; tpguk; fzpg;g - 7

14 SPOTLIGHT 1.1 Status of Rainforests as Biodiversity Hotspots in the World In the year 2000, a group of scientists led by Norman Myers identified 25 biodiversity hotspots in the world whose conservation needed priority attention. The hotspot characterization was based on two main criteria: Areas that feature exceptional concentrations of endemic species (the endemic plants amounting to at least 0.5% of all plant species in the world), Areas that have experienced exceptional loss of original habitat (lost at least 70% of its primary vegetation). Among the 25 hotspots identified so far, the following nine areas consist of tropical rainforests: Mesoamerica, Brazil s Cerrado, Tropical Andes, West African Forests, Western Ghats region of India and Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma, Sundaland, Philippines and Wallacea. Each of the above tropical rainforest regions of the world harbour exceptionally high concentrations of endemic species, but have already lost more than 75% of their primary vegetation. Therefore, they should receive priority conservation attention. However, the growing human population living in and around these hotspots (20% of the population in the world, according to 1995 estimates) poses a huge challenge to their conservation. Among the 25 biodiversity hotspots identified so far, the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka region is the hotspot with the highest population density. ffcj úúo;aj WKqiqï ia:dk yd jr Id jkdka;r 2000 jifr fkduka uhr úiska kdhl;ajh,nd fokq,enq úohd{hka lkavdhula úiska" md:ßúh u; ffcj úúo;aj ixrlaikhg uq,sl;ajh,nd h hq;=" ffcj úúo;aj WKqiqï ia:dk 25 la ms<sn j,ehsia;=jla ilia lrk, ' fuu ia:dk y kd.eksfï my; i yka l%ufõohka 2 hgf;a lrekq i,ld n,k, ' wdfõksl ù úfyai w;syhska idkaø.; jq ia:dkhla ùu ^fuu ia:dk j, mj;sk wdfõksl Ydl j, m%;sy;h" f,dlfha mj;sk iïmqr K Ydl m%udkfhka 0'5] mukj;a úh hq;=h'& tu m%foay j, mj;sk m%d:ñl jdiia:dk b;du;a wêl f,i wysñ ù mej;su ^tu ia:dkfha mej;=kq m%d:ñl m ir moao;s j,ska 70] muk wysñ ù mej;su& md;=úfha fï jk úg y kdf.k we;s ffcj úúo;aj WKqiqï ia:dk 25 hgf;a jr Id jkdka;r moao;s 09 lao kï lr we;' tajd kï" ófida weu ldj" n%is,a fprdfvda" ksjr ;k wka ih" ngysr wm%sldkq jkdka;r" bka hdfõ ngysr >düia m%foayh yd Y%s,xldj" bka - nr ud" iqkav,kaâ" ms,smskh yd fjdf,aishd fõ' by; ieu ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r m%foayhlgu w;syhska wêl f,i wdfõksl ù úfyai m%udkhla idkaø.; ù we;s kuq;a tu ia:dk j, mej;=k m%d:ñl jkdka;r j,ska 75] muk m%udkhla fï jk úg úkdy ù we;' tu ksid by; ia:dk j,g ixrlaik ls%hdudr. j, uq,sl;ajh,nd h hq;=j we;' tfy;a fuu ia:dk ;=< yd ta wdy%s;j ck.yk jr Okh b;d wêl jk w;r ^1995 jr Ifha md:ßúfha iuia: ck.ykfhka 20] m%udkhla ffcj úúo;aj WKqiqï ia:dk wdy%s;j j;a úh& th ffcj úúo;ajh WKqiqï ia:dk ixrlaikh ioyd mj;sk úyd,;u ;r ckh ù we;' md:ßúh ;=, mj;sk ffcj úúo;aj WKqiqï ia:dk 25 w;ßka ck.yk >k;ajh wêlu ia:dkh ngysr >düia yd Y%s,xld l,dmh fõ' cyfpd; caphg;gy;tifikahf kiofhlfspd; mikt epiyik 2000k; Mz;lstpy; Nehh;kd; ka] Mfpa tpq;qhdpfspd; $l;likg;ghdj cyfpd; Kd;ddpahd 25 Kf;fpakhd caph;g;gy;tifik caph;epiyfis Kd;dzpg;gLj;jpaJ.,jd;gb,U fhuz,ay;gila fuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;,itfs; fuj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mrhjhuzkhd cl;gpunjrj;jpw;fhpa,dr;nrwpitf; nfhz;l gpunjrk; (Gtpapd; nkhj;j jhtu tifapd; 0.5%,yhd cs;ehl;l,dq;fis nfhz;buj;jy;) %ythoplq;fspy;,ue;j tplgl;lg;nghd jhtu,dq;fisf; nfhz;bue;j gug;g (70%,yhd %yj;jhtuq;fs;,of;fg;gl;l gpunjrk;),dk; fhzg;gl;l 25 caph;g;gy;tifik caph; epiyfspd; fpo;f; fhzg;glfpd;w xd;gj gpunjrq;fs; mad kz;ly kiof;fhlfisf; nfhz;ls;sd. mitahtd> mnkhpf;fhtpd; kj;jpa gfjp> gpnurpypd; nrnuhlh> madkz;ly md;l;\> Nkw;F Mgphpf;ftdq;fs;>,e;jpahtpd;Nkw;F njhlh;fhlfs;.,yq;if>,e;njhndrpah - gh;kh> rz;lh gug;g> gpypg;igd;];> kw;wk; ty;nyrpah Nghd;witahFk;. Nkw;fhZk; xt;nthu cyfpy; madkz;lyj;jpw;fhpa kiof;fhlfsk; kpf mrhjhuz cs;ehl;l,dr;nrwpitf; nfhz;ls;s NghJk; jkj 75% khd Kjd;ikahd jhtu,dq;fis Vw;fdNt,oe;Js;sJ. vdnt,it td ghpghyd Kd;Dhpik ngwntz;lk;. MapDk;,t;; caph; epiyfspd; cs;sk;> mz;bak; thok; kdpj,dj;jpdhy;,t; Taph; epiyfsf;f khnguk; rthy; voe;js;sj. milahsk; fhzg;gl; 25 caph;g;guk;gy; epiyfspy;,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;Fj; njhlh;kiyf;fhlfsk;>,yq;ifank kpf mjpfkhd rdj;njhif mlh;j;jpiaf; nfhz;ls;sj. 8

15 1 Mean annual rainfall in Ratnapura January February March Rainfall (mm) April May June July August September October November December Month Figure 1.1 Mean annual rainfall in the Ratnapura District where Sinharaja Rainforest is located. isxyrdc jr Id jkdka;rh msysgd we;s r;akmqr ia;%slalh ;=< jdr Isl jr Idm;kh rpq;fuhih kiofhl mike;js;s,uj;jpdgup khtl;lj;jpd; tulhe;j,ilkio tpo;r;rp Source: Department of Census and Statistics Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Tropic of Cancer Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean equator Tropic of Capricorn Indian Ocean Rainforests of the world Figure 1.2 Distribution of Rainforests in the World md:ßúh ;=< jr Id jkdka;r j, jhdma;sh cyfpd; kiofhlfspd; guk;gy; 9

16 2 Structure of a Tropical Rainforest 2 ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;rhl jhqyh mad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;g 11

17 Structure of a Tropical Rainforest Rainforest landscapes are remarkably uniform in their general appearance but have a unique structural arrangement together with a diverse array of attendant plant and animal life Most trees have tall, slender trunks that do not branch until near the crown and many are supported by well developed buttresses. These buttresses provide necessary support for tall forest trees that are top heavy because nutrient-poor forest soils lead to fragile, shallow root systems. Barks of the trees tend to be thin and smooth making them less fire resistant. A closer look at the rainforest structure will provide insights into the many ecological functions and services provided by the forest ecosystem. The structure of a tropical rainforest Usually, the forest structure is described in terms of its vertical organization (i.e. stratification), horizontal organization (i.e. plant density and spacing) and physical features of individual species (i.e. life form: trees, shrubs and herbs; leaf sizes). Tropical rainforests in Sri Lanka display the typical structure of other rainforests. They are generally composed of five vegetation layers or strata. These are the emergent layer (40m-45m), canopy layer (30m- 35m), sub-canopy layer (20m-25m), understorey layer (5m-20m), and ground layer (below 1m) (See Figure 2.1). Heights of strata may vary slightly depending on the site and environmental conditions. Each layer has a unique set of environmental conditions and organisms. Teaching strategy 2.1: Colour chart and Observation Prepare a large colour chart of the layers noting occupant species and their adaptations. Read the descriptions below and observe the rainforest layers and the infinite variety of life forms that occupy each layer when you visit a rainforest. The Emergent Layer The tallest trees in the rainforest are the emergents, towering as much as 45 m above the forest floor with trunks that have a circumference of up to 5m. Usually, these individuals are scattered throughout the forest. These trees have a smooth bark and well developed buttresses to provide additional support to the huge trunks and large crowns formed by branching at the upper levels. Emergents, compared to smaller trees are exposed to greater fluctuations in temperature, wind and humidity. To reduce water loss, leaves often have thick, waxy layers. Emergent trees often take advantage of the pronounced air movement above the canopy for seed dispersal by developing winged seeds or fruits that are dispersed by wind to other parts of the forest. Animals such as eagles, monkeys, butterflies and insect-eating bats inhabit this layer. The Canopy layer Beneath the emergent layer, rising up to about 35m is the primary layer of the forest - the canopy. It is a continuous layer with diverse tree species in association with large woody lianas and epiphytic plants. Most canopy trees have smooth, oval leaves with a point, known as a drip-tip. Drip tips are thought to have evolved as a mechanism to prevent rainwater collection and the consequent shoot rot and moss and lichen growth. Flowers and fruits are abundant at this level. Many individuals of the same species flower simultaneously, promoting cross-pollination. In some species, flowers are produced on the trunks enabling easier access for pollinators such as bats. Monkeys, flying squirrels, bats, tree-frogs, ants, beetles and birds such as flycatchers are found in this layer. Epiphytes cover all tree surfaces while hollow tree trunks often house micro-communities of insects and spiders. 12

18 2 The Sub-Canopy layer The sub-canopy is found below the canopy layer and consists of trees reaching up to 25 m. Canopy foliage obstructs light penetration and less sunlight reaches the sub-canopy (about 5% of the light available to the canopy). Sub-canopy plants therefore show many unique adaptations to maximize light absorption such as dark green leaves with a high concentration of chlorophyll. There is little air movement in this layer. Hence, wind is not an important means of pollination and many species rely on animals for this purpose. Mechanisms to attract insects and other animals include strong scented flowers and the production of flowers and fruits on tree trunks. This phenomenon, known as cauliflory, makes them more conspicuous to animals and facilitates pollination and seed dispersal. Many animals, including squirrels, frogs, birds and a large concentration of insects, occupy this layer. The Understorey layer The understorey layer is made up of small trees and shrubs. This layer gets very little sunlight, about 3% of the light available to the canopy. This stratum is constantly shaded and with little air movement the humidity is very high. The plants in the understorey have similar features to those in the sub-canopy but are smaller in size. Shrubs are also present at this level. These shrubs are adapted to live under low light conditions. Fast growing shrubs provide immediate structural protection to disturbed sites by shielding the exposed soil and creating a microhabitat for forest regeneration The Ground layer The lowest stratum of the rainforest is the ground layer, which is also called the herb layer. This layer is composed of herbaceous plants and tree seedlings/saplings. There is practically no visible ground layer in some forest sites where light penetration is 1-2% and humidity is as high as 95%. The few flowering plants that live on these sites are highly shade tolerant. These plants on the forest floor have developed special features to cope with very low light levels. For example, deep red coloured leaves help to capture some of the scarce light that reaches the understorey. The floor is covered with leaf litter comprised of rapidly decomposing vegetation. A leaf that takes one year to decompose in a cold climate will disappear in just a few weeks in a tropical rainforest, due to the fast microbial activity in the tropical climate. A high proportion of the nutrients in the ecosystem are locked in the large biomass on the forest floor. Many animals that function as decomposers, such as termites and earthworms, along with fungi, bacteria and other microorganisms utilize the organic litter as a source of food, and in the process release the nutrients. The competition for these nutrients is intense, and in adapting to this situation most trees develop a shallow root system. Teaching Strategy 2.2: Building a three-dimensional model of a rainforest Using figure 2.1 and the descriptions as a guide, request the students to produce a three-dimensional model of a rainforest with available materials such as papier maché, clay, cloth, dried leaves, twigs, sticks etc. This model can then be used to demonstrate the structure of the rainforest and its complex physical features. An identification key should also be developed to identify the different layers, plants and animals. Temporal changes in the rainforest structure The well organized strata of rainforests, including the continuous layer of the canopy, are regularly disturbed by naturally occurring events such as tree falls. Trees in the canopy are often interconnected by creepers, and a falling tree may pull and push other trees down with it, creating a domino effect. This break in the forest canopy enables light to flood the forest floor. New plants and animals then move in and colonize the area. 13

19 Other natural disturbances create even larger openings in the forest canopies. For example, earth slips and high winds substantially alter some forest patches every few decades. On a smaller scale, rodents, fungi and insects create natural disturbances, altering the forest structure regularly. These natural disturbances and the subsequent forest regeneration are vital processes that lead to a healthy and diverse rainforest. Teaching Strategy 2.3: Excursion to a Rainforest The best way to understand the complex structure of a rainforest is to visit one! The most popular destinations in Sri Lanka are the Sinharaja World Heritage Site and Kanneliya Forest Reserve. They are protected areas managed by the Forest Department. For more information on excursions, please contact The Forest Department, Rajamalwatte Road, Battaramulla or IUCN - The World Conservation Union. See Chapter 4 for more details on Rainforests of Sri Lanka. Did You Know? The trees of a tropical rainforest are so densely packed that rain falling on the canopy can take as long as 10 minutes to reach the ground (World Rainforest Information Portal, 2004). It is estimated that the canopies of tropical forests foster up to 40% of the earth s inventory of species (Rainforest Action Network, 2004). The shape of the canopy of most tropical forest tree species is rounded. 14

20 2 ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;rhl jhqyh jr Id jkdka;r ndysr iajremfhka w;syhska taldld fõ' tfy;a jr Id jkdka;rhl jdih lrk w;syhska úúodldr jq Ydl yd i;a;ajhka fukau jhqysh meje;au;a ksid thgu,dci l iajndjhla mj;shs' ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;rj, idudkh ndysr iajremh taldld njla iys; fõ' fuu jkdka;r ;=< yuqjk Ydl úfyai j, l ka idfmacij isyska yd Wia iajndjfhka hqla; fõ' ;jo fuu Ydlhkays w;= fn u.fia uq ka m%foayhg wdikakj is fõ' fuu Ydl fndfyduhla lhsre uq,a u.ska fyd ka ikaodrkh ù mj;shs' jr Id jkdka;r j, fm`il øjh r,n mila mej;su fya;=fjka idfmacij fkd.euqre" r j, uq,a moao;shla tu jkdka;r jdis Ydl i;=j mj;shs' tneúka ufyaci jdlaihkaf.a ikaodrkh i yd lhsre uq,a jeo.;a ld;hhla bgq lrkq,nhs' fuu Ydl j, fmd;a; idfmalaij ;=ks" isks ;;a;ajfha mj;sk w;r.skakg Tfrd;a;= fï yelshdjo wvq uügul mj;shs' jr Id jkdka;rhl jhqyh iqlaiu f,i ks laikh ls fï tu.ska,nd fok md i l l%shdld ;ajhka yd fiajdjka ms<sn j wjfndaohla,nd.; yels fõ' ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;rhl jhqyh idudkhfhka jkdka;rhl jhqyh tys isria ixhq;sh ^ Wod ( ia: NjKh&" ;sria l,dmkh ^Wod( Ydl >k;ajh yd me;s u& iy tla tla úfyai j, fn!;sl iajremhka ^Wod ( jk wdldr".ia' m re' me<eá' m;% j, m%udkh& wkqj úia;r lrkq,efí' Y%s,xldfõ jr Id jkdka;r ;=<o wfkl=;a jr Id jkdka;r j, lsh yels or Ysh iajremh we;' fuu jkdka;r Ydl ia:r mylska iukañ; fõ' ^remh 01 jr Id jkdka;rhl jhqyh&' jr Id jkdka;r j, mj;sk ia:r 05 fkre ia:rh ^ ógr 40 isg isg 45&" úhka ia:rh ^ógr 30 isg 35&" Wm úhka ia:rh ^ógr 20 isg 25&" háfrdamkh ^ógr 05 isg 20& yd ìï ia:rh ^ógr 1g wvq& f,i kï lrkq,efí' fuu ia:r j, Wi md i l ;;a;ajhka yd mj;sk m%foayh wkqj iqω jyfhka fjkia úh yelsh' fuu ia:rhka wdy%s;j thgu,dlaiksl jq md i l ;;a;ajhka yd ù úfyai jdih lrhs' Tn jr Id jkdka;rhl ixpdrh lrk wjia:djl my; i yka Ydl ia:rhka ms<sn j yd tys jdih lrk w;s uy;a ixlhdjla jq ù úfyai ms<sn j ks laikh lrkak' jr Id jkdka;r jdis ù úfyai ms<sn j jeä úia;r k.eksu i yd 3 jk m Éf oh úur YKh lrkak' b.ekaùfï l%fudamdhka 2'1( jr K rem igyka yd ks laik fuu mdvu b.ekaùu i yd jr Id jkdka;r j, ia:rhka yd tys jdih lrk ù úfyai fukau tajdfha wkqjr ;k lafjk jr K rem igyka Ndú;d lrkak' jr Id jkdka;rfha is lrk ixjdrhl tys mj;sk tla tla ia:rhkaf.a jdih lrk úúodldr ùka ms<sn j wohhkh lrkak' fkre ia:rh jr Id jkdka;r j, mj;sk b;du;a Wia Ydl j,ska fuu ia:rh iukañ; fõ' fuu Ydl ógr 45 muk Wia jk w;r fmd<j uügfï ógr 5 l muk jg m%udkhlska hqla; fõ' idudkhfhka fuu Ydl jr Id jkdka;rfha ;ekska ;ek úisr mj;shs' fuu fkre ia:rfha Ydl j,g w;syhska tlsfklska fjkiajk WIaK;aj" jr Idm;k yd iq<x mrdihkag uqyqk ug is fõ' fuu ia;rfha mj;sk Ydl m;% j,ska is jk W;aiafõokh wvqls u i yd m;% >k" bá ia:rhlska wdjrkh ù mj;shs' fkre ia:rfha Ydl îc m%pdrkh i yd iq<û m%fhdackhg.kakd w;r fuu îc j, mj;sk mshdm;a jeks jhqyhka u.ska" jkdka;rh mqrd jhdma; ùu is fõ' rdcd,shka" j rka" iuk<hka iy ldó NlaIl jjq,ka jeks i;a;aj úfyai fuu ia:rh wdy%s;j jdih lrhs' úhka ia:rh jr Id jkdka;rhl uq,sl ia:rh jk úhk" ógr 35 muk Wiska msysgk w;r fkre ia:rhg my;ska msysgd we;' úhka ia:rfha mj;sk Ydl úfyai jeä m%udkhl m;%" j,dldr jk w;r m;% w.%h isyska" W,a wdldrhla.kshs' fuh jeyqï ;=v f,i y kajkq,efí' fuu jeyqï ;=v u.ska jr Id jkdka;r jdis Ydl j, m;% u; tl;= jk c,h blaukska bj;a ls fï ldr hh is lrk w;r tu.ska m;% l=kq ùu yd m;% j, mdis",hslk wd h jr Okh wju ls u jeks ldr hhka is lrhs' úhka ia:rh ;=, u,a yd M, jr. wêlj ks laikh l< yelsh' fuu ia:rfha mj;sk Ydl úfyai j, u,a msmsu tl jr is jk w;r tu.ska 15

21 mrmrd.kh ùu nyq,j is fõ' iuyr Ydl j, u,a l u; l.; yels w;r' tu.ska jjq,ka jeks mrd.kh is lrk i;a;aj úfyai j,g u,a fidhd.eksu myiq lrhs' j rka' yïndjka' jjq,ka" relajdis ueähka" l=yquqjka" l=reñkshka yd ueisudrdjka jeks mlaiska fuu ia:rfha ks CIKh l< yels fõ'.ia j, is re yd fnk ldóka yd ul=ωjkaf.a laiqø m%cdjka i yd jdiia:dk imhhk w;r" fuu ia:rfha wmsydlhka o nyq,h' Wm úhka ia:rh úhka ia:rhg háka Wm úhka ia:rh msysgd we;s w;r fuh ógr 25 la muk Wila olajd jr Okh fõ' fuu ia:rhg,efnk wdf,dal m%udkh b;d wvq jk w;r ^úhkg,efnk wdf,dal m%udkfhka 5] muk& thg fya;=j úhfka Ydl wdjrkh u.ska tu wdf,dalh jeä m%udkhla r jd.eksu fõ' fuu ;;a;ajhg wkqjr ;khla f,i Wm úhka ia:rfha" wêl y ;m%o m%udkhla iys; ;o fld< meye;s m;% iys; Ydl mj;shs' fuu ia:rh ;=, iq<f.a n,meu wju jk ksid Ydl mrd.kh i yd iq<û Wmfh`.S lr.eksu ldr hciu l%shdj,shla fkdjkq we;' tneúka fuu ia:rfha Ydl úfyai fndfyduhla mrd.kh i yd i;a;aj úfyai u; hemsu is lrhs' i;=ka wdlr IKhg wêl.kaohla iys; u,a ksmoùu yd Ydlfha l ka u; u,a yd M, yg.eksu hk Wml%uhka fuu Ydl úiska mrd.kh i yd Ndú;d lrhs' Ydlfha l u; u,a yg.eksfï ixisoaêh" ialkao mqiamsh;djh f,i y kajk w;r fuu.ska mrd.kh is lrk i;a;aj úfyai j,g myiqfjka u,a lrd,.dúh yels w;r" tu.ska mrd.kfha yd îc m%pdrkfha ldr hciu;djh jeälrhs' fuu ia:rfha f,akqka' ueähka" mlaiska yd ldóka wêl m%udkhla ks laikh l, yelsh' háfrdamkh háfrdamkh l=vd.ia úfyai j,ska yd m re úfyai j,ska iukañ; fõ' fuu ia:rhg wdf,dalh b;d wvq m%udkhla,efnk w;r th úhka ia:rfha mj;sk wdf,dal m%udkfhka 3] la muk fõ' tneúka fuu ia:rh ia:ßrju wvq wdf,dal ;;a;ajhla hgf;a mj;shs' fuu ia:;rfha jdhq ixirkh b;d wvq uügul mj;sk w;r" idfmaci wdr ø;djh wêl uügul mj;shs' háfr`mkfha mj;sk Ydlo fndfyda rg Wm úhka ia:rfha Ydl j,g iudk,laik olajk kuq;a m%udkfhka l=vd fõ' fuu ia:rfha m re Ydlo mj;sk w;r fïjd wvq wdf,dal ;;a;aj hgf;a jr Okh ùu i yd wkqjr ;kh ù we;' jr Id jkdka;rfha úyd, Ydl bj;a ùfuka úkdy jq újd; ia:dk j,g wdrcidj iemhsh yels m is>%fhka jr Okh úh yels Ydl fuu m re ia;rh wdy%s;j mj;shs' fujeks wjia:d j, m re Ydl wdrlail m<syla f,i l%shdlrñka mdxy= ixrlaikh is lrk w;r" jkdka;rh kej; we;s ls u i yd laiqø m ir ;;a;ajhkao mj;ajd.kshs' ìï ia:rh ìï ia;rh fyj;a jkdka;r fmd<j" jr Id jkdka;rhl my<u ia;rh ksfhdackh lrhs' fuu ia:rh me<eá jr. j,ska yd jr Id jkdka;r jdis úyd, Ydl j, m%frdaykh jk îc yd l=vd me< wjia:djkaf.ka iukañ; fõ' b;d merks jr Id jkdka;r j, ìï ia:rhg,efnk wdf,dal m%udkh 1-2] muk jk w;r idfmalai wdr ø;djh 95] muk fõ' bmerks jr Id jkdka;r ;=< fyd ka ks laikh l< yels ìï ia:rhla fkdmj;s' fuu ia:rfha imqiamsh Ydl úfyai iaj,am m%udkhla ks laikh l< yels w;r tajd wvq wdf,dal ;;a;ajhka hgf;a jr Okh ùug úfyai wkqjr ;k fmkajhs' ìï ia:rfha iuyr Ydl j, m;% r;= jr Khka.ekSu fya;=fjka jr Id jkdka;r ìï ia:rhg <Ûd jk iqω wdf,dal m%udkh jvd fydoska.%ykh lr.eksug yelsj mej;su fuu wkqjr ;k j,g WodyrKhla f,i laúh yelsh' jr Id jkdka;r ìï ia:rh is>%fhka úfhdackhg Ndckh fjñka mj;sk Ydl m;% jeiaulska iukaú; fõ' fi!uh l,dmsh foay.=k ;;a;aj hgf;a Ydl m;%hla úfhdackh ùug idudkhfhka jirlg wdikak ld,hla.; jk kuq;a" ksjr ;k foay.=k ;;a;aj hgf;a mj;sk wêl laiqø ù l%shdld ;ajh u;" jr Id jkdka;rhl i;s lsysmhla ;=, Ydl m;%hla úfhdackhg Ndckh jkq,efí' jr Id jkdka;r ;=, ìï ia:rfha ldnksl øjh j,ska hqla; jq ffcj ialkaofha fuu jkdka;r j, mj;sk fmdail øjh j,ska iefyk m%udkhla / mj;shs' fmdail modr :,nd.eksug mj;sk wêl ;rûh ksid jr Id jkdka;r jdis Ydl úfyai jeä m%udkhla ;=< fkd.euqre uq,a moao;shla mj;shs' jr Id jkdka;rfha ìï ia:rfha mj;sk úfhdackh fjñka mj;sk Ydl fldgia j,ska iukañ; jeiau wdy%s;j úfh` lhska.khg wh;a" fõhka" lerfmd;a;ka" l=reñkshka" m;a;ehka' yel/,a,ka' f.dkqiaika yd.evú ka wd i;a;aj úfyai rdyshlao,sr yd nelaà hd úfyai rdyshlao j;a fõ' 16

22 2 b.ekaùfï l%fudamdhka 2'2( jr Id jkdka;rhl ;%sudk wdld;shla ksr udkh ls u uq,huh.egω fyda ld,h ms<sn.egω u; jr Id jkdka;rhl ixpdrh ls u wmyiq jk wjia:djl my; i yka wnhdih ls u u.ska jr Id jkdka;rhl jhqyh ms<sn j wjfndaohla,nd.; yels fõ' remh 2'1 yd fuys úia;r udr f.damfoay f,i Ndú;d lrñka lvodis" ueá" fr " úh<s m;%" w;= len,s wd myiqfjka,nd.; yels øjh Ndú;d lrñka jr Id jkdka;rhl wdld;shla f.dvke.sug Tfí mka;sfha isiqkag Wmfoia fokak' fuu wdld;sh Ndú;fhka jr Id jkdka;rhl ixlsr K jhqyh ms<sn j isiqkag wjfndaohla,nd h yels fõ' tfiau y kd.eksfï h;=rla Ndú;d ls fuka jr Id jkdka;rhl mj;sk úúo ia:r Ydl yd i;a;ajhka ms<sn j wjfndaohla,nd h yelsh' jr Id jkdka;rfha ld,skj is jk fjkia ùu jr Id jkdka;r j, is jk úyd, jdlai jeàu wd úúo fya;+ka u; tys jhqyfha" úfyaifhkau wlkavj mj;sk úhka ia:rfha fjkia ùï we;s fõ' úhfka mj;sk Ydl ksrka;rfhkau je,a jr. u.ska tlsfkl yd ne mj;sk w;r tla Ydlhla ìu m;s; ùfï Ydl lsysmhlau ta iuû leã hdu is fõ' fuys m%;sm,hla f,i we;s jk újd; ia:dkhka u.ska wdf,dalh jr Id jkdka;rfha ìï ia:rh olajd.uka lrhs' fuys kj Ydl yd i;a;aj úfyai fuu ia:dkhg meñfkk w;r tys kj m%cdjka we;s fõ' iuyr iajndúl jhikhka u.ska idfmalaij úyd, újd; ia:dk jr Id jkdka;r ;=< we;s lrhs' kdh hdï yd ±ä iq<x j, n,meu u.ska ieu jr Id jkdka;rhla wdy%s;ju fujeks úyd, wjldy we;s ùu fuhg ksor YKhla f,i fmkajd h yelsh' ldka;lhka",sr iy ldó úfyai ksrka;rfhkau" l=vd m udkfhka jr Id jkdka;rhl jhqyh fjkia lrñka isáhs' jr Id jkdka;rhla ;=< ksrka;rfhka is jk iajdndúl úkdy ùï yd kej; jkdka;rh we;sùu u.ska jvd Yla;su;a yd úúo;ajh jeä jkdka;rhla we;s ls u is fõ' b.ekaùfï l%fudamdhka 2'3( jr Id jkdka;rhlg wohdmk pd ldjla heu jr Id jkdka;rhl mj;sk ixlsr K jhqyh yd l%shdld ;ajh wohhkh ls fï idr :lu ls%hdudr.h jkafka jr Id jkdka;rhl ixpdrh ls uhs' fï ioyd Y%S,xldfõ mj;sk jvd ckm%sh ia:dk f,i isxyrdc f,dal Wreu jr Id jkdka;rh yd lkafk,sh rlais; jkdka;rh laúh yelsh' fuu jr Id jkdka;r folu jk ixrlaik fomdr ;fïka;=j u.ska l<ukdlrkh lrkq,nhs' fuu jkdka;r j, wohdmksl ixpdrhka ms<sn jeä úia;r jk ixrlaik fomdr ;fïka;=j" rcu,a j;a; mdr' n;a;ruq,a, hk ia:dkh u.ska,nd.; yelsh' Y%S,xldfõ jr Id jkdka;rh ms<sn jeä úia;r ±k.eksu i yd 4 jk m Éf oh lshjkak' Tn k isáhd jr Id jkdka;rhl Ydl m%cdj b;d >kj weis we;s w;r" tneúka úhkg m;s; jk jr Id c,h fmd<jg,ûd ùug úkdä 10la muk ld,hla.;fõ' md:ßúfha jdih lrk ù úfyai j,ska 40] la muk jr Id jkdka;r j, úhk wdy%s;j jdih lrk nj úohd{hka úiska wkqudk lrkq,efí' jr Id jkdka;r j, úhka wdy%s;j yuqjk fndfyduhla Ydl úfyai j, uq ka f.da,dldr f,i ielis we;' 17

23 mad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;g kiof;fhl;l epyj; Njhw;wk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpw;f xnu rpuhd> nghjthd Njhw;wKilajhapDk; mtw;wpd jdpj;jtkhd fl;likg;g hpjpahd xoq;fld; $ba gy;tifikf;fhpa jhtutpyq;ffspd; tho;f;ifiar; Nrh;e;jitahFk;. nguk;ghyhd kuq;fs; caukhftk;> xy;ypahd jz;lilajhftk; fhzg;glk;.,it Kbf;F mz;ikapy; tsuk; tiu fpisfisj; Njhw;wptpf;fkhl;lh.,k;kuq;fs; ed;f tpuj;jpaile;j cijg;g Nth;fisf; nfhz;buf;fk;.,t;tijg;g Nth;fs; caukhd fhl;lkuq;fsf;fj; Njitahd Mjhuj;ij toq;ffpd;wd. fhl;lkz;zpy; Nghrizg; nghul;fs; kpff; Fiwthff; fhzg;gltjhy;,k;kuq;fs; kpfe;j ghukilajhak; Nth;j;njhFjp kpfg;gue;j Mokw;wjhAk; fhzg;glk;. kuthp nkypjhftk;> moj;jkhdjhftk; fhl;lj;jpia vjph;f;ff; $ba jil Fiwe;Jk; fhzg;glk;. kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;ig EZf;fkhf MuhAk;NghJ td #ow;njhfjpapy; #oy; njhopw;ghlfs; kw;wk; mjd; gad;ghlfs;> Nritfs; gw;wpa mff;fhl;;rp fpilf;fg;ngwk;. madkz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; fl;likg;g nghjthff; fhl;bd; fl;likg;ghdj mjd; epiyf;fj;jhd xoq;fikg;g %ykhf (gilnfhs;sy;) fpil xoq;fikg;g (jhtu mlh;j;jp>,ilntsp kw;wk; jdp,dq;fspd; ngsjpf,ay;gfs; (cutk;> kuq;fs;> nrbfs;> g+z;lfs;,iyapd; gukd;) Mfpatw;why; tpghpf;fg;glk;. Vida kiof;fhlfsld; xg;gplk; NghJ,yq;ifapd; mad kz;ly kiof;fhlfs; khjphpf;fl;likg;ig ntspg;glj;jfpd;wd.,it nghjthf Ie;J gil my;yj gilnfhs;syhy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.,it ntspg;ghl;lg;gil (40m -50m)> tpjhdg;gil (30-m 35m)> cg tpjhdg;gil (20m - 25m)> fpo;epiyg;gil (5m) 20m kw;wk; jiug;gil (1km f;fk; fpo;) MFk;.,lk;> #oy; epge;jidfsf;nfw;g gilfspd; cauq;fspy; rpwpjst NtWghLfs; fhzg;glyhk;. xt;nthugilak; rpwg;ghd jdpj;jtkhd #oy; epge;jidfisak; caphpdq;fisak; nfhz;buf;fk;. fw;gpj;jyf;fhd mzfkiw 2.1: epw ml;ltizak; mtjhdpg;gk;.,t;tj;jpahj;ij fw;gpf;fk; NghJ fhzg;glk;,dq;fisak; mtw;wpd;,irthf;fq;fisak; Fwpf;Fk; tpjkhf nghpastpyhd epw ml;ltiziaj; jahhpaq;fs;. epq;fs; Xh; kiof;fhl;lf;fr; nry;yk; NghJ fpo;f;fhzg;glk; tpsf;fq;fis thrpj;jf; nfhs;sq;fs;. kiof;fhlfspy; gilfisak; mtw;wpd; Ngjq;fisAk; Kbtpy; caph; tsq;fisf; nfhz;ls;sikiaak; mtjhdpf;f. ntspghl;lg;gil (The Emergent Layer) kiof;fhlfspy; kpf caukhd kuq;fisf; nfhz;lj ntspg;ghl;lg;gilahfk;> fhl;lj;jiuapypue;j gilahfk;,it 45m caukhd 5m Rw;wsTk; nfhz;l kpf cah;e;j kuq;fisf; nfhz;lnj ntspg;ghl;lg;gilahfk;.,t;thwhd kuq;fs;,f;fhl KOtJk; rpjwpf;fhzg;glk;.,k;kuq;fs; nkd;ikahd gl;iliaak; tpuj;jpaile;j cijg;g Nth;fisAk; nfhz;buf;fk;. caukhd kuf;fpisfspdhy; Vw;gLk; nghpa KbAila tprhykhd jz;lfsf;f,t;tijg;g Nth;fs; Nkyjpf Mjhuj;ij toq;ffpd;wd. rpwpa kuq;fsld; xg;gplk; NghJ ntspg;ghl;l kuq;fs; ngukstpyhd ntg;gepiy Vw;wj;jho;TfSf;Fk; fhw;w> kiotpo;r;rp Mfpatw;wpw;Fk; ntspf;fhl;lg;glfpd;wd. jpiaf; Fiwg;gjw;fhfg; nguk;ghyk; jbg;gs;s nkofg;giliaf; nfhz;ljhftk; fhzg;glk;. tpjhdj;jpw;f Nky; fhzg;glk; fhw;wirit md$ykhf;fpf; nfhz;l ntspg;ghl;l kuq;fs; tpj;jg; guk;giy,ju tdg;gfjpfsf;f Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.,t;tpijfs; my;yj goq;fs; rpwffisf; nfhz;buf;fk;. foffs;> Fuq;Ffs;> g+r;rpfis> cz;zk; ntsthy;fs; Nghd;w tpyq;fpdq;fsk; tz;zhj;jp g+r;rpfsk;,g;gilia thoplkhff; nfhs;fpd;wd. tpjhdg;gil (The Canopy Layer) ntspg;ghl;lg;gilapd; fpo; 35m tiu caukhf tsuf;$ba njhlh;r;rpahd Kjd;ikahd gilna tpjhdg;gilahfk;. tpjhdg;gilapd; kuq;fspd; cauj;ij xj;j nghpa kuntwpfs;> Nkny;l;bj;jhtuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;ljhf,g;gil mike;js;sj.,g;gilapd; nguk;ghyhd kuq;fs; moj;jkhd> eps;tl;lkhd,iyfisf; nfhz;bug;gjld;,t;tpiyfspd;,iyedpfs; 18

24 2 tbaf;$ba Kid ahff; fhl;;rpaspf;fpd;wd.,t;tbaf;$ba KidahdJ kioeph;j; Njq;Fjiy jtph;g;gjw;fhd nghwpkiw,iaghf;fkhff; $h;g;gile;jjhff; fujg;glfpd;wj>,jd; gadhfj; jz;lofy;> ghrp>,iyf;fd;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; tsh;r;rp jlf;fg;glfpd;wj.,g;gilapy; g+f;fsk;> goq;fsk; mjpfkhf fhzg;glfpd;wd.,g;gilapd; nguk;ghyhd jhtutpdq;fspd; G+f;fs; kyh;tjld; mjd; kfue;j Nrh;f;iff;F tha;g;ghf mikfpd;wd rpy,dj; jhtuj;jz;lfspy; g+f;fs; cuthf;fg;gltjpdhy;> ntsthy; Nghd;w mad; mad; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;iff; fhuzpfs;,yfthf g+f;fisr; nrd;wila topaikf;fpd;wjhf mikfpd;wd Fuq;Ffs;> gwf;fk;> mzpy;fs;> ntsthy;fs;> kuj;jtisfs;> vwk;gfs;> tz;lfs; kw;wk; <f;fis cz;zk; gwitfs; Nghd;wtw;iw,g;gilapy; fhzf; $bajhas;sj> Nknyhl;bj; jhtuq;fs;,t;tpjhdg;gilapd;; KOj;jhtug;gug;igAk; #o;e;jhff; fhzg;glk;. mnj rkaj;jpy; kug;nghe;jfs; Ez;rhfpag; g+r;rpfspdjk; rpye;jpfspdjk; thoplkhf mikfpd;wd. cg tpjhdg;gil (The Sub Canopy Layer) tpjhdg;gilapd; fpohf 25m tiuapyhd cauj;ijf; nfhz;ls;s kuq;fisf; nfhz;l gilahf,g;gil mike;js;sj. (tpjhdg;gilapd;,iykiwg;gfs; fhuzkhf kpff; Fiwthd #hpa xspiana,g;gil ngwfpd;wj tpjhdg;gilia 5% khd xspkl;lnk fpilf;fpwj.),jdhy;,g;gilapd; jhtuq;fs; gy jdpr;rpwg;ghd,irthf;fq;fis xspapid mfj;jwpq;rtjw;fhd fuk; gr;ir epw,iyfspy; nfhz;ls;sj. (mjpf FNshNuhgpy;fisf; nfhz;l),g;gilapy; Fiwe;j fhw;nwhl;lkila #oy; fhzg;gltjdhy; fhw;w kfue;jr;nrh;f;iff;fhd epfo;jft kpff;fiwthfnt fhzg;glfpd;wj. MfNt kfue;jr; Nrh;f;ifapd; nghul;l,it tpyq;fpdq;fisr; rhh;e;jpuf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ vdnt Jiz tpjhdg;gilapd; jhtuq;fs; g+r;rpfisak; tpyq;ffisak; ftuf;$ba nghwpkiwfshd mjp$ba kzkila g+f;fs; mj;jld; g+f;fs; goq;fs; cuthf;ff; $ba jz;lfisf; nfhz;l jhtutpdq;fshff; fhzg;glfpd;wd.,r;nraw;ghlhdj mbkuj;jpy; kyh;jy; vdg;glk;.,jd; %yk; kfue;j Nrh;f;ifapy; <LgLk; g+r;rpfsk;> tpyq;fpdq;fsk;>,g; g+f;fis,yfthff; fhz;gjld; kfue;jr;nrh;f;ifak;> tpj;jguk;gyk;,yfthf eilngw VJthfpd;wJ.,g;gilapy; mjpf tpyq;fpdq;fisf; fhzf;$bajhas;sj. mzpy;fs;> jtisfs;> gwitfs;> mjpf nrwpthd g+r;rpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw mtjhdpf;fyhk;. fpo;g;gil (The Understorey Layer) fpo;g;gilahdj rpwpa kuq;fshyk;> nrbfshyk; Mf;fg;gl;;bUf;Fk;. tpjhdg;gilapy; fpilf;fg; ngwk; #hpa xspapd; 3% kl;lnk,q;f ngwg;gltjhy;,it kpf kpff; Fiwthd #hpa xspiana ngwtjld;,g;gil epue;ju epoypnyna fhzg;glfpwj. mj;jld; kpff;fiwthd fhw;nwhl;lk; fhzg;gltjdhy;,jd; tpisthf,g;gil mjpj <ug;gjidf; nfhz;ljhftk; fhzg;glfpd;wj. fpo;gilj; jhtuq;fs; cg tpjhdg;gilia xj;j,ay;gfisf; nfhz;bug;gpdk; mstpy; rpwpajhff; fhzg;glfpwj.,g;gilapy; fhzg;glk; nrbfs; Fiwthd xspr;nrwptpd; fpo; thok;,irthf;fj;ijf; nfhz;ls;sj. tpiuthd tsh;r;rpf;fhpa,r;nrbfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jpwe;j kzy; gug;gfspy;,f;fhlfspy; cldbahd fl;likg;gg; ghjfhg;ig toq;ftjld; Ez; caph;fspd; thoplkhftk;> fhl;bd; kps; tdkhf;fj;jpyk; tpiue;jjtfpd;wj. jiug;gil (The Ground L ayer) kiof;fhl;bd; kpff;fpo;kl;l gil nfhs;syhfj; jiug;gil fhzg;glfpd;wj.,j fhl;lj;jiu vdtk; miof;fg;glfpd;wj.,g;gilahdj g+z;lj;jhtuq;fshy; cuthf;fg;gl;ls;sj. xsp CLUty; 1%,ypUe;J 2% MfTk; tsp<ug;gjd; 95%,Yk; cah;thd Kjph;e;j tdg;gfjpfspy; njspthd jiug;gil fhzg;gltjpy;iy. mjpf epoiyr;rfpj;j thof;$ba rpy g+f;fk; jhtuq;fs; fhzg;glfpd;wd. vt;thwhapdk; fhl;lj;jiuapy; thok; jhtuq;fs; kpff;fiwe;j mst xspapy; thof;$ba rpwg;ghd,ay;gfis tpuj;jp nra;j nfhz;ls;sd> cjhuzkhf,jd;,iyfs; nre;epwkhff; fhzg;gl;l rpjwp tuk;. kpff; Fiwthd xspiag; gad;glj;jp tho;e;j jiug;gilf;fhpajhff; fhzg;gltjhfk;. jiuahdj cjph;e;j,iyr;ruffshy; %lg;gl;bug;gjld;,t;tpiyr; ruffs; tpiuthd gphpifahf;fj;jpw;f cs;shff; $ba jhtutpdj;ijr; rhh;e;jitahfk;. mad kz;ly fhyepiyapd; Jhpjkhd Ez;zq;fpr; nraw;ghl;bd; fhuzkhf kiof;fhl;lj; jiug;gilapy; fhzg;glk; xu,iy xuthuj;jpds; gphpifaile;jtplk;. mnj Neuj;jpy; Fsph;fhyq;fspy;,e; epfo;tpw;f xutulk; $lj;njitg;glyhk;.,t;taph;j;jpzpt kz;lyj;jpnyna,f;fhl;bd; nguk; gfjpahd Nghrizg; nghul;fs; Njq;fpf; fhzg;glfpd;wd.,jdhy;,g;nghrizg; nghul;fsf;fhd cah; Nghl;b jhtuq;fsf;fpilapna Vw;gl;L nguk;ghyhd kuq;fs; Mokw;w NkNyhl;lkhd Nth;fis cuthf;f fhuzkha; mikfpd;wd.,j;jiug;gilapy; fiwahd;fs;> 19

25 fug;ghd;fs;> tz;lfs;> kl;lj;njs;> ml;il> Njs;> kw;wk; kz;gof;fs; mj;jld; gq;;fr> gw;wphpah> Vida Ez;zq;fpfshd Nrjd foptfis czthfg;gad;glj;jk; caphpdq;fsk; tho;fpd;wd. fw;gpj;jy; mzfkiw 2.2: kiof;fhl;bd; Kg;ghpkhz khjphpnahd;iw cuthf;fy;. tiuglk; 2.1 kw;wk; tpsf;fq;fis xu topfhl;b khjphpahf cgnahfpj;j Papier mache, fsp Jzp cyh;e;j,iyfs;> rpw fpisfs;> Fr;rpfs;> Nghd;w fpilf;fg;ngwk; nghul;fis cgnahfpj;j Xh; kiof;fhl;bd; Kg;ghpkhz khjphpnad;iw cuthf;f khzth;fis topg;glj;jf.,k;khjphpia cgnahfpj;j kiof;fhl;bd; mikg;g> ngsjpf,ay;g> gilnahoq;ffs;> kw;wk; tpyq;ffis mtjhdk; fhz;gjw;fhf milahsg;glj;jk;,ufpisr; rhtpnahd;wk; jhahhpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. kiof;fhl;lf; fl;likg;gpy; Vw;gLk;,ay;ghd khw;wq;fs; njhlh;r;rpahdjk; Nknyhl;bfshy; xd;wlndhd;w,izf;fg;gl;ljkhd tpjhdj;ijf; nfhz;l kuq;fs; mbf;fb epfok;,aw;if mdh;j;jq;fshy; ghjpg;gf;fs;shfpf; fpisfs; Kwptilifapy; xd;wlndhd;w Nrh;e;Js;s fpisfs; Vida fpisfis,oj;njh my;yj js;spnah tpo;j;jfpd;wd.,j $l;lhd tpist (Domino effect) vd miof;fg;glfpd;wj.,jd; fhuzkhf xspf;f %lg;gl;bue;j fhlhdj jpwtw;w #hpa xspahdj ngukstpy; fhl;lj; jiug;gug;gpy; gha;r;rg;glfpd;wj. vdnt Gjpa jhtu tpyq;fpdq;fs; mq;f cuthftk;,lk; ngautk; fhuzkhf tpsq;ffpd;wj.,ju,aw;if mdh;j;jq;fis kz;rhpt> mjpntfkhd fhw;w vd;gd fhl;by; khw;wq;fds Vw;gLj;JtJld; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l kps;> Gjpa tdkhf;fyhdj Vwj;jho xt;nthw jrhg;jq;fsk; Vw;gLtjw;F fhuzkhf mikfpd;wj. mj;jld; nfhwpj;jz;zk;> tpyq;ffs;> g+r;rpfs;> gq;frf;fs; vd;gd rpwpa mstpyhd caphpay; mdh;j;jq;fshfr; nraw;;gl;l fhl;bd; fl;likg;igr; rpuhd,ilntspfhy mstpy; khw;wkilar; nra;fpd;wd.,j;jifa,aw;ifahd ngsjpf> caphpay; mdh;j;jq;fshy; njhlh;r;rpahff; fhlfs; Gj;Japh;f;fg;gl;L> nropg;ghd gy;tifikas;s kiof;fhl;il cuthf;ftjpy; nguk;gq;fhw;wg;glfpwj. fw;gpj;jyf;fhd mzfkiw 2.3: kiof;fhl xd;wpw;fhd fy;tpr; Rw;Wyh rpf;fyhd fl;likg;gf;fhpa kiof;fhl;bd; fy;tpr;rw;wyh %yk; nrd;w fhz;gj kpftk; gads;sjk;> fw;gjw;f,yfthdnjhd;whftk; mikfpd;wj.,yq;ifapy; rpq;fuh[ tdk; kw;wk; fdypa ghjfhf;fg;gl;l tdk; Nghd;wit,jw;fhd rpwg;ghd gpurpj;jpngw;w,lq;fshfk;.,t;tpu,lq;fsk; tdts jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; ghjf;fhf;fg;gl;l eph;tfpf;fg;gl;l tufpd;wj. Nkyjpf jfty;fsf;f fpo;tuk; KfthpAld; njhlh;gf; nfhs;f. tdtsj; jpidf;fsk;> u[ky;tj;ij tpjp> gj;juky;iy -kiof;fhlfs; gw;wpa Nkyjpf tpguq;fsf;fhf mj;jpahak; 4Ig; ghh;f;f. cq;fsf;fj; njhpakh? madkz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; kuq;fs; kpftk; neuf;fkhff; fhzg;gltjd; fhuzkhf tpjhdg;gilapy; tpok; kio jiuia mila 10 epkplq;fs; vlf;fk;. madkz;ly kiof;fhl;bd; tpjhdg;gil cyfpd; 40% khd,dq;fisf; fhf;fpd;wj. mndf mad kz;lyf; fhl;l kuq;fspd; tpjhd cutikg;g tl;lkhfk;. 20

26 2 Emergent Layer fkre ia:rh ntspg;ghl;lg;gil Canopy úhk tpjhdg;gil Sub Canopy Wm úhk cg tpjhdg;gil Epiphytes wmsydl Nknyhl;b Undergrowth háfr`mkh fpo;g;gil Rainforest stream jr Id jkdka;rhl h myrla kiof;fhl;bd; xh epnuhil Gound Layer ìï ia:rh jiug;gil Figure 2.1 Vertical Stratification of a Rainforest jr Id jkdka;rhl ia: Njkh kiof;fhl;bd; epiyf;fj;jj; Njhw;wk; Prepared by : Romesha Perera 21

27 3 Fauna and Flora of Tropical Rainforests 3 ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r jdis Ydl iy i;=ka mad kz;ly kiof;fhl;lj; jhtuq;fsk; tpyq;ffsk; 23

28 Fauna and Flora of Tropical Rainforests Rainforests are home to about half the 5 to 10 million plant and animal species on the globe. Although similar in terms of its general landscape, each of the three largest rainforest zones, America, Africa, and Asia, has a different group of plants and animals. In addition, different areas of the same rain forest may have different species. For example, many kinds of trees that grow in the mountains of the Amazon rain forest do not grow in the lowlands of that same forest Rainforest plants (Flora) Trees are the dominant plant group in the rainforest. For example, a study in Malaysia, identified more than 800 species of trees in 50 ha of rainforest (Berkmuller, 1992). As described in Chapter 2, different trees grow to different heights forming the layers or strata of the rainforest. Other rainforest plants include shrubs, herbaceous plants, lianas, epiphytes such as orchids and ferns and insectivorous plants. Emergent trees Emergent trees are the tallest trees in a rainforest, rising above the forest canopy. Some emergents found in Sri Lankan rainforests are Shorea congestiflora (Thiniya), Shorea stipularis (Nawanda), Shorea affinis (Beraliya Dun) and Shorea zeylanica (Dun). Canopy trees Canopy trees may change shape over the course of their life, conditioned by the environment around them. Leaves often get smaller as the tree grows larger. In some cases, leaves of the juvenile plant are several times larger than those of the adult tree. In Sri Lanka the canopy layer is occupied by trees such as Dipterocarpus hispidus (Bu hora), D.zelyanicus (Hora), Shorea megistophylla (Honda beraliya), Shorea distichta (Beraliya), Mesua nagassarium (Batuna) and Anisophyllea cinnamomoides (Welipiyanna). Shrubs Shrubs growing in the shady and sheltered lower layers tend to have particularly large leaves to capture as much sunlight as possible. These large leaves do not dry out as they would in the canopy, where the intense heat from the sun and air movement creates a drier environment. However, these traits change according to the plant s environment. In Sri Lanka, some of the shrubs encountered in rainforests are Apama siliquosa (Thapasara bulath), Lijndenia capitellata (Pinibaru), Agrostistachys spp. (Beru), Gaertnera vaginans (Perathambala) and Humboldtia laurifolia (Galkaranda). Many species of animals are found associated with these plants. Many of these plant-animal relationships are very interesting. For example, several species of insects can be found living in the hollow of the leaf stalks of Humboldtia laurifolia. Herbaceous plants Herbaceous plants are found in the ground layer of rainforests. Species such as Lophatherum zeylanicum, Acrotrema spp. (Gondiva), Anoectochilus setaceus (Sandaraja) are encountered in Sri Lankan rainforests. Some herbaceous plants have a deep red pigment in their leaves to capture some of the low light that filters down to the forest ground or herb layer. This red pigment enables ground dwelling plants to absorb more light of different wavelengths. Climbing plants Tropical rainforests are generally teeming with climbing plants or lianas. These woody climbers ascend into the treetops and then loop back down, and in doing so frequently connect and link trees together. With 24

29 3 the aid of their host trees, these lianas or vines expose their leaves and flowers to sunlight, birds and insects without expending the energy needed to build their own supporting tissues. Some of the commonly observed lianas in the Sinharaja and Kanneliya rainforests are Calamus spp. (rattan palms), Entada pusaetha (Pus Wel) (See spotlight 3.1), Coscinium fenestratum (Veniwel) and Dalbergia pseudo-sissoo (Yakadawel). Epiphytes Epiphytes such as mosses, orchids, ferns and lichens grow on tree trunks or nestle in the crooks of trees. Not being rooted in the soil, epiphytes obtain their nutrients from other living plants or by trapping water and organic matter as they fall from the canopies above. For instance, Asplenium nidus (Bird s nest fern) collects falling debris from other plants in its cup-shaped leaf arrangement to create its own compost pile. Most epiphytes live harmoniously with their host trees, although some are less benign. For example, some figs which begin their lives as epiphytes, germinate in the canopy trees and send roots down to the soil. As the figs grow, they enwrap their hosts until they strangle them to death, and transform into free-standing trees. Insectivorous plants Rainforests are home to several species of insectivorous plants. Examples include the Venus fly trap, Pitcher plant and the world s largest flower Rafflesia (See Spotlight 3.2). The Pitcher plant (Nepenthes distillatoria), locally known as Bandura is a species commonly seen in the Sinharaja forest. A carnivorous plant, Nepenthes, is usually found growing on shrubs and small trees as climbing or scrambling vines, along forest margins and disturbed areas. Some leaves of this plant are modified to form elongated sacs or pitchers. These pitchers serve as pitfall type insect traps. The inner wall of the pitcher is dotted with glands and has a waxy, smooth and slippery surface. Insects, attracted by the glandular secretion and/or the bright colour of the pitcher or simply out of sheer curiosity, creep along the mouth to the inner edge of the rim and often lose their balance and drop into the fluid below. The glands in the pitcher secrete fluids and enzymes to drown and digest the trapped insects. In this way the plant meets its protein requirement. From Plants to Animals: The Rainforest Web of Life Rainforest plants and animals depend on each other for survival. This is called interdependence. For example, some insects survive only on a particular type of tree, and some birds consume only a particular type of insect. If these trees are destroyed, the insects will have no home and if these insects die out, the birds that rely on them for food will be wiped out. Many plants are dependent on a wide range of animals for pollination and seed dispersal. Because of this interdependence, if a certain type of plant or animal becomes extinct, several others could also be in danger of extinction. Rainforest animals (Fauna) Rainforests provide refuge to a vast array of animals, representing almost the entire terrestrial animal kingdom. They range from microscopic organisms such as protozoa to large mammals such as sambar and elephants. Rainforest animals belong to two broad categories, invertebrates and vertebrates. Invertebrate animals include different species of insects, spiders, molluscs and crustaceans. Vertebrates are similarly well represented across all five groups, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. The animals that are easiest to spot are the millions of insects that are present in every layer of the rainforest. Rainforest animals are well adapted to survive in this unique ecosystem characterized by stratified vegetation. The terrestrial animals exhibit adaptations to an arboreal (tree-living) life, which also protects them from natural enemies. Many species of rainforest amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals have adapted well to an arboreal life. 25

30 The role of rainforest animals Rainforest animals are extremely important for the maintenance and perpetuation of the rainforest ecosystem. For instance, bees and butterflies pollinate plants whilst others e.g. frugivorous (fruit-eating) birds, squirrels and monkeys disperse their seeds, thus ensuring the regrowth of the forest. Predators such as leopards, pythons, spiders and insectivorous birds control the explosive build-up of prey species. This ensures a balance in the rainforest web of life, and prevents it being overloaded with a particular type of species. If say insectivorous birds do not prey on insects, the leaf-eating insects may increase to levels capable of destroying the vegetation and thereby harm the forest ecosystem. By burrowing holes in the ground, mice and earthworms mix and aerate the soil, and facilitate infiltration of water. Yet others like earthworms and soil insects, continuously chew up the dead or dying plant material and serve as a vital cog in the nutrient cycle. Stream dwellers such as planktonic organisms and fish also contribute to the recycling of nutrients. Invertebrate fauna Vast arrays of invertebrate animal species inhabit rainforests. Dominant among them are the insect species, who play a significant role in maintaining the complex forest ecosystem. The charismatic insects in Sri Lankan rainforests include many species of colourful butterflies. Some butterfly species are restricted to the understorey and forest floor areas (Families Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae), whilst others move between the understorey and canopy (Families Papilionidae, Danaidae and Nymphalidae). Among the wide array of spiders found in Sri Lankan rainforests, the Giant Wood Spider (Nephila maculata) is commonly seen in large webs among the vegetation, while the large bird-eating spiders (Poecilotheria ornata) are found in tree cavities. The forest floor, covered with leaf-litter, is inhabited by the giant earthworm Megascolex coeruleus. Several species of unique land snails also occur. The streams in the forest are home to several species of predatory dragonflies, damselflies, bugs and beetles. Vertebrate Fauna Amphibians The typical rainforest amphibians include a group known as tree-frogs (Sub-family - Rhacophorinae, Genus - Philautus). Tree-frogs live amongst vegetation, including the canopy of tall trees. They possess long limbs, with discs at the edge of their fingers and toes, and webbed feet enabling them to leap, climb and cling on to the surface of different parts of vegetation. Their eggs develop in a terrestrial environment, as opposed to the aquatic eggs of other amphibians. The tree-frogs lay their eggs in tree crevices, leaf litter or on the underside of leaves. They undergo direct development inside the eggs and hatch out as tiny adults, bypassing the aquatic tadpole phase most common in other amphibians. Reptiles The typical tree-dwelling reptiles include geckos, certain lizards and some arboreal snakes. Among the geckos, the Gliding Gecko (Ptychozoon spp.) that inhabits the rainforests of Southeast Asia is able to glide amongst trees. Wide flaps of skin along the flank and neck and webbed hands and feet, enable it to leap and glide from one tree to another. Digital pads under its fingers and toes and the sharp claws enable it to cling onto the surface of vegetation. The Gliding Lizard (Draco spp.) occurs in rainforests in India and Southeast Asia. This species has a wide flap of skin (patagium) along each side of its body, supported by elongated ribs, which enables it to glide from tree to tree. The Flying Snake (Chrysopelea spp.) is another gliding reptile found in the rainforests of South and Southeast Asia. This species is able to glide between trees by flattening its body into a concave shape. 26

31 3 Birds Rainforests are traditionally renowned for their rare and colourful birds that are pioneers of arboreal life. Commonly found birds in Sri Lankan rainforests include the Sri Lanka Blue Magpie (Urocissa ornata), Sri Lanka Spurfowl (Galloperdix bicalcarata), Sri Lanka Jungle Fowl (Gallus layfayettii) etc. Feeding flocks made up of mixed species is a unique flocking behaviour amongst rainforest birds that enables them to maximize feeding efficiency in the different strata of rainforests, and also secures enhanced protection from natural predators. Individuals of a mixed flock communicate with each other on detecting a source of food or natural enemies. Each flock consists of 4-25 species, with about individuals. Bird species are generally adapted to feed on specific strata from the canopy (e.g. Drongo) to ground level (e.g. Babblers). Most of the species which form mixed flocks feed on insects found in the foliage, tree trunks and crevices in the bark. A mixed flock has a core species which contribute the numbers and also lead the flock. Others join opportunistically, when a mixed species flock passes through their range. Mammals Many species of mammals in rainforests are well adapted to an arboreal life. These include several species of primates e.g. apes, monkeys, macaques, lorises and bats and squirrels that live amongst the trees. The primates possess long limbs and fingers to grasp and move easily in the vegetation. Among the squirrels, the Flying Squirrel (Petaurista spp.) is also able to glide between trees. It has a furry membrane of skin between its fore and hind limbs, which is stretched when gliding, while its furry tail is used as a rudder. Predatory animals in the rainforest, such as the leopard, have the ability to climb trees with ease. Fish A vast network of streams originate and flow through the rainforest ecosystem. These streams harbour numerous species of freshwater fish, amphibians, molluscs, crabs and insects. The fish that dwell in rainforest streams are adapted to survive in specific segments of a stream, characterized by the flow of water and type of substrate. For instance, species such as Gobies (Scyopteros spp.) and Stone Suckers (Garra spp.) live in segments with fast flowing water while Snakeheads (Channa spp.) prefer slow flowing segments with a muddy substrate consisting of organic debris. How do rainforest animals protect themselves? Each rainforest species has evolved its own set of unique ways of surviving the many dangers of the forest. Every animal has a ploy to try and save itself from being someone s next meal. The unique colour patterns displayed by some animals allow them to blend into the rainforest vegetation and protect themselves from predators. This is referred to as camouflage. Many species of insects, treefrogs and arboreal reptiles in rainforests appear in different shades of green. Certain others are able to imitate different parts of vegetation, both in terms of appearance and behaviour - referred to as mimicry. Insects play some of the best hide-and-seek games in the forest. For example, the Blue Oakleaf butterfly (See Spotlight 3.3) has a unique and fascinating defence mechanism, which is based on camouflage and mimicry. As a means of camouflage, when settled, the butterfly turns its head down so that it resembles a withered reddish-brown leaf hanging from a twig. When a predator approaches, it swivels and falls down like a dried-up leaf. If this fails, it opens out its wings to startle the predator with its bright colours. Camouflage is also employed in reverse, to help predators such as spiders and pythons to sneak up and catch unsuspecting prey. Some animals use colour to announce their presence to the whole forest. Armed with dangerous poisons used in life-threatening situations, their bright colours warn predators to stay away. The coral snake of the Amazon, with its brilliant red, yellow, and black colouring, is considered one of the most beautiful snakes in the world, but its deadly poison can kill within seconds. The poison arrow frog also stands out with its 27

32 brightly coloured skin, but its skin produces some of the most potent natural poisons in the world which is used by indigenous people for hunting purposes. Teaching Strategy 3.1: Demonstration on how rainforest animals protect themselves Described above are only a few examples on how rainforest animals protect themselves. In reality the adaptations evolved are numerous and varied. Divide the class into five or six groups and ask each group to research survival strategies evolved by various groups of animals. Encourage students to be creative and informative (e.g. posters, plays etc.) when presenting their findings. Teaching Strategy 3.2: Adaptations of plants and animals in a rainforest What are the adaptations of Plants and Animals? Guide your class to learn about the adaptations of plants and animals in rainforests by preparing a large group chart based on this topic to be displayed in class. Did You Know? Source : World Rainforests Information Portal (2004); Rainforest Action Network (2004) Leaf-cutter or parasol ants can be rightfully called the farmers of the rainforest. They climb trees up to 100-feet tall and cut out small pieces of leaves. They then carry these fragments, weighing as much as 50 times their body weight, back to their homes. The leaf pieces are buried in their underground nests, enabling a fungus to grow on them. The ants then feed on the fungus. The Gorilla is the largest wild primate living in the rainforests of Africa. They live in social groups, led by a dominant male. Asia s Great Ape - the Orang Utan (Pongo pygmaeus) is endangered, and restricted to rainforests in South-east Asia. The Capybara is the largest member of the rodent (rats and mice) family, weighing upto 75 kg, living in the river banks of rainforests in the Amazon region (South America). The skin of the poison arrow frog produces some of the strongest natural poisons in the world. Indigenous people often use this to poison their arrow tips for hunting purposes 28

33 ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;rjdis Ydl yd i;a;ajhka 3 md:ßúfha iuia: f.dvìï m%udkfhka 6] la muk l=vd m%foayhla ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r j,ska wdjrkh ù mej;=k;a fuu jkdka;r md:ßúh u; jdih lrk ñ,shk 5 isg 10 olajd jk uqω Ydl yd i;a;aj úfyai m%udkfhka wr Ohlg;a jeä m%udkhla i yd jdiia:dkh ù we;' md:ßúh u; mj;sk m%odk jr Id jkdka;r l,dmhka 3 jk ol=kq weu ldj" wm%sldj yd wdishdj hk m%foay j, mj;sk jkdka;r idudkh fmkqfuka taldld f,i or Ykh jqj;a tlsfklg iïmqr Kfhka fjkia Ydl yd i;a;aj ldkavhka i yd jdi N+ñka ksr udkh lr we;' óg wu;rj tlu jr Id jkdka;rhl úúo m%foay j, yuqjk ù úfyai tlsfklska fjkiafõ' weuika jkdka;rfha l lr m%foayj, yuqjk úúo jr.fha Ydl úfyai tu jkdka;rfha my< m%foay j, yuq fkdùu fuhg WodyrKhla f,i fmkajd h yelsh' jr Id jkdka;r jdis Ydl jr Id jkdka;rhl m%uqlj mj;sk Ydl ldkavh jdlai fõ' uef,aishdfõ fylaghdr 50 jr Id jkdka;r fldgil is lrkq,enq m laikhla o jdlai úfyai 800 la jdr ;d ls u fuhg WodyrKhla f,i fmkajd h yelsh' ^IUCN, 1992& 2 jk m Éf ofhys i yka l< m jr Id jkdka;rhl úúo Ydl úfyai tlsfklg fjkia Wia uügulg jr Okh ù ia:r we;s lrhs ' óg wu;rj m re" me<eá" je,a jr.' mr Kdx. yd Wvjeähd jeks wms Ydlhka" ldñ NlaIl Ydl wd h jr Id jkdka;r Ydl m%cdjka ;=< ks laikh l< yelsh' fkre ia:rfha Ydl fkre ia:rfha mj;sk Ydl jr Id jkdka;rhl mj;sk jvd;a Wia Ydl jk w;r fïjd úhka ia:rfhka by,g jr Okh fõ' Y%S,xldfõ lsh yels fkre ia:rfha Ydl úfyai f,i ;sksh (Shorea congestiflora& kj ^Shorea stipularis&" fnr,sh ka ^Shorea affinis& yd ka ^Shorea zeylanica& laúh yelsh' úhka ia:rfha Ydl úhka ia:rfha Ydl úfyai j, remdldrh" tajdfha ú; ld,h ;=< uqyqk ug is jk fjkia md i l ;;a;ajhka u; úúodldrfhka fjkia fõ' fuu Ydl jr Okh jk úg m;% l%ufhka l=vd ùu is fõ' úhka ia:rfha yuqjk iuyr Ydl úfyai j, l=vd wjia:dfõ " iïmqr Kfhka jevqkq Ydlhg idfmacij lsysm m%udkhlska úyd, m;% l.; yelsh nq fydr ^Dipterocarpus hispidus&" fydr ^Dipterocarpus zeylanicus&" fydv fnr,sh ^Shorea megistophylla&" fnr,sh" ^Shorea distichta&" ngq kd ^Mesua nagassarium& iy je,smshkak ^Anisophyllea cinnamomoides& Y%S,xldfõ jr Id jkdka;r j, úhka ia:rfha nyq,j yuqjk Ydl úfyai fõ' m re idfmalaij w re iajndjhla.kakd my< ia:r j, m re Ydl mj;sk w;r wvq jyfhka meñfkk wdf,dalh jeä m%udkhla.%ykh lr.; yels m m%udkfhka úyd, m;% l.; yelsh' fuu úyd, m;% úh<s yd iq<x iys; md i l ;;a;ajhka mj;sk úhka ia:rfha fuka úc,khg Ndckh ùula is fkdfõ' tfy;a fuu Ydl úfyai j,,laikhka Ydlh mj;sk md i l ;;a;ajh u; tlsfklska fjkia fõ' Y%S,xldfõ jr Id jkdka;rj, mj;sk m re úfyai f,i ;miair nq,;a ^Apama siliquosa&" msks nre ^Lijndenia capitellata&" fnre ^Agrostistachys spp.&" fmar ;U, ^Gaertnera vaginans& iy.,a lr ^Humboldtia laurifolia& jeks úfyai WodyrK f,i ±laúh yelsh' i;a;aj úfyai rdyshla fuu Ydl úfyai iu. wka;r iïnkao;d mj;ajhs' fujeks Ydl-i;a;aj wka;r iïnkao;djhla.,a lr ^Humboldtia laurifolia& Ydlh wdy%s;j ks laikh l, yels w;r fuu Ydl m;% j," l=yrhla fuka ksr udkh ù we;s kgqj wdy%s;j úúo úfyai j,g wh;a ldóka rdyshla iy ù f,i jdih lrhs' wldiagsh Ydl jr Id jkdka;r j, ìï ia:rfha nyq,j wldiagßh Ydl úfyai ks CIKh l< yelsh' Y%S,xldfõ jr Id jkdka;r ;=, f.dka j ^Acrotrema spp.&" i rdc ^Anoectochilus setaceus& iy Lophatherum zeylanicum jeks wldiagßh me<eá úfyai 29

34 l.; yelsh' f.dka j ^Acrotrema spp.& yd i rdc ^Anoectochilus setaceus& jeks iuyr Ydl úfyaai j, r;= meye;s m;% mj;sk w;r tu.ska jr Id jkdka;r ìï ia:rhg,ûd jk iqω wdf,dal m%udkh mjd.%ykh ls fï yelshdj,eî we;' fuu r;= jr Kl u.ska úúo ;rx. wdhduhka iys; wdf,dalh jeä m%udkhla wjfy`ikh lr.kq,nhs' je,a jr. ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r j, fjk;a Ydlhl wdodrfhka jr Okh jk Ydl fyj;a je,a jr. rdyshla yuqfõ' fujeks ldiagßh je,a jr. úyd, jdlai u; tf;ñka.ia uq ka lrd jr Okh jk w;r t;eka isg kej;;a je,a fldgia my<g t,af,ñka mj;shs' fuu je,a úfyai j,g Tjqka i;=j ixodrl mgl ke;s jqj;a Odrl Ydlh Wmfhda.S lrf.k ;ukaf.a m;% yd M, jr. úhka ia:rh fj; myiqfjka fhduq lrkq,nhs' isxyrdch yd lkafk,sh jeks jr Id jkdka;r j, nyq,j yuqjk je,a úfyai f,i fõje,a ^Calamus spp.&" ndka je,a ^Coscinium fenestratum& yd hlv je,a ^Dalbergia pseudo-sissoo& fmkajd h yelssh' wmsydl mdis" Wvjeähd" mr Kdx. yd,hslk wd wms Ydl úfyai.ia l ka u; fyda w;= w;r we;s fon,a wdy%s;j jr Okh fõ' fuu Ydl úfyai i;=j mi lrd.uka lrk ia:r uq,a moao;shla fkdue;s fyhska tajdfha fmdaikh i yd Odrl Ydlh u; fyda jkdka;r fmd<j u;g m;s; ùug m%:u.%ykh lr.kakd c,h yd wfkl=;a fmdail øjh u; hemsug is fõ' fuhg WodyrKhla f,ig l=reω leo,s mr Kdx.h ^Asplenium nidus& fmkajd h yelsh' fuu mr Kdx.fha m;% fldmamdldr f,i isák m ielis we;s w;r tys tla /ia jk fld< frdvq jeks ldnksl øjh u.ska mr Kdx.h fmdaikh,nhs' fndfyduhla wmsydl úfyai Odrl Ydlh iuû iyfhda.fhka j;a jk w;r iuyr Ydl jr Okh ùfï Odrl Ydlfha meje;aug.egω we;s lrhs' fuhg WodyrKhla f,i úhka ia:rfha Ydl j, wmsydl f,i jr Okh wruk kq. Ydl úfyai fmkajd h yelsh' fuu Ydl jr Okh ùfï l%ufhka tajdfha uq,a Odrl Ydlfha l u;.uka lrñka mi ;=,g we;=ω lrk w;r wjidkfha iïmqr K Odrl Ydlhu.%yKh lr.ksñka kq. Ydlh iajdëk Ydlhla f,i jr Okh fõ' ldó NlaIl Ydl jr Id jkdka;r jdis Ydl úfyai lsysmhlu ldó NlaIl jk ú,dyhka i yd wkqjr ;kh ù we;' ldó NlaIl Ydl j,g WodyrK f,i nd rd ^Nepenthes distillatoria&" Venus fly trap yd f,dalfha úyd,u mqiamh we;s lrk fhdao /*af,aishd wd Ydl úfyai fmkajd h yelsh' isxyrdch wdy%s;j nyq,j ks laikh l< yels nd rd Ydlh jkdka;r udhsï wdy%s;j iq,n fõ' fuu Ydlfha iuyr m;% j, w.%hka u.ska f.dgq wdldr jhqyhka we;s lrk w;r th ldñka.%ykh lr.kakd W.=,la f,i l%shdlrhs' nd rd f.dgqfõ wnhka;r ì;a;sfha Y%dù.%ka: rdyshla mj;sk w;r" tneúka th isks yd wef,k iqω iajndjhla.ks' fuys.%k:ß u.ska i%djh lrk hqih i yd fyda f.dgqfõ ma;su;a iajndjh foig ldóka wdlr IKh jk w;r f.dgqfõ mshk ;=<ska we;=,g.uka ls ug W;aidy ork ldóka ta ;=,g jeà m;=f<a we;s c,sh ødjkfha.s,su is fõ' fuu f.dgqj ;=, we;s i%dù.%ka:ß u.ska ksl=;a lrk oshr yd tkaihsu u.ska ldñhd f.dgqj ;=< osu r Kh ùu is fõ' tu r Kh jq fldgia j, mj;sk fm%daàk jeks fmdail øjh Ydlh úiska wjfydaikh lrkq,efí' Ydl f,`lfhka i;a;aj f,`lhg jr Id jkdka;r ;=< ùkaf.a cd,h jr Id jkdka;r jdis ùka ish meje;au i yd tlsfkld u; hemsu is lrhs' fuh wka;r hemsu f,i y kajkq,efí' W yrkhla f,i iuyr ldó úfyai úfyais; Ydlhla u; mukla hemsu is ls u yd iuyr mciska úfyais; ldkavhl ldóka mukla wdydr f,i.eksu fmkajd h yelsh' tjeks Ydl úfyai úkdy ùfuka ta u; hefmk ldóka iïmqr Kfhka j ù hd yels w;r" tys tu ldóka u; mukla hefmk mcis úfyai o úkdy ù hkq we;' fuhg fya;=j jkafka by; ù úfyai w;r mj;sk wka;r hemsuhs' fuys tla Ydlhla fy` i;a;aj úfyaihla j ùfuka ta u; hefmk ;j;a úfyai lsysmhla j ù hd yelsh' jr Id jkdka;r jdis i;a;ajhka jr Id jkdka;r úúo i;a;aj ldkavhkag wh;a úfyai w;s uy;a m%udkhlg jdiia:dkhka imhhs' tal ffi,sl fm%`gfi`jdjka isg úyd, laisrmdhska jk w,shka" f.`kqka jeks i;a;aj úfyai olajd mqω,a mrdihlg fuu jkdka;r ksjyk ù we;' jr Id jkdka;r jdis i;a;aj úfyai m%:ufhkau wmdiagjxyska yd mdiagjxyska f,i m%odk ldkav follg fn h yelsh' úúo jr. j,g wh;a ldóka" ul=ωjka" fn,a,ka yd l%yafüishdjka wmdiagjxys ldkavhg wh;a fõ' mdiagjxys ldkavh wh;a u;aihhka" WNh 30

35 3 ùka" Wr.hka" mciska yd CISrmdhska hk ù ldkav myu jr Id jkdka;r ;=< wêl úúo;ajhlska yuqfõ' jr Id jkdka;rhl iq,nju yuqjk ù ldkavh jk ldóka tys ieu ia:rhlu wêl m%udkhla jdih lrhs' jr Id jkdka;rhl mj;sk ia: h jhqyh ;=< idr :lj j;a ùu i yd fuys jdih lrk ùka ukd wkqjr ;khka olajhs' fn!ñl i;=ka úyd, m%udkhla rela jdis ú;hlg wkqjr ;kh ù we;s w;r" tuûska w re jkdka;rh ;=< úf,`mslhkaf.ka wdrcidj,eî we;' CISrmdhS" Wr." WNh ù yd mcis úfyai wêl m%udkhla jr Id jkdka;rj, rela jdis jk ú,dyhg ukd f,i wkqjr ;kh ù we;' jr Id jkdka;rh ;=< i;a;aj úfyai j, l%shdld ;ajh jr Id jkdka;rhl iu;=,s; meje;au i yd tys jdih lrk i;a;aj úfyai w;syhska jeo.;a fõ' ó ueiaika yd l=reñ hka úfyai u,a mrd.kh is lrk w;r" mciska" f,akqka yd j rka úfyai M, jr. m%pdrkhg hl ùu fuhg W ryrkhla f,i i yka l< yelsh' fldáhka" msuqrka" ul=ωjka" ldñ NCIl mciska jeks úf,`mslhka úfyai wfkl=;a i;a;aj.ykhka md,kh i yd jeo.;a fõ' tuûska jr Id jkdka;r ;=< mj;sk ùkaf.a cd,h ukd f,i mj;ajdf.k hdug;a" tla ù úfyaihla mukla wêl f,i jr Okh ùu;a md,kh lrkq,nhs' ldñ NCIl mciska ldóka wdydrhg.eksu kj;d uqjfyd;a Ydl NCIl ldñ.ykh wêl f,i jr Okh ù jr Id jkdka;rfha Ydl m%cdjg ;r ckhla úh yelsh' óhka úfyai yd.evú ka úiska idok l=yr uûska jr Id jkdka;r mia ñy% ùu" jd;kh ùu yd c,h ukd f,o fmd<jg wjfy`ikh ùu;a is fõ' mdxy= ldóka yd.evú ka ksrka;rfhkau uerekq m;% yd fjk;a Ydl fldgia len,s j,g m;a ls u is lrk w;r" tuûska jr Id jkdka;r j, fm`il pl% fyd ka l%shd;aul ùu is fõ' jr Id jkdka;r ;=< mj;sk h myrj, j;a jk ma,jdx. yd u;aihhkao fm`ih øjh m%;spl%slrkh i yd jeo.;a ldr hhla bgq lrhs' wmdiagjxyska jr Id jkdka;r wmdiagjxys ùka w;s uy;a m%udkhlg jdiia:dkh ù we;' b;d ixlsr K l%shdld ;ajhla iys; jkdka;r m ir moao;s j, meje;au i yd jeo.;a jk úúo ldkav j,g wh;a ldó úfyaihka fuu m ir moao;s ;=< m%uql ùka ù we;' Y%s,xldfõ jr Id jkdka;r j, yuqjk is;a weo.kald ldóka ldkavhla f,i iuk<hka kï l, yelsh' iuyr iuk< úfyai jr Id jkdka;rfha m re ia:rh wdy%s;j jdih lrk w;r iuyr iuk< úfyai m re ia:rfha isg jkdka;r úhk olajd yuqfõ' Y%S,xldfõ jr Id jkdka;r ;=< mqω,a mrdihl ul=ωjka úfyai jdih lrk w;r.ia w;r úyd, ul=ω,a ksr udkh lrk fhdo.ia ul=ωjd yd.ia l=yrj, j;a jk ú ul=ωjd fudjqka w;r jvd m%p,s; úfyai 2la fõ' rd hk ldnksl øjh nyq, jr Id jkdka;r j, mj;sk h myrj,a úf,damsl wmdiagjxyska jk n;al+rka" l=reñkshka wd úfyai i yd jdiia:dk fõ' mdiagjxyska WNh ùka jr Id jkdka;r j, jdih lrk or YSh WNh ùka ldkavh jkafka.ia ueähkah' fuu Wm l=,fha ueä úfyai.ia u; ú;hg wkqjr ;kh ù we;s w;r úhka ia:rfha mjd j;a jk úfyai we;' fudjqkaf.a we.s,s j, mj;sk pqilr jeks úfyais; jhqyhka yd ne mg, u.ska.ia ke.sug;a" Ydl j, úúo fldgia j, t,a,s isàug;a" yelshdjla mj;shs' fjk;a WNh ù ldkavhka c,sh udohhka ;=, ì;a;r oóu is l,;a fuu úfyai fn!ñl laiqø m irj, ì;a;r ±óu i yd wkqjr ;kh ù we;'.ia ueähka".ia fnk yd is re" ìu mj;sk fld<frdvq w;r fyda m;% j, há me;af;a ì;a;r ;ekam;a ls u is lrhs' ì;a;r u.ska idcqju iqyquq,a ueähkag iudk l=vd ueähka ìysjk w;r" fjk;a ueähka fuka c,sh ysiaf.ä wjia:djla olakg fkd,efí' Wr.hka or YSh /la jdis Wr.hka hg;g iuyr yqkka yd lgqiaika úfyai wh;a fõ' w.aks. wdishdkq jr Id jkdka;r j, jdih lrk mshduk yqkkag Ydl w;r mdfjñka.uka ls ug yelshdjla we;' fuu yqkkaf.a f.f,ys yd mdo w;r fukau weûs,s w;r mj;sk ne mg, jeks jhqy u.ska mdùug yelshdjla,eî we;' ;jo fudjqkaf.a wef,k iqω weûs,s yd ksh u.ska Ydl fldgia fyd ka.%ykh lr.eksug yelshdjla we;' ;jo relajdis jk rgdjlg wkqjr ;kh jq mshduk lgqiaika bka hdkq yd w.aks. wdishdkq jr Id jkdka;r j, yuqfõ' fudjqkaf.a Y rh fomi mr Y= u.ska ixodrkh ù we;s mshdm;a jeks pr óh jhqyhka mj;sk w;r tu.ska tla Ydlhl isg ;j;a Ydlhlg mdù hdug yelshdjla we;' mshduk ^.ia w;r mdfjñka.uka l, yels& ir mhka úfyai Tjqkaf.a Wo h m%foayh wj;, yevhg m;a lrñka.ia j, by< isg my<g mdfjñka.uka lrhs' fudjqka ol=kq yd w.aks. wdishdkq jr Id jkdka;rj, yuqfõ' 31

36 mlaiska jr Id jkdka;r j, jdih lrk w,xldr mlais úfyai ksid Y; jr I.Kkdjla ;=, fuu jkdka;r ñksiqkaf.a wjodkh,ndf.k we;' Y% S,xldfõ jr Id jkdka;r leysfn,a,d" ynka l=l=<d" j,s l=l=<d yd r;= fou,sépd jeks wdfõ l mlaiskaf.a jdiia:dkh fõ' jr Id jkdka;r jdis mlais úfyai rdyshla talrdys ù wdydr.eksu ldr hlaiu lr.eksu yd wdrlaidj i yd l=reω kv we;s lr.kq,nhs' jr Id jkdka;r j, mj;sk tla tla ia:r j,ska ldr hlaiu f,i wdydr,nd.eksug l=reω kv j,g iynd.sjk mlais úfyai wkqjr ;kh ù we;' wdydr fidhd.;a úg fyda i;=re wdl%ukhka mj;sk úg l=reω kvfha idud lhkag jydu ±kqï u kvfha iud lhka úiska is lrkq,nhs' tla l=reω kvhl úfyai 4-25 olajd m%udkhla mj;sk w;r idud lhka olajd iynd.s fõ' tla tla mcis úfyaih jr Id jkdka;r j, mj;sk tla tla ia:r j,ska ^úhka ia:rh - ljqvka úfyai" ìï ia:rh - fou,sépka úfyai& ldr hlaiu f,i wdydr,nd.eksug wkqjr ;kh ù we;' l=reω kv j,g iynd.s jk mlais úfyai jeä m%udkhla ldñ NCIlhka jk w;r fudjqka m;%" l yd.ia fnka wdy%s;j isák ldñ úfyai wdydr f,i.kshs' ieu l=reω kvhlu kdhl;ajh.kq,nk yd tu kvh we;s lrkq,nk l=reω úfyaihla isák w;r wfkl=;a úfyai úúo wjia:d j, tu úfyaih iu. tlg wdydr fidhñka kvhla f,i.uka lrhs' laisrmdhska jr Id jkdka;r jdis laisrmdhska úfyai rdyshla relajdis jk ú,dyhlg fyd ka wkqjr ;kh ù we;' Wkymq jka j rka",jq" fh`o jdkrhka jeks m%hsfïgdjka úfyai fukau jjq,ka yd f,akqka úfyai fuhg WodyrK f,i laúh yelsh' m%hsfïgdjka Tjqkaf.a.=.d;%d yd we.s,s.ia w;r ixprkhg fhdod.kq,nhs' yïndjka.ia w;r mdfjñka.uka l< yels laisrmdhs úfyaihka fõ' Tjqkaf.a mqr j yd wmr.d;% w;r pr óh mg,hla mj;sk w;r fuh úys u u.ska.ia w;r msheöu is lrk w;r iunr;djh mj;ajd.eksug j,a.h Wmld lr.kq,nhs' jr Id jkdka;r j, jdih lrk fldáhka jeks úf,damsl laisrmdhskag myiqfjka.ia ke.sfï yelshdjla we;' u;aihhka jr Id jkdka;r ;=,ska ixlsr K jq h myr cd,hla fmdaikh,nhs' fuu h myr ñ h u;aihhka" WNh ùka" ñ h fud,ialdjka" ll=ωjka yd ldóka jeks i;a;aj úfyai rdyshlg jdiia:dk fõ' jr Id jkdka;r j, j;a jk u;aihhka tys c,fha fõ.h yd m;af,a iajndjh u; h myrg úúo ia:dk j, j;a ùug wkqjr ;kh ù we;' WodyrKhla f,i je,s f.dõjka yd.,amdäka fõ.fhka.,d hk h myr wdys%;j jdih lrk w;r' lkhka úfyai fiñka.,d hk rdhk ldnksl øjh yd uv iys; m;a,la iys; ia:dk j, yuqfõ' jr Id jkdka;r wdy%s; i;a;aj úfyai j, wdrlail Wml%u jr Id jkdka;r jdis i;a;aj úfyai j,g jr Id jkdka;rh ;=,ska t,a, jk úúodldr ;r ckhka mj;sk w;r" Ydl w;r ieûùug yels m Tjqkaf.a Y r jr Kh ielis ;sfí' iuyr i;a;aj úfyai Ydl j, úúo fldgia wkqlrkh lrñka ish Y r yevh ilid f.k we;s w;r" pr hdjkao thg wkqrem f,i mj;shs' fuh wkqlrkh f,i ye kafõ' jr Id jkdka;r jdis ldóka wkqlrkh i yd by,u uügñka wkqjr ;kh ù we;' fuhg WodyrK f,i uy le,e fld<hd iuk< úfyaih oelaúh yelsh' ^úur Yk ;Srh 3'3 n,kak& fuu úfyaihg wdfõksl jq úfyais; ieûùfï pr hdjla we;' fuu iuk<hd ieu wjia:djl u Ydl m;% wdy%s;j,e.su is lrk w;r tu ieu wjia:djlosu ysi my,g jk fia,e.=ï.kshs' tneúka fudjqkaf.a mshdm;a j, hg fldgfia mj;sk Uqre meyeh ksid úh<s m;%hla f,i iafõ' úf,damslhl=,xjq ú.i úh<s m;%hla f,i my,g lvd jeàfï pr hdjlao fmkajk w;r tu.ska úf,damsl ;r ck j,ska wdrlaid ùfï yelshdj we;' tu wjia:dfõ o úf,damsh ;r ck uûye ug fkdyels jqjfyd;a tu iuk<hd tlajru mshdm;a. ye u is lrhs' tys mshdm;a by< fldgfia mj;sk ma;su;a ks,a meyeh ksid úf,damslhd tla jru ;s.eiaisug,laù miq neisu is fõ' jr Kh yd yevh u; m irfha ieûùug yels ùu úf,damsl ;r ckfhka i;a;ajhdg.e,ùug wjia:dj i,id fok w;r" iuyr úf,damsh i;a;ajhkag ^Wod msuqrd" ul=ωjd& m irfha ieûù myiqfjka f.d re,nd.eksug yelshdj;a,nd foa' iuyr i;a;aj úfyai Tjqkaf.a jr Kh u.ska jkdka;r jdis úf,damslhka we;=ω wfkla i;a;aj úfyai j,g wk;=re ye.ùula is lrhs' udrdka;sl úi øjh j,ska iukañ; jk ir mhka fï ms<sn j úf,`mslhkag wk;=re yeûùu ms i Tjqkaf.a ma;su;a Y r jr Kh Wmfhda.S lr.kshs' weuika jr Id jkdka;r jdis fldr,a ir mhd ma;su;a r;=" ly iy lω jr Kfhka hqla; jk w;r md:ßúh u; jdih lrk jvd;a w,xldrj;a ir m úfyaihla f,io fuu úfyaih i,lkq,nhs' tfy;a fldr,a ir mhka i;=j mj;sk úi u.ska ;;amr lsysmhla ;=< i;a;ajhl= ú;laihg m;al, yelsh' 32

37 3 jr Id jkdka;rjdis úi f.ïndf.a pr uho b;d w,xldr jk w;r fudjqkaf.a pr óh.%ka: u.ska b;du;a úi iys; ixfhda. ksiamdokh lrkq,efí' f.da;%sl jdiska fuu úi B;, úi fmùug fhdod.kq,nhs' b.ekaùfï l%fudamdhka 3'1( jr Id jkdka;rjdis i;a;aj úfyai wdrlail Wml%u ms<sn wdor Y ksremkh' jr Id jkdka;rjdis i;a;aj úfyai j, wdrlail Wml%u ms<sn j f;dr;=re we;af;a wvq m%udkhls' tfy;a i;h jyfhkau Wml%uhka yd wkqjr ;khka b;d úyd, m%udkhla mj;shs' mka;sfha isák YsIHhka fldgia 5 g fyda 6 g fnokak' fuu tla tla lkavdhug úúo i;a;aj ldkav olajk wdrlail Wml%u ms<sn j.fõykh ls u i yd wjia:dj,nd fokak' Tjqkaf.a ks laikhka fmdaiagr " kdgh wd ksr udkd;aul f,i b m;a ls ug u. fmkaùu jvd iq iq fõ' b.ekaùfï l%fudamdhka 3'2( jr Id jkdka;r jdis Ydl yd i;a;aj úfyai olajk wkqjr ;khka jr Id jkdka;r jdis Ydl yd i;a;aj úfyai olajk wkqjr ;k ms<sn j f;dr;=re fidhd ne,sug Tfí mka;sfha isiqka lkavdhï f,i fhduq lrkak' úyd, m%udkfha rem igykla uûska fy` j.=jla uûska wkqjr ;k ms<sn f;dr;=re b m;a ls ug tla tla lkavdhu fhduq lrkak' Tn k isáhd o@ fld< lk l=yquqjd fkdfyd;a merfi`,a l=yquq úfyaih jr Id jkdka;rfha wä 100 muk olajd jqjo by<g.uka lr m;% len,s lemsu is lrhs' fudjqka ;ukaf.a nr fuka 50.=Khla muk n ka jeä m;% len,s ish jdiia:dkh fj; f.k hkq,nhs' fmd<j hg ;sfnk Tjqkaf.a jdiia:dk j, fuu m;% len,s ;ekam;a lr ta u; jr Okh jk,sr úfyai wdydr f,i Ndú;d lrhs' md:ßúfha jdih lrk úyd,u jdkr úfyaih f.`,a,d jk w;r fudjqka wm%sldkq jr Id jkdka;r j, jdih lrhs' mṡ ñ i;a;ajfhl= úiska kdhl;ajh ork iud h lkavdhï jyfhka fudjqka j;a fõ' wdishdfõ jr Id jkdka;rj, jdih lrk úyd,;u jdkrhd jk Trx Tgx w.aks. wdishdkq jr Id jkdka;rj, jdih lrk w;r joùhdfï ;r ckhg uqyqk md we;' ldka;lhka ^óhka& wh;a jk l=,fha úyd,;u idud lhd lemsnrd h' fuu úfyaih weuika jr Id jkdka;rfha.x bjqre wdy%s;j jdih lrkq,nhs' úi f.ïndf.a pr ufhka,nd.kakd ixfh`.hla u.ska md:ßúfha mj;sk jvd;a orekq iajndúl úi ksiamdokh lrkq,efí' mdrïm l jdiska fuu úi Tjqkaf.a B;, úi fmùu i yd Ndú;d lrkq,nhs' 33

38 mad kz;ly kiof;fhl;bys;s jhtuq;fsk; tpyq;ffsk; cyfpys;s Vwj;jho 5-10 kpy;ypad; jhtutpyq;f,dq;fspd; miuthrpf;f kiof;fhlfns ciwashfk;. mnkhpf;fh Mgphpf;fh> Mrpah Mfpatw;wpYs;s %d;w nghpa kiof;fhlfspd; epy mikg;g xj;jjhf,ug;gpdk;> xt;nthu tiyaq;fsk; ntt;ntw tifahd jhtu> tpyq;ffisf; nfhz;ls;sd. mj;jld; xnu kiof;fhl;bd; ntt;ntw gpunjrq;fspd; ntt;ntw,dq;fs; thoyhk;. cjhuzkhf mnkrd; kiof;fhlfspy; kiyg;gpunjrq;fspy; tsufpd;w gy,d kuq;fs; mnj fhl;by; jho; epyq;fspy; tsh;tjpy;iy. kiof;fhl;bd; jhtuq;fs; kuq;fns kiof;fhl;bd; Ml;rpahd jhtuq;fshfk;. cjhuzkhf knyrpahtpy; 50 n`f;nlah; kiof;fhl;by; Muha;r;rp Nkw;nfhz;l NghJ 800,dq;fSf;Fk; mjpfkhd kuq;fs; cs;sjhf mwpag;gl;ls;sj. mj;jpahak; 2,y; tpgupf;fg;gl;lj Nghd;W> kiof;fhlfspy; ntt;ntw kuq;fs; ntt;ntw cauq;fspy; tsh;e;j gilfis cuthf;ffpd;wd. Vida fhl;lj;jhtuq;fs;> gw;iwfs;;;;> g+z;lj; jhtuq;fs;> kukantwpfs;> Nky; xl;bfshd xf;fpl;lfs;> gd;dq;fs;> g+r;rpaz;zk; jhtuq;fs; vd;gtw;iw mlf;ffpd;wd. ntspg;ghl;lg;gil kuq;fs; (Emergent layer) kiof;fhl;bys;s kpf caukhd kuq;fshd ntspg;ghl;lg;gil kuq;fs; tpjhdg;gilf;f Nkyhf cah;e;j fhzg;glfpd;wd. rpy ntspg;ghl;lg; gilkuq;fs;,yq;if kiof;fhlfspyk; fhzg;glfpd;wd. mit Shorea congestiflora (Thiniya), Shorea stipularis (Nawanda), Shorea affinis (Beraliya Dun) and Shorea zeylanica (Dun) jhtuk; vd;gdthfk;. tpjhdg;gil kuq;fs; (Canopy trees) tpjhdg;gilapys;s kuq;fs; jkj tho;f;iftl;lj;jpy;> jk; Rw;whly; epiyikfsf;nfw;g jkj cutj;ij khw;wpf;nfhs;sf; $Lk;. kuq;fs; nghpajhf tsuk;nghj,iyfs; rpwpajhfpd;wd. rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy;,sk; jhtuq;fspd;,iyfs;> mnj,dj;ijr; Nrh;e;j tpjhdg;gilapys;s Kjph;e;j,iyfspYk; ghh;f;f> gy klq;f nghpjhf,uf;ff; $Lk;.,yq;ifapy;,g;gilapy; Dipterocarpus hispidus (Bu hora), D.zelyanicus (Hora), Shorea megistophylla (Honda beraliya), Shorea distichta (Beraliya), Mesua nagassarium (Batuna) kw;wk; Anisophyllea cinnamomoides (Welipiyanna) vd;dk; jhtuq;fs; fhzg;glfpd;wd. nrbfs; (Shrubs) epoyhd fpo;gilfspy; tsufpd;w nrbfs; kpff; $ba mstpy; #hpa xspiag; ngw;wf;nfhs;sj;jf;fjhfg; nghpa,iyfis nfhz;buf;fpd;wd #hpadpd; cf;fpu ntg;gepiyahy; cyh;e;j #oy; cuthfk; NghJ tpjhdg;gilapys;s kuq;fspd;,iyfs; cyh;tj Nghd;W> nrbfspd; nghpa,iyfs; cyuhj> MapDk;,e;epiyikfs; jhtuq;fspd; #o;epiyiag; nghwj;j khwglfpd;wd.,yq;ifapys;s kiof;fhl;bys;s nrbfshd Apama siliquosa (Thapasara bulath), Lijndenia capitellata (Pinibaru), Agrostistachys spp. (Beru), Gaertnera vaginans (Perathambala) and Humboldtia laurifolia (Galkaranda) vd;gdthfk;. gy,dtpyq;ffsk;>,j;jhtuq;fsld; Nrh;e;J fhzg;glfpd;wd.,tw;wpd; jhtutpyq;fpdq;fspd; cwt Kiw kpftk; RthurpakhditahFk;. cjhuzkhfg; gy G+r;rpapdq;fs; Humboldtia laurifauolia jhtuj;jpd;,iyf;fhk;gpd; (FopAs;) cs;splj;jpy; trpg;gjhf mwpag;glfpd;wj. G+z;Lj;jhtuq;fs; (Herbaceous plants) G+z;Lj;jhtuq;fs; (Herbaceous plants)> kiof;fhl;bd; jiug;gilapy; fhzg;glfpd;wd.,yq;ifapys;s kiof;fhlfspy; Lophatherum zeylanicum, Acrotrema spp.(gondiv), Anoectochilus setaceus (Sandaraja) Nghd;w jhtuq;fs; mtjhdpf;fg; glf;$bajhfts;sj. rpy G+z;Lj;jhtuq;fshd Anoectochilus setaceus (Sandaraja) and Acrotrema spp.(gondiva) Nghd;wit,f;fhl;bd; mbj;jsj;ij milaf;$ba Fiwthd xspiag; ngw;wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhfj; jkj,iyfspy; Mo;e;j rptg;g epwj;ijf;nfhz;ls;sd. jiug;gilapy; thofpd;w jhtuq;fsf;f> ntt;ntw miy epsq;fsila xspia mfj;jwpq;r> rptg;g epwk; Vw;Gilajhf,Uf;fpd;wJ. 34

39 3 VW jhtuq;fs; (Climbing plants) mad kz;lykiof;fhlfs; nghjthf Vwp nghpa kuq;fsld; Nrh;e;j jhtuq;fis my;yj kuntwp;fisg; ngukstpy; nfhz;ls;sd.,g;glh; jhtuq;fs; Nrh;e;J kutr;rpf;f VWfpd;wdthfTk;. fpno njhq;ffpd;wdthftk; fhzg;glfpd;wd.,it Mjhuj;jhtuq;fspd; cjtpald; jkj>,iyfisak; G+f;fisAk; #hpa xsp glj;jf;fjhff; nfhz;ls;sd. gwitfsk;> g+r;rpfsk;> rf;jpia tpzhf;fhj thoplk; mikf;ftk; cjtfpd;wd. rpq;fuh[h> nfd;ndypah Nghd;w kiof;fhlfspy; nghjthf Calamus spp. (rattan palms), Entada pusaetha (Puswel). (Fwpg;G 3.1 ghh;f;f) Coscinium fenestratum (Veniwel) kw;wk; Dalbergia pseudo-sissoo (Yakadawel) Nghd;w VWjhtu,dq;fis mtjhdpf;fyhk;. jhtunthl;bfs; (Epiphytes) jhtunthl;bfshd ghrpfs;> Xf;fpl;Lf;fs;> gd;dq;fs;>,iyf;fd;fs;> vd;gd kuj;jz;lfspyk; my;yj kutist nghe;jfspyk; tsh;fpd;wd.,tw;wpw;f kz;zpds; CLUTk; epue;ju Nth;fs; fhzg;gltjpy;iy> jkf;fj;njitahd Nghrizfisj; jhtuq;fspy; jq;fpapuf;fk; ephpypue;jk;> jiuapys;;s Nghrizg;nghUl;fspd; NkYs;s ephpypue;jk; ngw;wf;nfhs;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf Asplenium nidus (Birds nest) jdf;fj;njitahd Nrjdg;grisiag; ngw;wf;nfhs;tjw;fhff; Ftis Nghd;w,iyfspy; NtW jhtuq;fspypue;j tpok; foptfisr; Nrh;f;fpd;wJ. nguk;ghyhdit mlj;jkuq;fsld; xd;wpize;j tho;e;jhyk;> rpy NtWgLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf rpy mj;jpkuq;fs; jkj tho;it Nknyhl;bahf Muk;gpj;J> tpjhdg;gilapys;s kuq;fspy; Kisj;J Ntiu epyj;js; nryj;jfpd;wd.,it,t;thw tsh;e;j jkj tpujtoq;fpj; jhtuq;fis,wf;fk; tiu,e;j xl;lz;zp mope;j>,we;j gpd;dh; mj;jpkuq;fs; Rakhf tsuf;$ba kuq;fshfpd;wd. g+r;rpaz;zk; jhtuq;fs; (Insectivorous plants) kiof;fhlfs; gy;ntw,dg; g+r;rpaz;zk; jhtuq;fspd;,y;ykhfts;sd. cjhuzkhf venus flytrap pitcher jhtuj;ijf; $wyhk;> mj;jld; cyfpy; kpfg;nghpa kyuhd Rafflesia (3.2 I ghh;f;f) Tk; kiof;fhlfspy; fhzg;glfpd;wd. nfz;bj;jhttukhd Nepenthes distillatoria rhjhuzkhf Bandura vd miof;fg;gltj rpq;fuh[htdj;jpy; nghjthff; fhzg;glk; jhtukhfk;.,e;j CZz;zpj;jhtukhd nege;jp];> rhjhuzkhd> nrbfspyk;> rpy kuq;fspyk; VWfpd;w> gw;wpg;glh;fpd;w nfhbfshftk; toikahf fhl;bd; vy;iyfs; topnaak;> Fog;gg;gl;l gpunjrq;fspyk; fhzg;glfpd;wd.,j;jhtuj;jpd; rpy,iyfs; nfz;bfshf my;yj rhbfshf epl;r;rpaile;js;sj.,jdhy; Fopf;Fs; tof;fk; Kiw %yk; g+r;rpfisg;gpbf;fpd;wd.,e;j nfz;bfspd; cl;rtuhdj Rug;gpfisAk;> nkof Nghd;w tof;fk; jd;ikas;s nkd;ikahd Nkw;gug;igf; nfhz;ls;sd. g+r;rpfs;>,r;rug;gf;fshyk;> rhb mikg;gpd; gpufhrkhd epwj;jhyk;> mjd; Kbapd; Njhw;wj;jhYk; ftug;gl;l> rhbapd; thapd; tpspk;gpy; te;jkh;e;j> mq;f rkepiyapoe;j> tof;fp rhbapds; fhzg;glk; jputj;jpds; tpo;fpd;wd. gpd;g rhbapys;s Rug;gpfs; nehjpaq;fisak; jputq;fisak; Rue;J gpbf;fg;gl;l g+r;rpfisr; rkpghlilar;nra;fpd;wd.,j;jhtuk; >,k;kiw %ykhfj; jdf;fj;njitahd Gujj;ijg; ngw;wf;nfhs;fpd;wj. kiof;fhl;lj; jhtuq;fs; (Rainforest Plants) kiof;fhl;lj; jhtuq;fsk;> tpyq;ffsk; caph;tho;f;iff;fhf xd;wpnyhd;w jq;fpas;sd>,j xd;wpnyhd;w jq;fpapuj;jy; (Interdependence) vdg;glk.; cjhuzkhfr; rpy g+r;rpfs; xutif kuj;jpy; kl;lnk caph; thof;$bajhftk;> rpy gwitfs; xutifahd g+r;rpfis kl;lnk cz;zgitfshftk;,uf;fpd;wd. vdnt,k;kuk; mopf;fg;gl;lhy;>,g;g+r;rpfsf;f,ug;gplk; mw;wg;nghtjld;>,g;g+r;rpfs;,we;jhy; mtw;iw cz;zk; gwitfs; glbdpahy;,wf;f NehpLk;.,e;j xd;wpnyd;w,ilj;jq;fpapug;gjd; fhuzkhf xutifj; jhtunkh> tpyq;nfh moptilak; epiyf;f cl;glkhdhy;,nj Nghd;W kw;wk; gytk; moptilaf;$ba Mgj;jpw;Fs;shfyhk;. kiof;fhl;l tpyq;ffs; (Rainforest Animals) kiof;fhlfs;> ngukst tpyq;ffspw;f milf;fykhf,ug;gjld; KOj;jiuf;Fhpa tpyq;ffspd;,uhl;rpakhftk; tpsq;ffpd;wj.,it EZf;Ffhl;b mq;fpahd Gul;l NrhthtpypUe;J> nghpa KiyA+l;bfshd rk;g+h;> ahid tiu gue;j tpr;rpys;sd kiof;fhl;l tpyq;ffs;,u nguk; gphptfss; mlf;fg;gl;ls;sd. mit Ks;se;jz;Lsp> Ks;se;jz;byp tpyq;ffs; vd;git MFk;;. Ks;se;jz;byp tpyq;ffs; ; ntt;ntw,dq;fshd g+r;rpfs; rpye;jpfs;> nkhy];fh];f;fs;> fpu];njrpahf;fs; vd;gtw; ;iw 35

40 mlf;fpas;sd. Ks;se;jz;Lspfs; ed;f njspthd Ie;J ngue;njhifahd $l;lq;fshd KiyA+l;bfs;> gwitfs;> Ch;td> <&lftho;fs; kpd;fs; vd;gtw;;iw mlf;fpas;sd.,q;f,yftpy; Rl;bf;fhl;lf;$baJ> kpy;ypad; mst ngue;njhifahd g+r;rpfs; kiof;fhlfspy; xt;nthu gilfspyk; fhzg;gltjhfk;. kiof;fhl;l tpyq;ffspd; gq;f (The role of rainforest animals) kiof;fhl;l tpyq;ffs;; kiof;fhl;lr; #ow;njhfjpapd; perpetudian ghjf;fhg;gpw;fj;> njhlh;r;rpahd epytiff;fk; kpf Kf;fpakhditahFk;. NjdPf;fs;> tz;zhj;jpg;g+r;rpfs; Mfpad jhtuq;fspd; kfue;;jr;nrh;f;ifia Nkw;nfhs;tJld;> Vida fdpaz;zpfshd gwitfs;> mzpy;fs;> Fuq;Ffs;> Nghd;wit goq;fis> tpj;jfisg; guk;gr;nra;j> fhlfspd; kps; tsh;r;rpf;f cwjpnra;fpd;wd.,iuf;nfstpfshd rpwj;ijfs;> kiyg;ghk;gfs;> rpye;jpfs; g+r;rpaz;zfpd;w gwitfs; Nghd;wd ngue;njhifahd,iu,dq;fisf;fl;lg;glj;jfpd;wd.,j kiof;fhl;bd; czt tiyapy; rkepiyia Vw;gLj;JtJld; Fwpj;j,dq;fshy; kpif epuk;gg;glhky; jlf;fpd;wj. cjhuzkhf g+r;rpaz;zk; gwitfs;> g+r;rpfis,iuahff; nfhs;shtpbd;> mjpfhpf;fk; g+r;rpf; Fbj;njhifahdJ fhl;lr; #ow;njhfjpf;f jpq;f tpistpf;ff;$lk;> mjhtj mtw;wpd; rpy jhtu,dq;fsf;fj; jpq;ftpistpf;ff; $ba gpilfshf khwp jhtuq;fis mopf;fyhk;> tis Njhz;b thofpd;w tpyq;ffshd vypfs;> kz;gof;fs; Nghd;wit kz;zpds; tisfisj; Njhz;Ltjdhy;> kz;izf;fye;j> fhw;whl;ltk;> eph; cl;gftk; toptff;fg;glfpwj. Vida jhtuf;foptfis nky;yk; mq;fpfs; (kz;gof;fs;) kz;g+r;rpfs; tpiuthf Nrjdg;nghUl;fs; kps; Nghriztl;lj;jpDs; Gf cjtfpd;wd. epnuhilfspy; tho;fpd;w gpshe;jd; caphpdq;fsk;> kpdpdq;fsk; Nghrizfs; kps;row;rpailtjpy; gq;ftfpf;fpd;wd. Ks;se;jz;byp tpyq;ffs; (Invertebrate fauna) kiof;fhlfspy; gue;j mstpyhd Ks;se;jz;byp tpyq;f,dq;fs; thofpd;wd.,it ngue;njhifahd g+r;rp,dq;fshy; Msg;gLfpd;wd. g+r;rpapdq;fs;. rpf;fyhd fhl;bd; #ow;njhfjpapd; epytifapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT gq;if tfpf;fpd;wd> mnef,dq;fsila th;zq;fsila tz;zhj;jpg;g+r;rpfsk;> fth;r;rpfukhd g+r;rpfsk; kiof;fhlfspy; fhzg;glfpd;wd. rpy tz;zhj;jpg+r;rp,dq;fs; jiug;gilapyk;> fpo;kl;lj;jpyk; (FLk;gq;fs; Lycaenidae Ak; Hesperiidae) rq;rhpf;f> Vidahd> fpo;kl;lj;jpw;fk;> tpjhdg;gilf;fkpilna (FLk;gk; Papilionidae, Danaidae Nymphalidae) fhzg;glfpd;wd,yq;if kiof;fhlfspy; gue;j tpr;rpy;fs; rpye;jpfs; fhzg;glfpd;wd.,uhl;rj kur;rpye;jp (Nephila maculata) rhjhuzkhfj; jhtuq;fsf;fpilna nghpa tiyfspy; fhzg;glk;. mnj Ntisapy; nghpa gwitfs; cz;zk; rpye;jpfs; (Poecilotheria ornata) kug;nghe;jfspy; fhzg;glfpd;wd. fhl;by; jiu,we;j,iyfs; %lg;gl;ls;sjhy; mj,uhl;rj kz;gothd Megacolex coeruleus,d; thoplkhfts;sj. gy,d jiu ej;ijfs; mq;f fhzg;glfpd;wd. fhl;by; fhzg;glk; epnuhilfs; gy,dq;fisf; nfhz;l,iunfstpfshd Jk;gpfSf;Fk;> damselfilies. %l;lg; G+r;rpfs;> tz;lfs; vd;gitfsf;fk; thoplkhf mikfpd;wd. Ks;se;jz;Lsp tpyq;ffs; (Vertebrate fauna) <&lfthopfs; (Amphibians) tiff;fhpa kiof;fhl;l <&lfthopfs; kuj;jtisfs; vd miof;fg;glk; (cg FLk;g Rhacophorinae, Genus- Philautus) jtisf;$l;l mq;fj;jpdh; cah;e;j tpjhdg;gil mlq;fpa kuq;fspy; thof;$bad.,tw;wpy; jhtuq;fspy; ntt;ntw gfjpfspy; Vwf;$bajhfTk;> mtw;iwg;gw;wp gpbf;ff;$bajhftk;> jhtf;$bajhftk;> jkj tpuy; Edpfspy; jl;lf;fs;nfhz;l epz;l mtaq;fs; fhzg;gltjld; mfd;w ghjq;fisak; (Webbed feet) nfhz;ls;sj.,tw;wpd; Kl;ilfs; eph; tho; <&lfthopfs; Nghyy;yhJ> jiur;#oypnyna tpuj;jpailfpd;wd. kuj;jtisfs;> kur;re;jf;fspy;>,iyr;ruffspy; my;yj,iyfspy; fpo;gwnkw;gug;gpy; mtw;wpd; Kl;ilfis,Lfpd;wd.,it Kl;ilfspDs; Neub tpuj;jpf;fl;gl;l> Ez;zpa mq;fpfshf ntsptufpd;wd. Ch;td (Reptiles) tiff;fhpa kutho; Ch;tdtw;Ws; Geckos> rpy gy;ypfs;> fhw;w tho; ghk;gfs; mlq;ffpd;wd. geckos fspy;> Ch;e;J nry;yk;,dk; (gliding geckos) (Ptychozoon,dk;) njw;fhrpahtpy; cs;s 36

41 3 kiof;fhlfspy;. kuq;fspy; Ch;e;J tho;fpd;wd.,j jdj clypy;,u gfjpfspyk;> foj;jg; gpunjrj;jpyk;> gue;j Njhiyf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. rt;t nfhz;l iffisak; fhy;fisak; nfhz;l xukuj;jpypue;j,d;ndhukuj;jpw;f jhttjw;fk;> kpf Ntfkhfg; ghatk; $bajld;> mtatpuy;fsf;fpilapy; $uhd nfhof;fpfisak; nfhz;ls;sd.,jdhy; jhtuq;fspd; Nkw;gug;ig gw;wpg;gpbf;f$bajhfts;sd>,e;j CUk; gy;yp (Draco,dk;),e;jpah> njd;fpof;fhrpahtpys;s kiof;fhlfspy;> fhzg;glfpd;wj.,e;j,dq;fspy; clypy;,ugf;fq;fspyk;. epz;l tpyh vd;gfspdhy; Mjhukspf;fg;gl;l mfd;w Njhypdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l kbg;gf;fs; (patagium) xukuj;jpypue;j,d;ndhukuj;jpw;f jht cjtfpd;wd. njw;f> njd;fpof;fhrpah kiof;fhlfspy;,d;ndhu tof;fk; Ch;tdthf> gwf;fk; ghk;g (Chrysopelea spp) fhzg;glfpwj.,e;j,dq;fs; cliy jl;ilapypue;j cl;fopthf;fp kuq;fsf;fpilapy; Cuf;$bad. gwitfs; (Birds) kiof;fhl;bys;s ghuk;ghpa> Muk;g fhl;ltho; caphpdq;fshd mhpjhd gyth;z gwitfs;> Gfo;tha;e;jitfshFk;. nghjthf,yq;if kiof;fhlfspy;,yq;ifiar; Nrh;e;j Magpie (Urocissa ornata),,yq;if Spurfowl (Galloperdix bicalcarata) Kjypad fhzg;glfpd;wd.,dq;fisr; Nrh;j;J> $l;lkhf>,iunfstpaz;zyhdj kiof;fhl;lg; gwitfsf;fpilapys;s rpwg;gk;rkhfk;.,jdhy;,tw;wpd; cr;r,iunjlk; Mw;wy;> kiof;fhl;bd; gy;ntwgilfsf;fpilna nray;glj;jgltjld;>,aw;if vjphpfshd,iunfstpfsplkpue;j ghjfhg;gg; ngwtk; cjtfpwj.,e;j Nrh;f;if,df;$l;lj;jpd; mq;fj;jth;fs;> czt,uf;fk;kplj;ij fz;lwpak; NghJk;,aw;if vjphpfisf; fhzk; NghJk; jkf;fpilna njhlh;gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;wd. xt;nthw $l;lkk; 4 njhlf;fk; 25,dq;fisf; nfhz;bug;gjld; 12 njhlf;fk; 80 mq;fpfisf;nfhz;ls;sd. ntt;ntw gwitapdq;fs; ntt;ntw gilfspd; cz;zyf;nfw;wjhftk;,iathf;fkile;js;sd. tpjhdg;gilapy; cjhuzkhf Drogo cztnjlk; NghJ jiug;gilapy; ; Babbiers czt cl;nfhs;sfpd;wd. mnefkhd gq;fhsp,dq;fs;.,iyfspy;> kuj;jz;by; gl;ilfsf;fkpilnaas;s,ilntspfspyk;> thofpd;w g+r;rpfis cl;nfhs;sfpd;wd. Gs;sPl;lj;jpd; cs;sf,dq;fns Nrh;f;iff; $l;lj;ij cuthf;ftjld;> jkj vy;iyia flf;fk; NghJ> re;jh;g;gtrkhf jk;kld;,izak; Nrh;f;if,d Gs;sPl;lq;fisAk; topelj;jfpd;wd. KiyA+l;bfs; (Mammals) kiof;fhl;bys;s mnef KiyA+l;bapdq;fs; kutho;f;iff;f ed;f,irthf;fk; mile;js;sd. gy gpiunkw;wh,dq;fs; cjhuzkhf kdpjf; Fuq;F> Fuq;Ffs;> Njthq;Ffs;> ntsthy;fs;> mzpy;fs;> Macayues vd;gd kuq;fspy; fhzg;glfpd;wd.,e;j gpiunkw;wf;fs; gw;wpg;gpbf;ftk;> jhtuq;fsf;fpilapy; miratk;> epz;l Gaq;fisAk; tpuy;fisak; nfhz;ls;sd. mzpy;fspy; gwf;fk; mzpyk; (Petauristra spp.) kuq;fsf;fpilna jhtf;$bajhf cs;sj.,j Kd; gpd; mtaq;fsf;fpilapy; kaph; nrwpe;j nkd; rt;t nfhz;l NjhiyAk;> kaph;nrwpe;j thiyakilaj.,j jhtk; NghJ epl;lg;gltjld;> thy; jhq;fpak; nfhs;fpwj. kiof;fhlfspy; fhzg;glk; rpwj;ij Nghd;w,iunfstp tpyq;ffs; $l kuq;fspy;,yfthf Vwf;$ba Mw;wiyf;nfhz;Ls;sd. kpd; (Fish) gy epuw;wf;fs; cw;gj;jpahf;fp kiof;fhl;lr; #ow;njhfjpapdlhfg; gha;fpd;wd.,e;j epnuhilfspy; gy,dq;fshd ed;dph; kpd;fs;> mk;gpgpad;fs;> nkhy];fhf;fs;> ez;lfs; vd;gdtz;l.,e;j epnuhilapd; ntt;ntw gfjpfspy;,q;fs;s kpd;fs; tho;tjw;f,irthf;fkile;js;sd. cjhuzkhf gobies (Scyopteros,dk;),dq;fSk;> fy;ywpq;rpfsk; (stone suckers) (Garra spp.) tpiuthf xlk; ephpyk;> ghk;gj;jiy kpd;fs;> (snake heads) (Channa spp.) nkjthfg; ghak; ephpyk;> NrWk; Nrjdg; nghul;fs; Njq;Fkplq;fspYk; thofpd;wd. kiof;fhl;l tpyq;ffs; jk;ik vt;thw ghjfhf;fpd;wd.? Xt;nthU kiof;fhl;l,dq;fsf;fk; jkf;nfdj; jdpj;jtkhd,irthf;fq;fisnah my;yj fhl;bys;s Mgj;Jf;fspypUe;J caph;jg;gp tho;tjw;fhd topfisf; nfhz;nlh $h;g;gile;js;sd. MfNt xt;nthu tpyq;fk;,d;ndhu mq;fpf;f,iuahfhky; jg;gp jk;ikg; ghjfhf;fk; jpwidf; nfhz;ls;sd. rpy tpyq;ffs; jdpj;jtkhd epwq;fisf; nfhz;l jhtu,dq;fs; Nghd;W fhl;rpaspg;gjdhy;>,iuf;nfstpfsplkpue;j jk;ikg; ghjf;fhj;jf; nfhs;fpd;wd.,j ngha;f;nfhyk; nfhs;sy; (Camauflage) vd miof;fg;glk;. 37

42 mnef g+r;rp,dq;fsk;> kuj;jtisfsk;> kutho;f;iff;fhpa Ch;tdTk;> gr;ir th;zj;jpd; gy Njhw;wq;fspy; kiof;fhlfspy; Njhw;wkspf;fpd;wd. NtW rpy> jhtuq;fspd; gy;ntw gfjpfs; khjphp> Njhw;wj;jpYk;> ele;j;ijapyk; fhl;lfpd;wd.,j (mdfuzk;) vd tpthpf;fg;glfpwj. g+r;rpfs; xspj;jy;- NjLjy; tpisahl;ilf; fhl;by;fhl;lfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf epy oak,iy tz;zhj;jpg; g+r;rp jdpj;jtkhd fth;r;rpahd ghjfhg;gg; nghwpkiwapidf; nfhz;ls;sj.,j ngha;f;nfhyk; nfhs;stijak; mdfuzk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lj.,j Xa;thf mkh;e;js;s NghJ> jdj jiyiaf; fpo;j;jho;j;jpf;nfhs;tjdhy; fha;e;j nrq;fgpy epw,iynahd;w rpwpa fpisapy; njhq;ftj Nghd;W fhl;rpaspf;fpwj.,ij xu,iunfstp mzfk; NghJ jpuk;gp fha;e;j,iynghd;w fpno tpofpd;wj. mjntw;wpaspf;fhj juzj;jpy; jd; gpufhrkhhd epwq;fs; nfhz;l nrl;ilfis tphpj;j>,iunfstpfisg; gakwj;jfpd;wj. ngha;f; Nfhyk; nfhs;sy; kwgwkhf>,iunfstpfsf;fk; cjtfpd;wj. rpye;jpfs; kiyg;ghk;gfs; re;njfg;glhj tifapy;> kiwe;jpug;gjld;. eotpr;nrd;w tpyq;ffis Mr;rhpakilar; nra;fpd;wd. Vida tpyq;ffs; jkj tuifia KOf;fhl;bw;Fk; njhpag;glj;j epwj;ijgad;glj;jfpd;wd. er;rnghul;fisf; nfhz;l,iuf;nfstpfshy; capuhgj;j Vw;glf;$ba re;jh;gq;fspy; jkj gpufhrkhd epwq;fis cgnahfpj;j>,iuf;nfstpfis mg;ghy;epw;fk;gb vr;rhpf;fpd;wd. mnkrd;fhlfspy; thofpd;w ghk;gfspy; KUiff;fw;ghk;G> gpufhrkhd epwq;fshf> rptg;g> kq;rs;> fwg;g> vd;gtw;iw cilajhf> cyfpd; kpf mofhd ghk;ghf fhzg;glfpwj. Mdhy;,jd; caph; nfhy;ypahd eq;r rpy tpdhbfspy; nfhy;yf;$baj. eq;rila (Arrow frog) mk;gj;jtisak;gpufhrkhd epwkila Njhiyf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mdhy;,j;Njhy;> cyfpy; fhzg;glk; eq;rfs; kpftypikahd,aw;if eq;ir cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd.,e;j eq;r cs;ehl;l kdpjuhy; Ntl;ilahlg; gad;glj;jg;glfpd;wd. fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 3.1: kiof;fhl;l tpyq;ffs; jk;ik vg;gbg; ghjfhf;fpd;wd vd;gj gw;wpr; nra;jf;fhl;ly;.,it fpo; vt;thw kiof;fhl;l tpyq;ffs; jk;ikg; ghjfhf;fpd;wd vd;gj gw;wpa rpy cjhuzq;fshfk;. cz;ikapy; vz;zpylq;fhjjk; khwgl;ljkhd,irthf;fq;fisf; nfhz;ls;sd. tfg;ig 5 my;yj 6 FOf;fshfg; gphpf;f xt;nthu FOitAk;> gy;ntw $l;l tpyq;ffspy; jg;gpg;gpiof;fk; Kiwfis MuhAk;gb $Wq;fs; Mf;fKs;s mwptpj;jy; nfhz;ljhf mthfs; Kd;itj;jy;,Ug;gjw;fhf khzthfis MHt%l;Lq;fs; (cjhuzk; tpsk;gu ml;ilfs;> tpisahl;lf;fs; Nghd;wd) fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 3.2: kiof;fhl;bys;s jhtu tpyq;ffspd;,irthf;fk;. jhtu tpyq;ffspd;,irthf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? FO ml;ltizia,j;jiyaq;fj;jpy; jahhpj;j tfg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjd; %ykhf kiof;fhl;l jhtu tpyq;ffspd;,irthf;fj;ijf; fw;f topf;fhl;lf. cq;fsf;fj; njhpakh?,iyntl;lk; vwk;gfs; madkz;lyf;fhl;bd; tptrhapfs; vdf; $w chpik nfhz;litfshfk;.,it 100 mb caukhd kuq;fspy; Vwp>,iyfisr; rpwpj rpwpjhf ntl;lfpd;wd. mtw;wpd; cly; epiwiag;nghd;w 50 klq;fhd,iyj;jz;lfis jq;fs;,y;yq;fsf;ff; nfhz;ltufpd;wd.,e;j,iyj;jz;lfis epyf;fpo; $Lfspy; Gijf;fpd;wd.,t;tpiyfspd; kpj gq;fr tsufpd;wj. vwk;gfs; gq;frf;fis czthff; nfhs;fpd;wd Mgphpf;fhtpd; kiyf;fhlfspy; thofpd;w kpfg;nghpa fhl;lg;gpiwnkw;wh kdpjf;fuq;fhfk; (nfhhpy;yh),it Ml;rpahd Mzpd; topf;fhl;lyf;fhpa r%ff; $l;l tho;f;ifailad. njd;fpof;f Mrpahtpd; kiof;fhl;bd; kl;lk; fhzg;glfpd;w Mrpahtpd; nghpa Vg;Gfs; (APC) Orangutan (Pango pygmaeus) Mgj;ij vjphnfhz;ls;sd. nfhwpf;fk; FLk;gj;jpd; (vyp) kpfg;nghpa mq;fj;jpduhd fgpnguh (Capybara) 75kg tiu epiwailaj. mnkrd; gpunjr kiof;fhlfspy;> Mw;wq;fiuapy; thofpd;wd (njd; mnkhpf;fh) eq;rila mk;gj;jtisfspd; Njhy; cyfpnyna kpff;$ba eq;ir cuthf;ffpd;wd. cs;ehl;l kf;fs; Ntl;ilahLk; Nehf;fpw;fhf,e;j eq;ir mk;gfspd; Edpapy; G+Rtjw;fhfg; gad;glj;jfpd;whhfs;. 38

43 3 SPOTLIGHT 3.1 Pus Wel (Entada pusaetha) Lianas or woody climbers make up a significant proportion of the vegetation of Rainforests. They range from small vines that cling or clasp to tree trunks to giant lianas that reach the treetops and hang down in mid air between trees. Among several species encountered in Sri Lanka, Pus Wel (Entada pusaetha) is the largest and individuals with stems of 0.5 m diameter are not uncommon. Pus Wel begin life as small self-supporting individuals rooted in the ground and rely on other plants to reach the lightrich environment of the upper canopy. Like all lianas, it supports itself on other plants and uses relatively little energy for structural purposes. Instead, more resources are diverted to leaf production and shoot growth. Since it is rooted in soil throughout its life, no resources are extracted from supporting trees. Pus Wel plays an important role in forest dynamics. It suppresses the growth of some trees, allows forest regeneration and physically links trees together which, facilitates the movement of arboreal animals from canopy to canopy. Pus Wel is commonly found near riverbanks and streams. Entada pusaetha is found in abundance in the Sinharaja World Heritage Site. mqiaje,a jr Id jkdka;r Ydl m%cdjka ie<lsh hq;= m%udkhla je,a úfyai j,ska iukañ; fõ' jr Id jkdka;rhl jdlai l ka u;ska by<g jr Okh jk b;d l=vd je,a úfyai j, isg jkdka;r uohfha mj;sk.ia w;r t,a,s jr Okh jk fh`o je,a jr. olajd mqω,a mrdihl je,a jr. fuys ks laikh l< yelsh' Y%S,xldfõ jr Id jkdka;r j, je,a úfyai rdyshla yuqjk w;r mqiaje,a thska úfyai ia:dkhl.kshs' fuu úyd, je,a ógr 0'5 muk úyalïnhla iys; fõ' l=vd wjêfha wdodrhlska f;drj ke.s isák Ydl f,i mqia je,a mj;sk w;r jr Okh jk úg fjk;a Ydl j, wdodrfhka wdf,dalj;a úhka ia:rh fj;.uka lrhs' fjk;a je,a jr. fukau mqia je,ao ixodrkh i yd wvq Yla;shla jeh lrkq,nhs' ta fjkqjg m;% yd kj YdLd ksiamdokh i yd jeä Yla;shla jeh lrkq,nhs' mqia je,a tys Odrl Ydl j,ska lsis fmdail øjhhka,nd fkd.kakd w;r mfia mj;sk fmdaih øjhh uq,a u.ska wjfydaikh lr.kq,nhs' jr Id jkdka;rhl mj;sk.;sl;ajh flfrys mqiaje,a b;d ;SrKd;aul ldr hndrhla bgq lrkq,nhs' mqia je,a u.ska iuyr Ydl j, jr Okh wvd, lrkq,nk w;r jkdkaa;rh kej; jr Okh ùu i yd wjia:dj,nd fokq,efí' tfiau rela jdis i;a;aj úfyai j,g úhka Ydl w;r ixprkh i yd udohhlao imhkq,nhs' mqiaje,a.xûd bjqre yd h myr wdy%s;j nyq,j yuqfõ' ituq;nrwpe;j Vwpfs;> kiof;fhl;bys;s jhtuq;fspd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wd. rpwpa glhpfspypue;j> kuj;jpypue;j njhq;fk; kuka Vwptiu fhl;bd; kj;jpapy; fhzg;glfpd;wd.,yq;ifapys;s fujf; $ba mndf,dq;fss; Puswel (Entada pusaetha) kpfg;nghpa VwpahFk; 05m tpl;lkk; nghjthdjy;y Puswel rpwpa jd;idj;jhq;ff;$ba jdpadhf jiuapy; Muk;gpj;J. Vida jhtuq;fspy; Vwp> tpjhdg;gilia milfpd;wd. Vida Vwpfs; Nghd;W NtW jhtuq;fis Mjhuj;jpw;fhf cgnahfpf;fpd;wd. rpwpjst rf;jpia mikg;g Nehf;fpw;fhfg; gad;glj;jfpd;wd.,j mnef tsj;ij,iy cuthf;fj;jpw;fk; Nthpd; tshr;rpf;fk; gad;glj;jfpd;wd.,jd; tho;f;iff;fhyj;jpy; NtHfs; kz;zpds; tshfpd;wd. Mjhukspf;Fk; kuq;fspypue;j ve;jtpjkhd tsj;ijak; cwpq;rtjpy;iy. Puswel fhl;bd;,af;fj;jpy; Kf;fpagq;F tfpf;fpd;wj.,j rpy kuq;fspd; tshr;rpia jlf;fpd;wj. fhl;bd; Gj;jhf;fj;jpw;F,lkspg;gJld;> kuq;fis,izj;j> tpjhdg;gil> tpjhdg;gilald;,iztjhy; fhw;w tho; tpyq;ffsf;f cjtfpd;wj. Puswel I Mw;Wg;gLf;if epnuhilfsf;fufpy; nghjthff;fhzyhk;. Entado Entada pusaetha> rpq;fuh[htpy; ngukst cz;l. 39

44 SPOTLIGHT 3.2 Rafflesia The world s largest flower Rafflesia (Rafflesia arnoldii) blooms in the rainforests of Southeast Asia, growing as a parasite of certain liana species. The Rafflesia flower measures up to about one metre in diameter. Being parasitic, the plant does not have roots but obtains nutrients from its host plant. The flower also has a unique scent of rotting meat that attracts insects. /*af,aishd Ydlh md:ßúfha mj;sk úyd,u mqiamh f,i ie,flk fhdao /*af,aißhd ^Rafflesia arnoldii& Ydlho.sksfldk. wdishdkq l,dmfha jr Id jkdka;r wdy%s;j yuqfõ' fuu Ydlh tla;rd je,a úfyaihla yd mrfmdais f,i j;a fõ' re*af,aishd mqiamh ógrhl muk úialïnhlska hqla; fõ' fuu Ydlh mrfmdais jk ú,dyhla fmkakqï lrk ksid uq,a fkdmj;sk w;r thg wjyh fmdail Odrl Ydlh u.ska,nd.kshs' kiyf;fhl;lj; jhtuq;fs; cyfpd; kpfg; nghpa g+thd wgprpah Raffiesia (Rafflesia arnoldii) njd; fpof;fhrpa kiof;fhlfspy; fhzg;glfpd;wj. xl;lz;zpahf kukantwp,dkhf cs;sj.,jd; g+ Miuf;Fhpa jpirapy; 1m tiu tsufpwj. xl;lz;zpahf tho;tjhy;,jw;f Nth;fs; fhzg;glkhl;lhj> Mdhy;,J,ize;Js;s tpue;j toq;fpapypue;j jdf;fj; Njitahd Nghriziag; ngw;wf;nfhs;fpd;wj,e;j g+ jdpj;jtkhd thridahd gojile;j khkpr thridahy; g+r;rpfis fth;fpd;wd. SPOTLIGHT 3.3 Blue Oakleaf Butterfly The Blue Oakleaf butterfly (Kallima philarchus) is endemic to Sri Lanka and is nationally threatened. It can be sighted from lowlands to the higher hills, wherever there is a heavy forest. It belongs to the family Nymphalidae and is relatively large in size. It is easily distinguishable from the other Kallima species found in the Oriental Region due to its size and colour. The male is all blue and the female has a hint of white in the forewing band. The back of its wings is dull brown in colour. It is subjected to seasonal dimorphism and is somewhat larger and paler in the dry season, especially the female. Its flight is fast and erratic and being a nymphalid, it has an affinity for sunlight. The Blue Oakleaf is very fond of rotting fruits and is most frequently seen during the fruiting season. The Knuckles Forest range, Sinharaja and Kanneliya rainforest forest reserves are ideal locations to observe this beautiful butterfly. Photograph: V. A. M. P. K. Samarawickrema uy le<e fld<hd uy le<e fld<hd iuk< úfyaih cd;sl jyfhka ;r ckhg,laù we;s iuk< úfyaihla fõ' my;rg isg l lrh olajd mj;sk >k jkdka;r wdy%s;j fuu úfyaih jhdma;j we;' uy le<e fld<hd ksï*e,sfâ l=,hg wh;a jk idfmalaij úyd, iuk< úfyaihla fõ' Y r m%udkfhka yd jr Kfhka fuu úfyaih wdishdkq l,dmfhka yuqjk fjk;a úfyai j,ska fjkalr y kd.; yelsh' mṡ ñ iuk<hd iïmqr Kfhka ks,a jr Khla.kakd w;r.eyekq iuk<hdf.a mshdm;a ;=< iq meye;s ;Srhla mj;shs' fudjqkaf.a mshdm;a há m%foayh w re Uqre meyehla.kshs' tla tla foay.=k id;=jg wkqj fudjqkaf.a Y r jr Kh yd remdldrfha fjkialï we;s fõ' úh,s id;=fõ yuqjk iuk<hka ^úfyaifhkau.eyekq& idfmalaij úyd, fõ' mshdir ls u fõ.j;a yd idcq jk w;r iqr hdf,dalhg jeä leue;a;la olajhs' fuu iuk<hka l=kqjk m<;=re hqi Wrdîug leue;a;la olajk w;r jkdka;r j, m<;=re nyq, ld,fha jeä jyfhka yuqfõ' kl,aia isxyrdch yd lkafk,sh fuu úfyaih ks laikhg iq iq ia:dk fõ' epy xf;,iy tz;zj;jpg;g+r;rp Oakleaf butterfly (Kallima philarchus),yq;iff;fhpj;jhdjk;,aw;ifahfnt Mgj;ij vjphnehf;ffpd;wjkhfk;. jho; epyq;fspypue;j cah kiyfs; tiu mlhe;j fhlfspy; fhzyhk;.,j FLk;gk; Nymphalidae FLk;gj;ijr; NrHe;jJk;> mstpy; nghpajkhfk;.,jid Kallima,dj;jpypUe;J> gukd; > epwj;jpypue;j NtWgLj;jpf;nfhs;syhk;. Mz; KO epyepwj;jpyk; ngz; Kd; nrl;ilapy; nts;isg;gl;b nfhz;ljhftk; fhzg;glk;. gpd; nrl;il nkd;fgpy epwkhftpuf;fk;. fhyj;jpw;nfw;g Nfhyk; vd;gjw;fika ngz; cyhfhyq;fspy; nghpajk;> ntspwpajk; #hpa xsp ehl;lkilajhftkpuf;fk;. epy Xf;,iy tz;zhj;jpg;g+r;rp mofpa goq;fs; kpj myhjpahd gphpak; nfhz;lj. goq;fhyq;fspd; NghJ rpq;fuh[h> nfd;ndypah kiof;fhlfspy;,e;j mofhd tz;zhj;jpg;g+r;rpia mtjhdpf;fyhk;. 40

45 4 Rainforests of the World 4 f,`lfha jr Id jkdka;r cyfpd; kiof;fhlfs; 41

46 Rainforests of the World A few thousand years ago, tropical rainforests covered as much as 12% of the land surface on earth, but today this extent has dwindled to less than 6%. Tropical rainforests occur between the latitudes 22.5 North and 22.5 South of the equator, between the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer. They are found flanking the equator in South America, Asia, Africa and Oceania. Like many other natural ecosystems on earth, tropical rainforests are becoming an increasingly scarce resource. The vast swathes of forest that carpeted the Earth s land surface about five generations ago have now been reduced to scattered fragments. Today, more than two-thirds of the world s tropical rainforests exist as fragmented remnants. The larger rainforests are found in South America, Africa, Oceania (the islands around Australia), and Asia. The largest rainforests are in the Amazon River Basin in South America, the Congo River Basin in Western Africa, and throughout much of Southeast Asia. Smaller rainforests are located in Central America, Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka, Australia and other locations in the tropics. South America South America is home to the largest contiguous tropical rainforest in the world - the vast Amazon rainforest. The Amazon spreads across a large portion of South America, including Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana. Over 40% of all the tropical rainforests remaining in the world is in the Amazon. The Amazon forest covers the basin of the Amazon - the world s second longest river. It is home to the greatest variety of plants and animals on Earth. An astounding one fifth of all the world s plants and birds and about one tenth of all mammal species are found there (See Spotlight 4.1). Africa In Africa, a belt of tropical rainforest spans the centre of the continent, running from Cameroon and Gabon along the Atlantic coast to Kenya and Tanzania along the Indian Ocean. (Beazley and IUCN, 1990). Some of the other countries with rainforests are, The Central African Republic, Congo, Zaire, and Madagascar. More than 80% of Africa s rainforests are in Central Africa, and much of it is largely untouched. Central Africa also holds the world s second largest area of rainforest. Relatively little is known about the region s history, and there are remarkably few excavated archaeological sites. The rainforests of Central Africa are believed to originate from a number of small, isolated patches of forest called refugia that survived the dry African climate during the last Ice Age (Beazley and IUCN, 1990). These refugia, one of which was the highlands of eastern Zaire, are extremely old and support a wealth of species. Twelve thousand years ago, when the climate became wetter, the refugia expanded and evolved as rainforests, re-colonizing the region. Today, Zaire is Africa s richest country in terms of plants and animals, having more than 11,000 plant species, of which nearly one-third is endemic. With a grand total of 409 species of mammals, it has almost 100 more than any other country on the continent. The forests of Central Africa are home to animals such as the Pygmy Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Okapis, and Forest Elephants. The discovery of the Suntailed Guenon (Cercopithecus solatus), a new species of primate in Gabon, and the rediscovery of the eastern lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla graueri) in western Zaire, suggest that further exciting findings await discovery (Beazley and IUCN, 1990). 42

47 4 Central America The Central American region was once entirely covered with rainforests, but large areas have been cleared for cattle ranching and sugar cane plantations. Like other major rainforests, the jungles of Central America contain many plants and animals found nowhere else in the world. Central American rainforests are famed for their large numbers of tropical birds, including different kinds of parrots. Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Honduras and Costa Rica are some of the Central American countries that are fortunate to possess rainforests. Asia The rainforests of Asia stretch from India, Sri Lanka and Burma in the west to Malaysia and the islands of Java and Borneo in the east. Rainforests are also found in Southeast Asian countries such as Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam and Brunei. In Southeast Asia the climate is hot and humid all year round whilst, mainland Asia has a subtropical climate with torrential monsoon rains followed by a drier period (See Spotlight 4.2). Refer Chapter 5 for details on Sri Lanka s rainforests. Teaching Strategy 4.1: Identifying the important rainforest areas Locate on a globe and map the tropical belt and important rainforest areas around it including American rainforests, African rainforests, Australian rainforests and Asian rainforests. Did You Know? The tropics are the earth s richest natural reserves. One fifth of all the birds and plants on Earth evolved in the Amazon Basin (Steinhart, 1984 in Rainforest Action Network). Six to nine million indigenous people inhabited the Brazilian rainforest in It is estimated that less than 200,000 were remaining in 1992 (Caufield, 1991). It is estimated that 31 million hectares of rainforest are destroyed each year - that is an area larger than Poland (Myers, 1992) 43

48 f,dalfha jr Id jkdka;r iyi% jr I lsysmhlg tmsg w;s;fha md:ßúfha iuia: N+ñfhka 12] m%udkhla jr Id jkdka;r j,ska wdjrkh ù mej;sh;a wo th 6] wvq m%udkhla olajd my;g meñk we;' ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r W;=re wlaidxy 22'5 0 ;a yd ol=kq wlaidxy 22'5 0 ;a w;r lr lgl yd ulr ksjr ;hka ;=, l=vd N=ñ m%foayhl jhdma;j we;' fuu jkdka;r ol=kq weu ldj" wdishdj" wm%sldj yd I hdj hk m%foay wdy%s;j ksjr ;k l,dmfha jhdma;j we;' md:ßúh u; mj;sk wfkl=;a iajndúl m ir moao;s fukau ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;ro l%ufhka r,n md i l iïm;la njg m;afjñka we;' udkj mrïmrd lsysmhlg m%:u md:ßúfha úyd, N+ñ m%foayhla wdjrkh lrñka mej;=k ufyalai jr Id jkdka;rhka jr ;udkfha úisrekq l=vd jkdka;r f,i mj;shs' wo mj;sk jr Id jkdka;r j,ska ;=fkka tll m%udkhla yqol,d jkdka;r jyfhka mj;shs' jr Id jkdka;r úyd, m%udkhla ol=kq weu ldj" wm%sldj" I hdj ^ iafü%,shdj wjg m;a& wdishdfõ jhdma;j we;' ol=kq weu ldfõ weuika.xûd fødaksh wdy%s;j jr Id jkdka;rh" wm%sldfõ fldxf.da.xûd fødaksh wdy%s; jr Id jkdka;rh".sksfldk. wdishdfõ jr Id jkdka;r jr ;udkfha mj;sk úyd,;u jr Id jkdka;r moao;ska f,i y kajd h yelsh' uohu weu ldj" uev.ialrh" bka hdj" Y%S,xldj" iafü%,shdj" yd fjk;a ksjr ;k m%foayj, l=vd m%udkfha jr Id jkdka;r jhdma;j we;' ol=kq weu ldj md:ßúfha mj;sk úyd,;u jr Id jkdka;rh jk weuika jkdka;rh ol=kq weu ldfõ msysgd we;' fldf,dïìhdj' blajfodarh" fmare' fnd,súhd" n%is,h" fjksiqfj,dj".hkdj" iq kdï iy m%xy.hkdj we;=<;aj ol=kq weu ldfõ úyd, m%foayhla wdjrkh lrñka weuika jr Id jkdka;rh mj;shs' jr ;udkfha md;=úh u; mj;sk jr Id jkdka;r j,ska 40] la n%is,shdkq jr Id jkdka;r j,g wh;a fõ' md:súfha mj;sk fojk osr >;u.x.dj fuu jr Id jkdka;rh wdy%s;j msysgd we;' weuika jr Id jkdka;rh w;syhska úúodldr jq i;a;aj yd Ydl úfyai rdyshlg ksjyk ù we;' ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r w; ka iqúfyais; fukau iajndj Or ufha wmqr j ryia w;suy;a ixlhdjla iûjdf.k isák weuika jr Id jkdka;rh ms<sn j úfyai úur YKhla fuu m Éf ofha wjidkfha we; ^4'1 n,kak&' uohu weu ldj w;s;fha iïmqr K uohu weu ldkq m%foayhu jr Id jkdka;r j,ska iukañ;j mej;s we;' tfy;a jr ;udkfha.j md,k ìï yd Wla j.d ìï fya;=fjka jr Id jkdka;r j,ska úyd, m%udkhla úkdy ù we;' fjk;a jr Id jkdka;r fukau uohu weu ldkq jr Id jkdka;r j, thgu wdfõksl jq Ydl yd i;a;aj úfyai w;s uy;a ixlhdjla jdih lrhs' uohu weu ldkq jr Id jkdka;r ksjr ;k l,dmsh mlais úfyai i yd m%isoao ia:dkhla jk w;r úfyaifhkau.srjqka úfyai i yd fuu m%foayh jeo.;a fõ' fulaisfldaj" kslr.=jd" mekud" fydkavqrdia iy fldiag ld hk rgj,a fuu l,dmfha mj;sk ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r mj;sk m%foay fõ' wm%sldj wm%sldfõ ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r ;Srh tys uoh m%foayfha isg leureka yd.efndka yryd w;a,dka;sla fjr< ;Srh olajdo" flkahdj yd gekaidkshdj isg bka hka id.r fjr< ;Srh olajdo jhdma;j we;' óg wu;rj uohu wm% sldkq ckrch" fldkaf.daj" ihfr iy uev.ialr hk rgj, ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r yuqfõ' wm%sldkq uyoaùmfha mj;sk jr Id jkdka;r j,ska 80] muk m%udkhla uohu wm%sldkq ckrchg wh;a jk w;r fuhska jeä m%udkhla ñksidf.a n,mefuka we;aj mj;shs' tfiau f,dalfha mj;sk fojk úyd,;u jr Id jkdka;rho uohu wm% sldkq ckrchg wh;a fõ' fuu m%foayfha b;sydih ms<sn j mj;skafka b;d w,am ±kqï m%udkhla jk w;r b;d wvq mqrd úohd;aul leksï m%udkhla is lr we;' wm%sldkq uyoaùmfha jr ;udkfha mj;sk jr Id jkdka;r" wjidk whsia hq.fha wm%sldjg uqyqk ug is jq úh<s foay.=k ;;a;ajfhka miqj b;ṡ jq l=vd ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r m%foay j,ska iïnjh ù we;s nj úyajdi flfr ' fuu jkdka;r j,ska tlla f,i ie<flk kef.kysr ihfr Wiaìï j, ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r w;syhska fm!rdksl jkdka;r j,ska iukañ; jk w;r wèl ffcj úúo;ajhlao mj;shs' óg jir muk fmr fuys foay.=k ;;;ajh kej; f;;a iajndjhg meñfkk úg ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;ro kej; m%foayh mqrd jhdma; úh' ihfr rdchh wm%sldkq rgj,a w;ßka ffcj úúo;ajh wêlu rg 44

49 4 jk w;r Ydl úfyai muk fuu jkdka;r wdy%s;j mj;sk w;r thska 1$3 m%udkhla fuu rgg wdfõksl fõ' ihfr rdchfha jdih lrk 409 la jk laisrmdhs úfyai w; ka úfyai 100 la wdfõksl fõ' uohu wm%sldj l=re ÑïmkaÑ" f.d,a,d" Tldmsia" le,e wm%sldkq w,shd wd i;a;aj úfyai j, jdin+ñh fõ'.efndka m%foayfhka fidhd.;a m%hsfïgdjl= jk ikafghs,aâ.=hsfkdka ^Cercopithecus solatus& kj i;a;aj úfyaihla jk w;r" ngysr ihfr m%foayfhka kef.kysr my;a ìï jdis f.dȧ,a,d Wm úfyaih ^Gorillas gorilla graueri& kej; fidhd.eksu u.ska fuu jkdka;r wdy%s;j y kd fkd.;a ù úfyai rdyshla jdih lrk njg úyajdi lrhs' wdishdj wdishdfõ ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r ngys ka Y%s,xldj" bka hdj" yd ñhkaudrh olajdo kef.kys ka uef,aishdj" cdjd yd fndar ksfhda m;a olajdo jhdma;j we;' tfiau.sksfldk. wdishdkq rgj,a jk ldïfndach",d ia" ;dhs,ka;h" úhükduh yd nddkhs rgj,o ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r yuqfõ'.sksfldk. wdishdkq l,dmfha jir mqrdu WKqiqï" f;;a ld,.=khla mj;sk w;r wdishdkq uoh l,dmfha" w;rueo mj;sk fudaiï jr Id foay.=k ;;a;ajhka iys; Wm ksjr ;k foay.=khla mj;shs' b.ekaùfï l%fudamdhka 4'1( jeo.;a jr Id jkdka;r y kd.eksu md:ßú is;shula u.ska ksjr ;k l,dmh yd tys mj;sk jr Id jkdka;r m%foayhka y kd.kak' ^weu ldkq jr Id jkdka;r" wm%sldkq jr Id jkdka;r" wdishdkq jr Id jkdka;r& Tn k isáhdo@ md:ßúfha mj;sk jvd;au jákd iajdndúl ffcj iïm;a ksjr ;k m%foayfha yuqfõ' md:ßúfha ±kg jdih lrk mlais úfyai yd Ydl úfyai j,ska 1$5 m%udkhla weuika jkdka;rfha yuqfõ' 1500 jr Ifha n%is,shdkq jr Id jkdka;r j, mdrïm l jdiska ñ,shk 6'9 olajd m%udkhla j;a jq w;r 1992 jr Ifha tu ixlhdj 200"000 olajd wvq ù we;' jr Ihl jr Id jkdka;r fylaghdr ñ,shk 31 m%udkhla úkdy lrkq,nhs' fuu N+ñ m%udkh fm`,ka;hg jvd úyd, m%udkhla h' 45

50 cyfpd; kiof;fhlfs; rpy Mapuk; tulq;fsf;f Kd;G g+kpapd; epyg;gug;gpd; 12 rj tpjj;jpw;f Nkw;gl;l gfjp mad kz;ly kiof;fhlfshy; %lg;gl;bue;jj. Mdhy;,d;W,e;epyg;gug;ghdJ> 6%,w;F Fiwe;Js;sJ. kiof;fhlfshdj flff;nfhl;bw;fk; kfuf;nfhl;bw;fk;,ilapy; Gtpapy; kj;jpa Nfhl;bw;F tlf;nf mfyhq;fpw;fk; njw;nf mfyj;jpw;f,ilapy; rpwpa epyg;gug;ghf tiuawf;fg;gl;ls;sj.,it Gtpapd; kj;jpa Nfhl;bw;F,U Gwq;fshd njd; mnkhpf;fh> Mrpah> Mgphpf;fh>kw;Wk; x\hdpah Mfpa fz;lq;fspy; fz;lwpag;gl;ls;sd. (cu: 1I ghh;f;f: cyfpd; madkz;ly fhlfspd; guk;gy;) gy;ntw,aw;if #ow;njhfjpfisg; Nghd;W> mad kz;ly kiof;fhlfsk; gw;whf;fiwahd tskhf mjpfhpj;j tufpd;wd. Vwj;jho 5 re;jjpf;f Kd;G g+kpapd; epy Nkw;gug;ig %bapue;j mad kz;ly kiof;fhlfs;,d;w rpwpa tdj;jz;lfshf Fiwf; ;fg;gl;ls;sd.,d;w cyfpd; 2/3 gfjpf;f mjpfkhd mad kz;ly kiof;fhlfs; mtw;wpd; vq;rpa tdj;jz;lfshfnt fhzg;glfpd;wd. kiof;fhlfspy; nghpa mst gug;ghdj njd; mnkhpf;fh> Mgphpf;fh Mrpah >x\hdpah> (mt];jpnuypahit Rw;wpAs;s jptfs;) mnkrd; ejpg;glf;if> Nkw;F Mg;gphpf;fhtpd; nfhq;nfh ejpg;glf;if> njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; mnefkhd,lq;fspyk; cs;sd. rpwpa kiof;fhlfs;>kj;jpa mnkhpf;fh> klf];fhh;>,e;jpah.,yq;if> mt];jpnuypah Nghd;w gfjpfspyk; mad kz;lyj;jpd; NtWgFjpfspYk; cs;sd. njd; mnkhpf;fh ;mnkrd; kiof;fhl - cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa njhlh;r;rpahd madkz;ly kiof;fhlfisf; nfhz;l ehl njd; mnkhpf;fhthfk;. mnkrd; kiof;fhlhdj nfhyk;gpah> <f;fntlh;. ngu> nghyptpah. gpnurpy;> ntdprntyh> fahdh> #hpdk;> gpuhd;rpa]; Fahdh Nghd;w ehlfis cs;slf;fpajhf njd; mnkhpf;fhtpd; nghpanjhu gfjpapd; FWf;fhfg; gue;js;sj. Vwj;jho cyfpy; vq;rpas;s 40% khd midj;j mad kz;ly kiof;fhlfsk; gpnurpypy; cs;s mnkrdpy; fhzg;glfpd;wd. cyfpd;,uz;lhtj epskhd mnkrd; fhlfs; ejpg;glf;ifia %bas;sd. mnkrd; fhlfs; g+kpapd; NgusT jhtutpyq;fpd th;f;fq;fspd; ciwashf cs;sj. cyfpd; 1/5 jhtu> gwitapdq;fsld; Vwj;jho 1/ 10 ghyl;b,dq;fsk; gpukpf;fk; tifapy;,q;f fhzg;glfpd;wd.,t;tpaf;fitf;fk; kiof;fhl;ilg;gw;wpa Nkyjpf jfty;fsf;f mnkrd; kiof;fhl;ilg;gw;wpa Fwpg;igg;ghh;f;f. kj;jpa mnkhpf;fh Kd;ndhU fhyj;jpy; kj;jpa mnkhpf;f gpunjrkhdj> KOikahf kiof;fhlfshy; %lg;gl;bue;jj. Mdhy; nguk;gug;gpyhd tpyq;fg;gz;izfs; fuk;g gaph;r;nra;if vd;gtw;wpw;fhf Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gl;L tufpd;wj. Vida kiof;fhlfisg; Nghd;W gy jhtuq;fisak;> tpyq;ffisak; nfhz;l caph;gy;tifik nrwpe;j fhlhfnt,f;fhlfs; mike;js;sd. mad kz;ly gwitfsf;fg; gpurpj;jp ngw;w fhlhfj; jpfo;tjld; gy;ntw tifahd fpspfsk; fhzg;glfpd;wd. nkf;rpnfh> epf;ufth> gdhkh nfhd;^u];> nfh];lhhpf;fh Mfpa rpy kj;jpa mnkhpf;f ehlfs;,k;kiof; fhlfis jk;trk; nfhz;buf;fk; nguikia ngw;ws;sd. Mgphpf;fh Mgphpf;fhtpd; kiof;fhl;bd; guk;gyhdj fz;lj;jpd; kj;jpa gfjpald; gug;gpas;sjld; fknuhdpy; (Camaron),Ue;Jk; fnghdpy;,ue;jk; mj;jpyhe;jpf; fiunahu topahf nfd;dpah (Kenya)> lhd;rhdpahtpw;fk; (Tanzania)>,e;J rkj;jpuj;jpd; topahf epz;ls;sj. kj;jpa Mgphpf;f FbauR nfhq;nfh> irnuh> klf];fhh;> Mfpa gfjpfspyk; kiof;fhlfisf; nfhd;ls;sd. Mgphpf;fh kionahuf;fhlfspd; 80%,w;Fk; mjpfkhdit kj;jpa Mgphpf;fhtpy; fhzg;gltjld;> kdpj rq;rhuk; mw;witahftk; fhzg;glfpd;wd.,j njhlh;ghd tuyhw Fiwe;jsNt mwpag;gl;ls;sjld; mfoha;tfs; %yk; fz;lwpag;gl;l Guhjdg; gfjpfs; Fwpg;gplf;$ba mstpy; mhpjhfnt cs;sj.,k;kj;jpa Mgphpf;ff; fhlfs; fle;j Gtpapd; gdptsh;j;j fhyg;gfjpfspy; cyh; Mgphpf;ff; fhyepiyapy; epiyj;jpue;jit. rpwpa vz;zpf;ifahd jdpg;glj;jgl;l fhl;lg;gfjpfshd hpga [pah tpy;,ue;j cw;gj;jpahf;fg;gl;ls;sj.,t; hpga+[pah fpof;f rhnuak; (Zair) cah; epyq;fspy; xd;whdjhftk; kpftk; goikahdjhftk; fhzg;gltnjhl jhtu,dq;fspd; nry;thf;fpw;fk; MjhukhfTk; cs;sj 1200 tulq;fsf;f Kd;G fhyepiy mjdpyk; Kd;dhd fhyj;ij tpl <ukile;j NghJ kiof;fhlfs; 46

51 4 tphptile;j mg;gpunjrj;ij kps; fhlhf;fpas;sj.,d;w Zair Mghpf;fhtpd; jhtu> tpyq;ffisf; nfhz;ls;s nry;thf;fhd ehlhfk;,j 11000,w;F Nkw;gl;l jhtu,dq;fisf; nfhz;bug;gjld;,tw;ws; %d;wpy; xu gfjpahdit cs; ehl;bw;fhpatahfk;. mj;jld; nkhj;j ghyl;bfspd; vz;zpf;if 409,dq;fis nfhz;bug;gjld;> 100,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l,dq;fs;,f;fz;lj;jpYs;s Vida ehlfistpl,q;f mjpfk; fhzg;glfpd;wj. kj;jpa Mgphpf;fhtpd; fhlhdj pygmy rpk;gd;rpfs;> nfhhpy;yh> xf;fgp]; fhl;lahidfs; Mfpatw;wpd; ciwtplkhf cs;sj. suntailed guenon, Gjpa Mjpahd Gabon,dq;fs;> kps;fz;lgpbf;fg;gl;,lkhftk;> fpof;f jho;epy nfhhpy;yhf;fsf;f Nkw;F zaire kps; fz;lgpbf;fg;gl;l,lkhftk; jpfo;tjld; Gjpa fz;lgpbg;gf;fsf;fhd gugug;g+l;lf;$ba gy tplaq;fs;,q;fs;sjw;fhd mdkhdq;fs; fpilj;js;sj. Mrpah Mrpahtpy; cs;s kiof;fhlfshdj>,e;jpahtpypue;j,yq;if> gh;kh> Nkw;fpy; knyrpah> fpof;fpy; ahth jptfs; NghdpNah tiu tpahgpj;js;sj.,f;fhlfs; njd; fpof;fhrpa ehlfshd fk;nghbah> yhnth]; jha;yhe;j> tpal;dhk;> G&id> Mfpa ehlfspyk; fhzg;glfpwj. njd; fpof;fhrpahtpd; fhyepiyahdj tulk; KOtJk; ntg;gkhftk;> <ug;gjd; cs;sjhftk; fhzg;glk;. mnjntisapy; Mrpahtpd; epyg;gfjpapy; cyh;fhyg;gfjpapidj; njhlh;e;j kpf mjpfkhd gutf;fhw;wld; $ba kiotpo;r;rpiaf; nfhz;l mad kz;ly fhyepiyiaf; nfhz;ls;sj.,e;njhndrpahtpd; kiof;fhlfs; jptfisf; nfhz;ls;sd.,e;njhndrpah Archipelago MdJ g+kpapy; caphpay; hpjpahf ngwkjptha;e;j,lq;fshfk;. cyfpd;10 rjtpjkhd kiof;fhlfsk; Mrpahtpd; 40%,w;F Nkyjpfkhd kiof;fhlfsk;,q;nfna fz;lwpag;gl;ls;sd. cyfpd; epyg;gug;gpy;,e;njhndrpah 1.3% I nfhz;bue;jhyk; cs;ehl;bw;fhpa,dq;fisak;>,dg;gy;tifikiaak; nfhz;buf;fk; epyg;gug;gfss; nry;thf;f epiwe;j njhd;whftk; 500,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l KiyA+l;b,dq;fisAk; (,tw;ws; mz;zsthf 200,dq;fs; cs; ehl;bw;fhpait) 1500 gwitapdq;fisak; (cyfpd; nkhj;j gwitapdq;fss; 17% Mdit) 7000 kpdpq;fisak;1000,&lfthop> Ch;td,dq;fisAk; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd Ks;se;jz;bypfisAk; kutpdq;fs; cs;shd 20000,w;F Nkw;gl;l jhtu,dq;fisak; nfhz;ls;sd. Gtpapay; hpjpahf Rl;bf;fhl;Lkplj;J,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; fhlfs; tptrhaj;jpw;fk;> NtW NjitfSf;Fk; khw;wg;gl;l tufpd;w NghJ,J gpnu]pypw;f mlj;jg;gbahf,k; khw;w mbg;gilapy; jpfo;fpd;wj.,wjp kiof;fhl;bw;f mika fhlopj;jy; tpjkhdj 7000 rju fpnyh kpw;wh; (2700 rju iky;) Mff; fzpf;fg;gl;ls;sd,jidtpl ahth jtph;e;j Vida nghpa epyg;gug;gfspy; Nkyjpfkhd ntspf;fhlfs; njhlh;e;jk; epiyj;jpuf;fpd;wd.,e;njhndrpahtpy; 1.1 kpy;ypad;rju fpnyhkpw;wh; fhlfs; epiyj;js;sd.,e;njhndrpahtpd;,f;fhlfspy; kuk; ntl;ljy; gaph;nra;if> murhq;fj;jhy; xoq;fglj;jg;gl;l kuehl;ly; Nghd;w mgptpuj;jp jpl;lq;fsk; eilkiwg; glj;jg;glfpd;wd. fw;gpj;jy; cj;jp 4.1: Gtpapy; ntg;gtiya gl;bifapid Fwpj;Jf; fhl;ltjld; Kf;fpakhd kiof;fhl;lg; gug;gf;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Ljy;. mnkhpf;fhtpd; kiof;fhl> Mgphpf;fhtpd; kiof;fhlfs; Mrpahtpd; kiof;fhlfs;. cq;fsf;fj; njhpakh? cyfpd; nry;tkpf;f>,aw;if thoplk; madkz;lykhfk;. mnkrpd; Kfj;jpypUe;Nj cyfpw;fhpa vy;yh gwitfspdjk; 1/5 gq;fk; jhtuq;fsk; $Hg;gile;Js;sd. 6-9 kpy;ypad; cs;ehl;l kf;fs; gpnurpy; kiof;fhlfis thoplkhff; nfhz;bue;jdh. 1992,d; kjpg;gpl;bd;gb 200> 000,Ue;jhHfs;. Nghye;ij tpl nghpa gug;gsthd 31 kpy;ypad; n`f;nlahfs; kiof;fhlfs; xu tulj;jpy; mopf;fg;glfpd;wd. 47

52 SPOTLIGHT 4.1 The Amazon Rainforest The Amazon Rainforest - the world s largest rainforest, is also one of the most biologically diverse natural ecosystems on our planet. It has been described as the Lungs of the Planet because it provides the essential environmental service of continuously recycling carbon dioxide into oxygen. It is estimated that over 20% of earth s oxygen is produced in this area. (Beazley and IUCN, 1990) The Amazon rainforest covers over 1.2 billion acres representing two-fifths of the South American continent and is spread over nine countries, Brazil, Columbia, Peru, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana. With 2.5 million square miles of forest, the Amazon Rainforest represents over 40% of the total rainforests left on the planet. At the heart of this region lies the huge Amazon River, the second longest river in the world. The Amazon River flows through the centre of the rainforest and is fed by at least 1,000 tributaries, seventeen of which are over 1,000 miles long. The Amazon is by far the largest river system in the world and over two-thirds of all the fresh water found on earth is in the Amazon basin s rivers, streams and tributaries. The Amazon Basin was formed in the Paleozoic period - between 500 and 200 million years ago. Amazon Rainforest Source : The Amazon River carries massive amounts of silt from run-off from the rainforest floor. The large amounts of silt deposited at the mouth of the Amazon River have created the largest river island in the world, Marajo Island, which is roughly the size of Switzerland. In such a fresh water system, it is only to be expected that life beneath the water is as abundant and diverse as the plant and animal species in the surrounding rainforests. The Amazon is estimated to contain 2000 species of fish, ten times the number in European rivers, as well as numerous reptiles and mammals including the Amazonian Manatee (Trichechus inuunguis), the Spectacled Caiman (Caiman crocodilus), the Giant Anaconda (Eunectes murinus) and the Pink River Dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) or Boto. (Beazley and IUCN, 1990) Biodiversity The plant diversity in the Amazon Rainforest is the highest on earth. Scientists claim that one hectare (2.47 acres) in the Amazon forest may contain over 750 types of trees and 1500 species of higher plants. It is estimated that one hectare of the Amazon Rainforest contains about 900 tons of living plants. Altogether, it has the largest collection of living plants and animal species in the world. The Andean mountain range and the Amazon Rainforest are home to more than half of the world s species of flora and fauna. One in five of all the birds in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon. To date, some 438,000 species of plants of economic and social value have been registered in the region and many more are yet to be catalogued or even discovered. Once a vast, pristine tract of tropical forest, the Amazon today is scarred by roads, farms, ranches and dams. Already, more than 20 % of the rainforests in the Amazon has been destroyed. This ocean of green - the largest rainforest on our planet, is being decimated like the others before it. Like many other rainforests already lost, the land is being cleared for logging timber, large-scale cattle ranching, mining operations, road building, hydroelectric schemes, and for subsistence agriculture by peasants and landless settlers. weuika jr Id jkdka;rh md:ßúh u; mj;sk úyd,u jr Id jkdka;rh f,i i,lkq,nk weuika jr Id jkdka;rh ffcj úúo;ajh wêlu ia:dkhla f,io jeo.;a fõ' weuika jr Id jkdka;rh" md:úfha y ; fmkyω hk wkajr : kdufhkao y kajkq,nk w;r" ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqj Tlaiscka jdhqj njg m jr ;kh ls fï úfyais; md i l ldr hh i yd odhl ùu fuhg fya;=j fõ' md:ßúfha ksiamdokh jk Tlaiscka j,ska 20] m%udkhla i yd weuika ksjr ;k jkdka;rh odhl jk nj ;lafiare lr we;' wlalr ì,shk 1'2 m%foayhl me;sr mj;sk weuika jkdka;rh ol=kq weu ld uyoaùmfha uqω ìï m%udkfhka 2$5 m%udkhla wdjrkh lrñka mj;shs' fuu jkdka;rh n%is,h" fldf,dïìhdj' blajfodarh" fmare' fnd,súhdj" fjksiqfj,dj".hkdj" iq kdï iy m%xy.hkdj hk rgj,a wdy%s;j jhdma;j we;' fuu jkdka;rh md:ßúfha mj;sk uqω jr Id jkdka;r m%udkfhka 50] ksfhdackh lrk w;r th jr. ie;mqï ñ,shk 2'5 l m%foayhla wdjrkh lrñka mj;shs' weuika jkdka;rfha yoj; n uoh m%foayfha md:ßúh u; mj;sk.xûd j,ska fojk r >;u.xûdj f,i ie,flk weuika.xûdj msysgd we;' weuika jkdka;rh uoh m%foayfha msysgd we;s fuu.xûdj wvq ;rñka m jdr.xûd 1000 muk iukaú; jk w;r fuhska.xûd 17la lsf,da ógr 1000 jvd. m%udkhlska hqla; fõ' f,dalfha mj;sk úyd,;u.xûd moao;sh jk fuys md:ßúfha mj;sk uqω ñ h m%udkfhka 2$3 m%udkhla / mj;shs' weuika.xûd fødaksh óg jir ñ,shk 500 ;a ñ,shk 200 ;a w;r me,sfhdfidhsla hq.fha iïnjh,nd we;s nj fidhdf.k we;' 48

53 4 Continued from SPOTLIGHT 4.1 weuika.xûdj u.ska" th fmdaikh lrkq,nk jr Id jkdka;r ;=<ska tl;= lr.kakd,o uv wxy+ka ±jeka; m%udkhla my,g f.k tkq,nhs' fuf,i f.k tkq,enq uv wxy= ;eïm;a ùfuka md:ßúh u; mj;sk ùyd,;u.x.d m; iïnjh ù we;s w;r th m%udkfhka iaùüir,ka;h ;rï úyd, jk urdfcd jhsk fõ' weuika.xûdfõ úyd,;ajh fya;=fjka th ;=, weuika jr Id jkdka;rh wdy%s; ffcj úúo;ajhg iudk ffcj úúo;ajhjla mej;sh yels nj úyajdi lrkq,efí' weuika.x.dj wdy%s;j u;aihh úfyai 2000 muk yuqjk w;r th hqfrdamfha ishω.xûdj, isák u;aihh úfyai ixlhdj fuka oi.=khla muk fõ' tfiau weuika uekdà ^Trichechus inaunguis&" lhsuka lsuq,ka ^Caiman crocodilus&" fhdao wekfldkavdjka ^Eunetes murinus& iy frdai.xûd fvd,a*ska úfyaih ^Inia geoffrensis& fuu.xûdj wdy%s;j jdih lrhs' ffcj úúo;ajh md:ßúfha wêlu Ydl úúo;ajhla mj;sk m ir moao;sh f,i weuika jr Id jkdka;rh y kajd h yelsh' úohd{hskaf.a.kkh ls ï j,g wkqj fuu jkdka;rh fylaghdr 1l N+ñ m%foayhl ^wlalr 2'47& Wiia Ydl úfyai 1500 lg wêl m%udkhla mj;sk w;r fuhska úfyai 750 jdlai fõ'.kkh ls ï j,g wkqj weuika jkdka;rfha tla fylaghdr N=ñ m%foayhla ;=, mj;sk i ù Ydl ialkaoh fgdka 900 muk fõ' iuia;hla jyfhka ie,l+ úg md:ßúfha jeäu Ydl yd i;a;aj úúo;ajhla mj;sk m ir moao;s f,i weuika jr Id jkdka;rh ye kaúh yelsh' wekaähka l lr l,dmh yd weuika jkdka;rh md:ßúh u; jdih lrk iuia: Ydl yd i;a;aj úfyai ixlhdfjka wvlg;a jeä m%udkhl jdin=ñh ù we;' md:ßúh u; jdih lrk mlais úfyai mfyka tll m%udkhl jdiia:dkh weuika jkdka;rh fõ' wo jk úg wdr :ßluh fyda iudchshj jeo.;a jk Ydl úfyai 438"000 m%udkhla fuu jkdka;rfhka fidhdf.k we;s w;r" ksrka;rfhka kj úfyai fidhd.ksñka mj;shs' w;s;fha w;s úyd, N=ñ m%foayhl jhdma;j ;snq bmerks weuika jr Id jkdka;rh jr ;udkfha uydudr.' f.dvìï".j md,k ìï yd fõ,s wd ixjr Ok ls%hdudr. fya;=fjka len,s njg m;a fjñka mj;shs' wo jk úg weuika jkdka;rfhka 20] muk m%udkhla úkdy lr we;' y ; id.rhla nª jq fuu ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;rh ñka lsis ld,hl is fkdjq fõ.hlska úkdy lrñka mj;shs' óg m%:uj md:ßúh u; ;snq fjk;a jr Id jkdka;r i ygu ñysu;ska iuq.;a wdldrhgu" fuu jkdka;rho j,nd.eksu" c, ú,sn, jhdmd;s" f.dúhka yd wfkl=;a bvï wysñ jeishkaf.a ldisldr ñl lghq;= i yd jkdka;r t<slsíu wd fya;= u; fkka k úkdy fjñka mj;shs' mnkrd; kiof;fhl cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa kiof;fhlhd mnkrd; kiof;fhlhdj vkj g+nfhsj;jpys;s kpftk; caphpay; gy;tifikfisf; nfhz;ls;s,aw;if #ow;njhfjpahfk;.,j #oyf;f mj;jpatrpa Njitahd CO 2, O 2 Mfpa njhlh;r;rpahd kps;row;r;rp tl;lj;ij toq;ftjhy; Gtpapd; Rthrg;ig vd tpghpf;fg;gl;ls;sj.,q;f cyfpd; 20% Nkyjpf O 2 cw;gj;jpahf;fg;gltjhf fzpf;fg;gl;ls;sj. mnkrd; kiof;fhlhdj njd; mnkhpf;fh fz;lj;jpd; 2/5 gfjpia,izj;j 1.2 gpy;ypad; Vf;fh; gug;ig %bas;sjld; gpnurpy;> nfhyk;gpah> ngu ntdprntyh> <f;ftnlhh; nghyptpah> fadh #hpek;> gpuhd;]; fapdh Nghd;w 9 ehlfspy; gutpas;sj. mnkrd; kiof;fhlhdj 2.5 kpy;ypad; rju iky; gug;gf;fhl;ilf; nfhz;ls;sj.,f;fhl;bd; gpujhd gfjpapy; cyfpd;,uz;lhtj epskhd ejpahd mnkrd; ejp mike;js;sj.,j 1000 fpisejpfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;L fhl;by; kj;jpa gfjpapd; Clhf gha;fpwj.,tw;ws; 17 fpis ejpfs; 1000 iky; epsj;jf;fk; Nkw;gl;lit. mnkrd; ejpahdj cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa ejpj;njhfjpahf tpsq;ftjld; g+kpapy; fhzg;glk; 2/3 gfjp ed;epuhdj mnkrd; MWfspYk; rpw;nwhilfspyk; fpis ejpfspyk; fhzg;glfpwj. mnkrd; ejpg;glf;ifahdj Paliozoic fhyg;gfjpfspy; 500 kw;wk; 200 ky;ypad; tulq;fsf;f Kd;G Njhd;wpAs;sjhFk;. mnkrd; ejpahdj kiof;fhl;l epyj;jpypue;j kpfg; ngukst ed;kz;iz mbj;j nry;yfpd;wj. ngukstpyhd,e; ed; kz;iz Nehf;fp Rtpl;rpyhe;ijg; Nghy mstila cyfpd; kpfg; nghpanjhh; Mw;Wj;jPtpid cuthf;fpas;sj.,j kuhn[h jpt vdg;glk;,e;j ed; eph;njhfjpapy; mjidr; #ots;s kiof;fhl;by; fhzg;glk; jhtutpdq;fs; kw;wk; tpyq;fpdq;fs;; Nghd;w epuf;f mbapyk; caphpdq;fs; mjpfsthftk; gy;tifikailatdthftk; fhzg;gltj mjprakhdnjhd;wy;y. mnkrd; ejpapy; 2000 tifahd kpd;,dq;fs;,ug;gjhf kjpg;gplg;gl;ls;sj.,j INuhg;gpa MWfspy; fhzg;gltijtpl gj;j klq;f mjpfkhdjhfk;. mnjnghd;w nguk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd cdh;tdtw;iwak; Amazonion Manatee (Trichechus inuunguis) fz;zhb mzpe;j ifkd; (Caiman crocodilus) nghpa anconda (Eunectes murinus) nkd; rpfg;g Mw;W nlhy;gpd; (Inia geoffrensis) my;yj boto Nghd;w ghyl;bfisak; cs;slf;fpas;sjhftk; fzpf;fg;gl;ls;sj (Beazley and IUCN, 1990). caph;g; gy;tifik Gtpapay; mjpaah;e;j jhtu gy;tifikia mnkrd; kiof;fhlfs; fhz;gpf;fpd;wd.,f;fhl;by; xunff;lah; (2.47 vf;fh;)mdj 750 tifahd kuq;fisak; 1500 tifahd cah; tiff; jhtuq;fisak; nfhz;buf;f$lnkd chpik rhw;wfpd;wdh;. mnkrd; kiof;fhl;by; xu n`f;lauhdj Vwj;jhs 900 njhd;fs; jpzptila caph;j;jhtuq;fisf; nfhz;ls;sjhf; fzpf;fg;gl;ls;sj.,itahtw;iwak; tpl cyfpd; mjp$ba 49

54 Continued from SPOTLIGHT 4.1 vz;zpf;ifahd jhtuq;fisak;> tpyq;ffisak;,f;fhnl nfhz;ls;sj. Andean kiyj;njhluk; mnkrd; fhlfsk; cyfpd; miuklq;fpw;fk; mjpfkhd jhtutpdq;fspw;fk; ciwashf cs;sj. cyfpy; Ie;jpy; xu gfjpahd gwitfs; mnkrd; fhl;bnyna tho;fpd;wd.,w;iwf;f nghushjhu> r%f kuj;jt Kf;fpaj;JtKila jhtu,dq;fs;,d;wtiu gjpt nra;ag;gl;ls;sd,d;dk; gy,dq;fs;,d;wk; Ma;Tf;Fl;;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. xu fhyj;jpy; gpukhz;lkhd kiof;fhlfspd; %yr;rtlhd mnkrdhdj,d;w tpjpfs; gz;izfs;> tpyq;f rpidg;glj;jk; gz;izfs;> eph;j;njf;fq;fs; Nghd;wit mikf;fg;gltjhy; mr;rwj;jyf;f cs;shfpas;sj.,d;w mnkrdpy; cs;s 20%,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kiof;fhlfs; mopf;fg;gl;ltpl;lj.,g;grik rkj;jpukhdj Kd;gpUe;j Vida fhlfisg; Nghy ngukst moptile;j tufpd;wj. Vw;fdNt mope;j Vida kiof;fhlfisg; Nghy;,e; epykk; ntl;lkuk;. gz;iz mikj;jy;> epy mfo;t. tpjpaikj;jy;> eph;kpd; cw;gj;jp> tptrha eltbf;if. FbNaw;wj;ij jpl;lq;fs; vd;gtw;why; Rj;jpfhpf;fg; gl;ltufpd;wj. SPOTLIGHT 4.2 Rainforests in Indonesia The Indonesian archipelago with its 13,667 islands is one of the most biologically valuable places on earth. Nearly 10% of the world s rainforests and almost 40% of all the rainforests in Asia are found here. Indonesia covers only 1.3% of the world s land surface, but it is one of the richest areas of endemism and species diversity. The archipelago boasts of more than 500 mammal species (nearly 200 of which are endemic), 1,500 bird species (17% of the world s total avifauna), 7,000 species of fish, 1,000 species of reptiles and amphibians, tens of thousands of invertebrates and more than 20,000 plant species, including more than 10,000 tree species (Beazley and IUCN, 1990). Despite its global significance, Indonesia is second only to Brazil in the tragic race to convert its forests to agricultural and other uses. The annual rate of deforestation, from , was estimated at 1.7 million hectares. Nonetheless, extensive rain forests still survive on all the large islands, except Java. The threats faced by Indonesian rainforests are logging, shifting cultivation and government sponsored development of tree plantations and the transmigration programme (Beazley and IUCN, 1990). bka ksishdfõ jr Id jkdka;r md:ßúh u; mj;sk ffcj úúo;ajh jvd;a wêl ia:dkhla f,i bka ksishdjg wh;a m;a 13"867 ye kaúh yelsh' md:ßúfha b;ṡ ù we;s jr Id jkdka;r j,ska 10] muk m%udkhla bka ksishdjg wh;a fõ' bka ksishdj md:ßúfha uqω f.dvìï m%udkfhka 1'3] l m%udkhla wdjrkh lrñka mej;sh;a wdfõksl;ajh yd úfyai úúo;ajh wêlu ia:dkhla f,i y kajd h yelsh' fuu jkdka;r ;=< laisrmdhska úfyai 500 la ^wdikak jyfhka úfyai 200 muk wdfõksl fõ&" mlais úfyai 1"500 ^md:ßúfha iïmqr K mlais úfyai w;ßka 17] m%udkhla&" u;aihhka úfyai 7"00 WrÛhka yd WNh úka úfyai 1000 yd" oi oyia ixlhd; wmdiagjxys úfyaihka iy jdlai úfyai 10"000 we;=<;aj Ydl úfyai 20"000 muk m%udkhla fuu jkdka;r j,ska yuqfõ' bka ksishdkq jr Id jkdka;r ldisldr ñl yd wfkl=;a fya;+ka u; úkdy ùu fojeks jkafka n%is,shdkq jr Id jkdka;r úkdy ù hdfï fõ.hg mukla fõ' bka ksishdkq l,dmfha jr Id jkdka;r úkdy ù hdfï fõ.h jr Ihlg jr. lsf,daógr 7"000 f,i ^jr. ie;mqï 2700& ;lafiare lr we;' ±j,nd.eksu i yd jkdka;r úkdy ls u" fyaka f.dú;eka" rcfha wkq.%yh u; is lrk ±j Ydl j.d jhdmd;s yd ck;dj m xñ lrùfï jevigyka bka ksishdkq jr Id jkdka;r úkdyhg n,md we;s m%odk ;r ckhla fõ',e;njhndrpahtpd; kiof;fhlfs;,e;njhndrpahtpd; (archipelago) rpw jptfshd jptfs; cyfpd; caphpaypy; kpfg;ngwkjpkpf;f (caphpaypy;),lq;fshfk;. cyfpy; 10 rjtpjkhd kiof;fhlfsk; 40 rjtpjkhf Mrpahtpd; kiof;fhlfsk;,q;f fhzg;glfpd;wd.,e;njhndrpahtpd; 1.3 rjtpjkhd cyfpd; jiunkw;gug;igf; nfhz;ls;sj. Mdhy; cs;ehl;lf;fhpajk;>,dg;gy;tifikak; nrwpe;j gug;ghf,uf;fpd;wj. 500,w;F Nkw;gl;l KiyA+l;b,dq;fSk; (Vwj;jhs 200 cs;ehl;lf;fhpad) gwit,dq;fsk; (cyf gwitfspd; njhifapd; 17%) 7000 kpdpdq;fsk;> 1000,dq;fshd CHtdTk; <Ulf thokpfsk; cs. 1 kpy;ypad; Ks;se;jz;LfspSk;> jhtu,dq;fsk; ku,dq;fsk; mlq;fyhff; fhzg;glfpd;wd. (Beazkey & IUCN 1990) gpnurpyf;f mlj;jjhf>,e;njhndrpah,uz;lhtj ehlhff;fhlfis tptrhaj;jpw;fk;> NtW NjitfSf;Fk; gad;glj;jfpd;wj. Muha;r;rpapd; gb fhyg;gfjpapy; fhlopj;jy; tpjk; 1.7 kpy;ypad; n`f;nlauhfk;. [hth itj;jtpu vy;yh nghpa jptfspyk;> gue;j mst kiof;fhlfs; cz;l.,e;njhndrpahtpd; kiof;fhlfs; tptrhaj;jpw;f khwgl;lhyk; murhq;fk; kuehl;lif tpuj;jpiaak;> FWf;fhd,lg;ngaHr;rp jpl;lj;ijak; xoq;fglj;jpas;sj (Beazkey & IUCN 1990). 50

55 Plants and Animals of the Rainforests Rainforest tree with epiphytes wms Ydl iys; jr Id jkdka;r Ydlhla Nknyhl;bnfhz;l kiof;fhl;lj; jhtukhfk; Photograph: Dilup Chandranimal Stemonoporos kanneliyensis An endemic plant found in the Kanneliya Forest Reserve fydr l=,hg wh;a fuu uekafodar Ydl úfyaih lkafk,sh jkdka;rhg wdfõ l fõ' nfd;ndypa kiof;fhl;bys;s cs;ehl;lf;fhpa jhtuk; Photograph: Sarath Ekanayake Pagiantha dichotoma - An understory tree úl re fpo;g;gil kuk; Photograph: Naalin Perera Nepenthes distillatoria nd rd neg;ge;j];,dk; nfhz;bj; jhtuk; Photograph: Charmalee Jayasinghe Kekiriwara - a plant of the genus Schumacheria - One of the few genera of plants restricted to Sri Lanka lelṡ jrd,yq;iff;fhpa,dtifj;jhtuq;fspy; xd;w. Photograph: Sarath Ekanayake Memecylon spp. fldr ly úfyaihla nkkprpnyhd;,dk; Photograph: Dilup Chandranimal 51

56 Plants and Animals of the Rainforest A bee hive found in Sinharaja isxyrdc jkdka;rfha yuqjq ó johla rpq;fuh[f;fhl;by; fhzg;gl;l Njd;$L Photograph: IUCN Photo collection The Blue Mormon (Papilio polymnestor) uy ks,hd epy Nkhnkhd; tz;zhj;jpg; G+r;rp Photograph: Dhammithra Samarasinghe Ant spp. - Pollinator of flowers of Syzygium spp. ou Ydlhl u, mrd.kh lrk l=yquq úfyaihla Photograph: Naalin Perera Rainforest mollusc (Acavus spp.) with a green algal growth on its shell jr Id jkdka;rjdis fud iald úfyaihla kiyf;fhl;l ej;ij. gr;ir my;fhtpd; tshr;rpia Xl;bd; Nky;nfhz;l kiofhl;l nkhy];fh Photograph: Sarath Ekanayake Camouflaged bark Moth.ia l l jr Kh iys; i<u úfyaihla kug;gl;ilapys;s ngha;f;nfhy mj;jg;g+r;rp Photograph: Naalin Perera Giant wood spider (Nephila maculata) fh`o.ia ul=ωjd nghpa kur;rpye;jp Photograph: Naalin Perera 52

57 Plants and Animals of the Rainforest Ahetulla (Ahaetulla nasutus) weyegq,a,d Photograph: Mendis Wickreamsinghe Green pit Viper (Trimeresurus trigonocephalus) m<d fmd<ûd Photograph: Mendis Wickremasinghe Banded mountain loach (Schistura notostigma) l lr wysrdjd Photograph: Naalin Perera Hump-nosed lizard (Lyriocephalus scutatus) lru,a fn`,sud Photograph: Sandun Perera A tree frog spp. (Philautus spp.) rela ueä úfyaihla kuj;jtis,dk; Photograph: Naalin Perera Kangaroo Lizard (Otocryptis wiegmanni) feeding on a leaf litter insect mskqï lgqiaid fq;fhu Xzhd; cf;fypy; cs;s G+r;rpia cz;zfpwj. Photograph: Sandun Perera 53

58 Plants and Animals of the Rainforest Sri Lanka Grey hornbill (Ocyceros gingalensis) wω le ;a;d Photograph: Daniel Chirpich Black-capped bul-bul (Pycnonotus melanicterus) ysia lω fldkavhd fwg;gj; njhg;gp nfhz;l Gy;-Gy; gwitfs; Photograph: Gehan de Silva Wijeratne Sri Lanka Blue Magpie (Urocissa ornata) leysfn,a,d Photograph: Palitha Anthony Sri Lanka Jungle Fowl (Gallus lafayettii) j,s l=l=,d fhl;lf;nfhop Photograph: Gehan De Silva Wijeyratne * The majority of rainforest species do not have Tamil names. Black-naped hare a mammal found in tropical rainforests (Lepus nigricollis) ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;r j, yuqjk j,a ydjd fwg;g gplhp kaphf;nfhz;l Kay; - KiyA+l;bahf madkz;ly kiof;fhl;by; fhzg;glfpd;wj. Photograph: Dilup Chandranimal 54

59 5 Rainforests in Sri Lanka 5 Y%S,xldfõ jr Id jkdka;r,yq;ifapd; kiof;fhlfs; 55 Chapter /26/05, 3:45 PM

60 Rainforests in Sri Lanka Rainforests are found in the southwest part of Sri Lanka, at low and mid elevations, in several small and isolated patches. The elevation in this area extends from sea level to almost 1000 m in the western and southern slopes of the central massif. Although the wet zone is about 1.25 million hectares in extent, the area under forest cover is only 8%, amounting to around 100,000 ha. During the past two centuries, most of the natural forests in this region have been cleared for plantations of tea, rubber and coconut, rice paddies and human settlements. At present, rainforests cover about 2% of the total land area of the country. Sri Lanka s rainforests are home to many endemic species as well as many plants and animals that are at risk of extinction. More than 60% of the 306 tree species that are endemic to Sri Lanka are found only in the lowland rainforests, and another 61 species are shared with the montane rainforests and dry forests. Of the twelve endemic floral genera of the island, eleven are confined to rainforests (Kenderick, 1989). Heavy and well-distributed rainfall and the uniformly high temperature are characteristic features of the rainforest climate. Generally, the mean annual rainfall is around 3000mm, but some places receive as much as 5,000mm or more. Fifty-five percent of Sri Lanka s human population live in the southwest sector of the island, which is about 20% of the total land area. Clearing of land for settlements, agricultural expansion and illegal logging, to support this population, are the most serious threats faced by Sri Lanka s rainforests. Their heavily fragmented nature, occurrence in isolated patches and the lack of well-defined forest reserve boundaries makes their management a very difficult task. The over-collection of plants and animals for commercial use, such as ornamental fish and medicinal plants, adversely affects the rainforests and leads to the rapid depletion of their resources. The best known tropical rainforest in Sri Lanka is the Sinharaja Forest Reserve - which is internationally renowned as a World Heritage Site. It is also the only natural World Heritage Site in Sri Lanka officially named by UNESCO, at present. Other rainforest reserves in the island are the Kanneliya-Dediyagala- Nakiyadeniya complex (11,900 ha), Bambarabotuwa (5,600 ha), Morapitiya-Runakanda (6,900ha) and Gilimale Eratna (5,000 ha). The Sinharaja World Heritage Site The legendary Sinharaja World Heritage Site is the last remaining extensive primary Lowland Tropical Rainforest in Sri Lanka. Sinharaja is located in the Southwest Lowland Wet Zone of the island, (See figure 5.2) between latitudes ' and ' North, and longitudes ' and ' East. It lies between the tributaries of the Kalu Ganga (in the North) and the Gin Ganga (in the South) and extends over the administrative districts of Galle, Matara and Ratnapura, within the Southern and Sabaragamuwa Provinces. Sinharaja covers an area of about 11,187ha, spread over an elevation range of 200 to 1150m above mean sea level. The terrain is generally rolling, with a series of ridges and valleys, whilst some parts of the Eastern section of the forest consist of flat plains. There are about nine prominent peaks ranging from 575m to 1,170m of which the Northeastern peak of Hinipitigala is the highest. The mean annual rainfall in Sinharaja varies between 3,600 and 5,000 mm. There is no distinct dry season and the mean annual temperature ranges between 19 0 C and 27 0 C. The Sinharaja forest is one of the most important watersheds in the island, with several streams draining into the Kalu Ganga and Ging Ganga rivers. The Sinharaja forest is rich in biodiversity, and is identified as a biodiversity hot spot (see Spotlight 1.2). Its vegetation is mainly primary and secondary tropical lowland wet evergreen forest, with a few patches of lower montane forest and grassland at the higher altitudes. These diverse vegetation types provide shelter to a rich composition of fauna, including a variety of vertebrate animals, and countless numbers of lesserknown invertebrate animals. 56 Chapter /26/05, 3:45 PM

61 5 The vertebrate animals documented so far from Sinharaja represent about 50% of the native inland vertebrate animals, of which 30% are endemic to Sri Lanka, whilst about 35% are considered nationally threatened (Bambaradeniya et al., 2003). Amongst the mammals in Sinharaja are the Leopard, the endemic Purple Faced leaf monkey, Black - naped hare, Fishing Cat and the Rusty Spotted Cat. Nearly half of the amphibian fauna of Sri Lanka are found at Sinharaja. Sri Lanka has 23 endemic species of birds, and Sinharaja is a key site for the conservation of many of these species particularly the threatened Green-billed Coucal (Centropus chlororhynchus), which is confined to the lowland rainforests of the wet zone and the Ashy headed Laughing Thrush (Garrulax cinereifrons). Over 80 species of plants in both primary and secondary forests in Sinharaja are reported to have food and medicinal value. In addition, a number of species are collected from the forest for a variety of other purposes. Among the most sought after plant species, other than timber, are Caryota urens for its sugary sap, Calamus spp. for rattan cane, Coscinium fenestratum and Elettaria cardamomum for their medicinal/ spice value and a host of orchids and other herbaceous plants for their ornamental value. Wild relatives of clove, nutmeg, cinnamon, durian, mango, breadfruit and citrus have been recorded from the Sinharaja forest. The landscape in the periphery of Sinharaja shows marked human influence in the form of tea and rubber plantations, rice fields, cinnamon cultivations and homesteads. About 40 villages are located around the forest reserve. Historically, most villagers have been dependent on a variety of forest products for their daily subsistence. The main threats to Sinharaja, which pose continuing obstacles to the conservation of the forest are encroachments for subsistence farming, particularly along its southern boundary, clearing for the commercial cultivation of tea, collection of fuelwood and other non-timber forest products, including medicinal plants, and mining for precious stones. Between 1971 and 1977, the western part of Sinharaja was selectively logged, and timber species extracted for the production of plywood. Continuous protests from nature conservationists finally succeeded in securing a complete ban on logging in this forest in 1978, and an area of 8,500ha was declared as an International Man and Biosphere (MAB) Reserve. In 1985, the Forest Department established a live boundary for the MAB reserve by planting Pinus trees. An additional 2,687 ha of Sub-Montane Forest located on the eastern side was included in the Sinharaja Reserve, expanding the total area to 11,187ha. This entire area was declared a National Heritage Wilderness Area in 1988 and subsequently UNESCO recognized it as the first Natural World Heritage Site in Sri Lanka. The administration and management of the Sinharaja World Heritage Site is vested with the Forest Department of Sri Lanka. At present, Sinharaja is the largest block of lowland rain forest in Sri Lanka, occupying approximately 0.2% of the total land area of the island. The forest is accessible by road for educational, research and tourism purposes (Spotlight 5.1). However, visitor pressure brings about problems such as the pollution to streams, damage to fragile habitats (including ridge tops), illicit collection of rare and ornamental plants, and the accumulation of litter. The Kanneliya Forest Reserve The Kanneliya Forest Reserve, which belongs to the Kanneliya, Dediyagala and Nakiyadeniya (KDN) forest complex, is a unique lowland rainforest in Sri Lanka. It is located in the Galle District, between latitudes ' and ' North and longitudes ' and ' East. The average annual rainfall is about 4,445 mm received mainly during the Southwest monsoon season (from mid May to end September) and the mean monthly temperature is around 27 0 C. The total extent of the Kanneliya Forest Reserve is 5,305.9ha. It comprises 5,108.2 ha of dense forest, ha of sparse forest and 29.3 ha of plantation forests. The natural vegetation of the entire KDN Complex is 57 Chapter /26/05, 3:45 PM

62 tropical lowland rainforests. Floristically and physiognomically, it is similar to the lowland rainforests of Malaysia, with the characteristic multi-storied structure and diversity of species. The KDN complex is ranked as the most important natural forest in the Southern Province for the protection of headwaters of river systems, as it has the highest number of streams flowing though it (111 streams). The Kanneli Ela and Nannikita Ela catchments have a high proportion of steep slopes and high levels of forest cover indicating their superiority as catchments. The KDN forest is located in Floristic Region 7, which comprises the outer range of the southern block of hills. This is considered an area of exceptional endemicity, as some 17% of the wet zone lowland endemic flora is confined to the south-western front-range forests. The National Conservation Review conducted from early to mid 1990s revealed that the KDN forest complex is one of the eight contiguous forests that accounts for a higher proportion of the woody plants and animal diversity in the island. This region has been identified as the floristically richest area in South Asia. The species richness and diversity of flowering plants is still relatively high in the Kanneliya forest, although a sizeable amount of resource value was destroyed by logging during the period The prompt action taken during the latter part of that period, helped save this unique lowland rainforest from destruction. Studies at Kanneliya revealed the presence of 301 species of flora, including trees, shrubs and herbs, out of which 52% has been identified as endemic (Sinhakumara, 1994). Of these, 16 species are globally threatened and 26 species are considered nationally threatened. The Kanneliya forest harbours a variety of medicinal plants. Some of the commonly used medicinal plants and trees are Beraliya (Shorea worthingtonii), Enasal (Elettaria cardamomum), Wenivelgeta (Coscinium fenestratum), Kuda Hedaya (Lycopodium squarrosum), Maha Hedaya (Lycopodium phlegmaria), Sanda Raja (Zeuxine regia), Wana Raja (Anoectochilus setaceus), Kokum (Kokoona zeylanica), Dummala (Shorea spp.) and Hatawariya (Asparagus racemosus) to name just a few. The Kanneliya forest reserve has a high diversity of animals. Recent studies in the area have recorded 122 species of birds including the endemic Sri Lanka Green-billed Coucal - Centropus chlororhynchus and the Sri Lanka Blue Magpie - Urocissa ornata. Amongst the mammals, 20 species have been recorded from the forest, including the Purple-faced Leaf Monkey -Trachypithecus vetulus and Mouse Deer -Tragulus meminna. Sixteen amphibian species including the endemic Pygmy Tree Frogs (Philautus spp) and 39 reptile species including the endemic Green Pit Viper - Trimeresurus trigonocephalus are also found in Kanneliya. In addition, 46 species of butterflies e.g. the endemic Blue Oak Leaf Butterfly and 24 species of fishes including the globally threatened Wilpita Rasbora - Rasbora wilpita and Barred Danio - Danio pathirana, are found in this unique lowland rainforest. Kanneliya and the KDN forest complex can be accessed by a motorable road off the Udugama - Hiniduma main road (B156). The access road is motorable only up to the point where it reaches Nannikitha Ela, a major tributary of the Gin Ganga. The stream maybe crossed to reach the Forest Department Office and Visitors Centre using a wooden bridge (Spotlight 5.2). Did you Know? Legend claims that the sinharaja rainforest was the last refuge of a mighty lion, no longer found in Sri Lanka. Yet another claims that the forest was royal territory belonging to the kings. The Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted by UNESCO in 1972 to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritages around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity (See for further information). UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 58 Chapter /26/05, 3:45 PM

63 Y%s,xldfõ jr Id jkdka;r 5 Y%s,xldfõ kṡ ;. l,dmfha my;a yd uoh Wkak;dxY m%foay wdy%s;j tlsfklska yqol,d jq jkdka;r moao;s rdyshla f,i jr Id jkdka;r msysgd we;' Y%S,xldfõ uoh l lrfha ngysr yd ol=kq nejqï olajd fuu jkdka;r jhdma;j mj;sk w;r fuu m%foayfha Wi uqyq uügfï isg ógr 1000 w;r m%udkhl fõ' Y%S,xldfõ f;;a l,dmfha uqω N+ñ m%udkh fylaghdr ñ,shk 1'25 m%udkhla mej;sh;a fuu l,dmfha jkdka;r wdjrkh fylaghdr 1"00000la tkï f;;a l,dmsh uqω m%udkfhka 8] lg mukla isud ù we;' miq.sh Y; jr Ih foll ld,h ;=, f;a" rn " fmd,a" l=tqre yd fjk;a ukqihh jdiia:dk i yd fuu l,dmfha mj;sk iajndúl jkdka;r úyd, m%udkhla úkdy lrk, ' jr ;udkfha Y%S,xldfõ uqω N=ñ m%udkfhka 2] la mukla f;;a l,dmsh jkdka;r j,ska wdjrkh ù we;' j ù hdfï ;r ckhg uqyqk we;s Ydl yd i;a;aj úfyai rdyshlg Y%S,xldfõ jr Id jkdka;r jdi N+ñh ú we;' Y%S,xldfõ wdfõksl jdci úfyai 306 w; ka 60] m%udkhla fuu jkdka;r ;=, yuqjk w;r" óg wu;rj wdfõksl jdci úfyai 61l m%udkhla f;;a l,dmhg wu;rj úh,s l,dmsh jkdka;r yd l lr jkdka;r wdy%s;jo yuqfõ' Y%S,xldjg wdfõksl Ydl.K 12 w; ka.k 11 lau jr Id jkdka;r j, mukla yuqùuo iqùfyais fõ' ^flkaä%la"1989&' jir mqrdu fyd ka jhdma; jq jr Idj yd taldld " idfmalaij by, WIaK;ajhla mej;su fuu m%foayhg wdfõksl jq úfyais; foay.=ksl ;;a;ajhka fõ' fndfyda m%foay wdy%s;j jdr Isl jr Idm;kh ñ'ñ' 3000 g wêl jk w;r iuyr m%foay wdy%s;j ñ'ó' 5000 fyda Bg;a wêl jr Idm;khla jdr ;d fõ' Y%s,xldfõ uqω N+ñ m%udkfhka 20] mukla f;;a l,dmfhka ksfhdackh jqj;a ck.ykhfhka 55] m%udkhla fuu l,dmfha idkaø.; ù we;' ldisldr ñl lghq;= yd jdiia:dk ioyd jkdka;r t<s ls u" ks;s úfrdaë j,nd.eksu wd h jr Id jkdka;r j,g mj;sk jvd;a orekq ;r ckhka fõ' Y%S,xldfõ jr Id jkdka;r l=vd yqol,d len,s f,i msysgd ;sîu;a" fuu jkdka;r udhsï kshudldrfhka i<l=kq lr fkd;sîu;a u; fuu jkdka;r ixrlaik l<ukdlrk l%shdj,ska fndfyduhla ksis wdldrfhka ls ug fkdyels ù we;' Ydl yd i;a;aj úfyai wêl f,i jr Id jkdka;r j,ska bj;a ls uo fuu jkdka;r j, meje;aug ±ä ;r ckhla ù we;' úis;=re u;aihhka f,i wmkhkh i yd jr Id jkdka;r jdis u;aihhka wêl f,i tl;= ls u yd T!IO f,i Ydl jr. wêl f,i bj;a ls u fuhg WodyrK f,i laúh yelsh' Y%S,xldfõ mj;sk jvd;a fyd kau okakd jr Id jkdka;r jk isxyrdch f,dal Wreu N=ñhla f,io cd;hka;r m%isoaêhg m;aj we;' ;jo th hqfkiafl`j u.ska fuf;la m%ldyhg m;alrk,o Y%S,xldfõ mj;sk tlu iajndúl f,dal Wreu N+ñh o fõ' Y%s,xldfõ mj;sk wfk;=;a jr Id jkdka;r w;r lkafk,sh - fo h.,-kdlshdfoksh ixlsr Kh ^fylaghdr 11"900&" nurfndgqj ^fylaghdr 5"600&" fudrmsáh - reklkao ^fylaghdr-6"900& iy.s,suf,a tr;ak ^fylaghdr 5000& jeo.;a ia:dkhla.kshs' isxyrdc f,dal Wreu N=ñh Y%S,xldfõ mj;ak úyd,;u m%d:ñl jr Id jkdka;rh fm!rdksl isxyrdc f,dal Wreu N+ñh fõ' fuh fylaghdr 11"187 l N+ñ m%udkhla wdjrkh lrñka mj;sk w;r tys Wkak;dxYh ógr 200 isg ógr 1150 w;r m%udkhla fõ' isxyrdch Y%S,xldfõ kṡ ;. f;;a l,dmfha W;=re wlaidxy ' isg ' iy kef.kysr foaydfxy ' isg ' w;r msysgd we;' fuys W;=re m%foayfha lω.fûa fm`il YdLdjka msysgd we;s w;r" ol=kq m%foayfha.sx.fûa fmdail YdLdjka mj;shs' isxyrdc jkdka;rh r;akmqr" ud;r yd.d,a, hk ia;%slal yd ol=kq yd inr.uq m<d;a md,k m%foayhka wdy%s;j msysgd we;' l jeá yd ksïk j,ska iukaú; nejqï iys; N= úiu;d,laikhka isxyrdc jkdka;rh wdy%s;j ks laikh l< yels w;r fuys kef.kysr m%foayfha ;eks;,d l.; yelsh' fuu jkdka;rh wdy%s;j Wia l uq ka 9 la l.; yels w;r ^ógr 575 isg 1"170 olajd& W;= ka mj;sk ysksmsá., lkao Wiska jeäu ia:dkh fõ' isxyrdcfha jdr Isl idudkh jr Idm;kh ñ' ó' 3600 isg ñ' ñ' 5000 w.hl mj;sk w;r úfyais; úh<s ld,hla fkd mj;shs' jdr Isl idudkh WIaK;ajh fi,aishia 19 0 isg 27 0 W;r m%udkhl fõ' isxyrdch u.ska lω yd.sx.û fm`ikh,nk w;r Y%S,xldfõ m%odk c, fmdail m%foayhla f,io jeo.;a fõ' isxyrdc jkdka;rh wêl ffcj úúo;ajhlska iukaú; jk w;r ffcj úúo;aj WKqiqï ia:dkhla f,i b;d jeo.;a fõ' isxyrdcfha Ydl m%cdj m%odk jyfhka m%d:ñl yd oaù;shsl ksjr ;k my;rg f;;a iody ; jkdka;r j,ska iukañ; jk w;r fuys jvd Wia m%foay wdy% s;j Wm l lr jkdka;r yd ;DK N+ó Ydl m%cdjka jhdma;j we;' fuys mj;sk tlsfklg fjkia Ydl 59 Chapter /26/05, 3:45 PM

64 m%cdjka úúodldr jq mdiagjxys i;a;aj úfyai rdyshla yd.kkh l, fkdyels ;rï jq wmdiagjxys i;a;aj úfyai i yd jdiia:dkhka ù we;' isxyrdc jkdka;rh ;=,ska Y%s,xldfõ jdih lrk mdiagjxys ùka f.ka 50] lg wdikak m%udkhla jdr ;d lr we;s w;r thska 30] m%udkhla Y%s,xldjg wdfõksl jk w;r 35] m%udkhla cd;sl f,i j ùfï ;r ckhg,lajq úfyai f,i y kdf.k we;' fldáhd" y ka úhd" fld< úhd yd Y%S,xldjg wdfõksl lω j rd isxyrdcfha jdih lrk laisrmdhska úfyai lsysmhla fõ' Y%S,xldfõ yuqjk WNh ù úfyai w; ka 50] wdikak m%udkhla isxyrdcfhka jdr ;d fõ' Y%S,xldjg wdfõksl mlais úfyai 23 w; ka jeä úfyai m%udkhla ixrlaikh ls u i yd isxyrdch jeo.;a fõ' úfyaifhka ;r ckhg,laj we;s mlais úfyai jk ng weál=l=,d ^Centrepus chlorothynchus& yd ysi wω-wω fou,sépd ^Garrulax cinereifrons& hk wdfõksl úfyai wdrlaid ls u i yd isxyrdc jkdka;rh jeo.;a fõ' isxyrdcfha yuqjk Ydl úfyai w; ka úfyai 80 la muk m%udkhla T!IO yd wdydr f,i jeo.;a úfyai f,i y kdf.k we;' óg wu;rj Ydl úfyai rdyshla fjk;a ldr hhka i ydo fhdod.kq,nhs' ±juh fkdjk ksiamdok f,i jr Id jkdka;r j,ska m%fhdackhg.kakd Ydl úfyai w;r maf,dhóh hqi,nd.eksu i yd ls;=,a Ydlh;a" fõje,a,nd.eksu i yd fõje,a úfyai;a" fjksje,a Ydlh T!IO f,i yd tkid,a l=ωnvq i yd fhdod.kshs' óg wu;rj Wvjeähd yd fjk;a me<eá jr. i yd úis;=re me<eá f,i wêl b,ä ula mj;shs' lrdnq" id lald" l=re ' hka" wu" fo,a iy foys jeks fnda. úfyai j,g ióm m Kdñl iñnkao;djhla olajk Ydl úfyaihka isxyrdc jkdka;rh wdy%s;j mj;shs' isxyrdch wjg m%foayhka fndfyduhla wêl udkj n,meula iys;j mj;sk w;r f;a' rnr " ù" l=re wd j.djka fukau.ïudk rdyshlao fï wjg msysgd we;'.ïudk 40 muk isxyrdc jkdka;rh wjg mj;sk w;r fuu.ïudk j, j;a jkakka jeä m%udkhhla ;ukaf.a meje;au i yd isxyrdcfhka,efnk ksiamdok fhdod.kshs' isxyrdchg mj;sk m%odk ;r ckh ldisldr ñl lghq;= i yd jkdka;rh t<sls u jk w;r jkdka;rfha ol=kq udhsfï fuu ;;a;ajh jvd W.%j ks laikh l< yelsh' f;a jeks jdksc fnda. i yd jkdka;r t<sls u" or i yd jkdka;r Ydl øjh Ndú;d ls u" T!IO we;=ω ±juh fkdjk jdksc øjh tl;= ls u" ueksla.e u wd h fï w;r m%odk fõ' isxyrdcfha ngysr udhsu wdy%s;j 1970 isg 1977 ld,h ;=, f;drd.;a juh Ydl ;=ks,e,s ksiamdokh i yd bj;a ls u is lrk, ' fuhg tfrysj m ir ixrlailhka úiska wlkavj is lrkq,enq úfrdao;d jhdmdr j, m%;sm,hla f,i 1978 jifr isxyrdc jkdka;rfhka j fk,su iïmqr Kfhka keje;ajq w;r fylaghdr 8500 N=ñ m%foayhla cd;hka;r ñksid ffcjf.da, rlais;hla ^MAB& f,i m%ldyhg m;a lrk, ' 1985 jifr " jk ixrlaik fomdr ;fïka;=j úiska i ù jkdka;r udhsula f,i mhskia j.dj isxyrdc udhsu m%foay j, wdrïn lrk, ' fuhg wu;rj Wm lªlr jkdka;rhla f,i isxyrdc jkdka;rfha kef.kysr udhsfï mej;=kq fylaghdr 2687 fldgila fuhg tla l, w;r tysoas isxyrdc jkdka;rfha m%udkh fylaghdr 11"187 olajd jeä úh' 1998 isxyrdc jkdka;rh cd;sl Wreu N=ñhla m%ldyhg m;a l, w;r thg iu.dój hqfkiafldaj úiska th f,`l Wreu N=ñhla f,i kï lrk, ' isxyrdc f,dal Wreu jkdka;rh md,kh jk ixrlaik fomdr ;fïka;= u.ska is lrhs' Y%S,xldfõ mj;sk úyd,;u my;rg f;;a l,dmsh jkdka;rh isxyrdch jk w;r th Y%s,xldfõ uq N+ñ m%udkfhka 0'2] la fõ' mr fhaik" wohdmksl yd ixpdrl lghq;= i yd isxyrdc jkdka;rfha mj;sk udr. lsysmhla fhdod.kq,efí' tfy;a h myrj,a wmṡ is ùu ixfõ m ir moao;s úkdy ùu" r,n úis;=re me<eá tl;= ls u" le,s li, tl;= ùu wd wys;lr ;;a;ajhka ixpdrlhka meñfkk m%foayj, ksílaikh l, yelsh' lkafk,sh ixrlais; jkdka;rh lkafk,sh fo h., iy kdlshdfoksh jkdka;r ixlsr Khg wh;a lkafk,sh jkdka;rh Y%s,xldfõ mj;sk ;j;a iqúfyais; my;rg ksjr ;k jr Id jkdka;rhla fõ' fuu jkdka;rh W;=re wlaidxy ' iy iy kef.kysr foaydxy ' iy ' w;r.d,a, ia;%slalh ;=, msysgd we;' fuu m%foayfha idudkhfhka jdr Isl jr Idm;kh ñ'ñ' 4"445 jk w;r jeäu jr Idm;khla uehs udih ueo Nd.fha isg iema;eïnr ui wjidkh olajd mj;sk kṡ ;. fu`iï foay.=kh u.ska,efí' fuu jkdka;rh ;=, mj;sk uoh jdr Isl WIaK;ajh fi,aishia 27 0 muk fõ' lkafk,sh jkdka;rhg wh;a iïmqr K N=ñ m%foayh fylaghdr 5"305 jk w;r thska fylaghdr 5"108 '2 la >k jkdka;r j,ska o fylaghdr 168'4 újd; jkdka;r j,ska yd fylaghdr 29'3 la jk j.d j,skao iukañ; fõ' lkafk,sh-fo hd.,-kdlshdfoksh jkdka;r ixlsr Kfha mj;sk iajndúl jkdka;r or Yh my;rg f;;a l,dmsh jr Id jkdka;r f,i y kajd fokq,efí' lkafk,sh jkdka;rfha úfyai úúo;ajh Ydl m%cdfõ jhqyh yd ldhlr óh,laikhkag wkqj th u,hdishdfõ mj;sk jr Id jkdka;r j,g iudk fõ' 60 Chapter /26/05, 3:45 PM

65 5 fuu jkdka;rh i;=j mj;sk h oyrj,a 111 y kdf.k we;s w;r" tneúka th ol=kq m<df;a mj;sk jeo.;a.xûd fmdail m%foayhla f,i kï lr we;' kkaksls; we, yd lkafk,sh we, wdy%s;j wêl nejqula ^>20]& iys; jkdka;r m%foayhka mj;sk w;r jkdka;rfha úyd, m%foayhlska fuu we< udr. fm`ikh,nk neúka b;d wûkd c, fmdail m%foayhla f,io kï lr we;' lkafk,sh-fo h.,-kdlshdfoksh ixlsr Kh Y%S,xldfõ jdlai,;d l,dm wxl 7 ys msysgd we;s w;r l lrfha ol=kq udhsfuka msg; mj;shs' fuu l,dmh Y%S,xldfõ wêl ffcj úúo;ajhla iys; l,dmhla f,i y kajk w;r my; rg f;;a l,dmhg wdfõksl Ydl w;ßka 17] l muk m%udkhla fï m%foayh wdy%s;j kṡ ;. jr Id jkdka;r ;=, yuqfõ' 1990 uq,a Nd.fha is lrkq,enq cd;sl ixrlaik úur YKfha fuu jk ixlsr Kh Y%S,xldfõ ldiagíh Ydl yd i;a;aj úfyai wêl m%udkhla jhdma;j we;s m%foay wfgka tlla f,i y kdf.k we;' fuh ol=kq wdishdkq l,dmfha Ydl úúo;ajh wêlu l,dmhla f,io kï lr we;' 1968 isg 1988 olajd ld,h ;=, fuu jkdka;rh ;=, j lemsu is lrkq,enqj;a fuu jkdka;rfha Ydl úúo;ajh ;ju;a idfmalaij by, m%udkhl mj;shs' lkafk,sh jkdka;rh ;=, is lrkq,enq m laikhl Ydl' m re yd me,eá jr. 301 y kdf.k we;s w;r thska 52] l m%udkhla wdfõksl úfyai fõ' ^isxyl=udr" 1994& fuu úfyai w; ka úfyai 16la wka;r cd;slj j ù hdfï ;r ckhg uqyqk md we;s w;r úfyai 26 la cd;sl jyfhka j ù hdfï ;r ckhg uqyqk md we;' lkafk,sh jkdka;rh ;=, T!IO Ydl jr. rdyshla yuqfõ' tajdhska iuyrla kï fnr,sh" tkid,a" fjksje,a' l=vd yevhd" uyd yevhd" i rdc" jkrdc" fldl=ï" ïu," yd;jd h hk Ydl fõ' lkafk,sh jr Id jkdka;rfha i;a;aj úúo;ajh o wêl w.hla.kshs' ue;l lrekq,enq wohkhlg wkqj mcis úfyai 122 fuu jkdka;rfhka jdr ;d ù we;s w;r" Y%S,xldjg wdfõksl r,n mcis úfyai folla jk ng weá l=l=<d iy leysfn,a,d fï w;r fõ' CISrmdhs úfyai 20 la lkafk,sh jkdka;rh ;=<ska yuqù we;s w;r Y%S,xldjg wdfõksl lω j rd yd óñkakd fï w;r fõ' fuu jkdka;rfha WNh ù úfyai 19 la jdr ;d jk w;r" fuhg wdfõksl rela ueähka (Philautes spp) úfyaio wh;a fõ' Wr. úfyai 39 la fuu jkdka;rfha yuq ù we;s w;r" YS%,xldjg wdfõksl m<d fmd<ûd fï w;r fõ' óg wu;rj Y%S,xldjg wdfõksl uy le,e ks,hd we;=ω iuk< úfyai 40 la o u;aih úfyai 24 la o jdr ;d ù we;' wka;r cd;sl jyfhka j ùhdfï ;r ckhg uqyqk md we;s m;srk id,hd iy ú,amsg okaähd hk u;aih úfyaihka o fuu jkdka;rfha jdih lrhs' Wvq.u-ysks u udr.h u.ska lkafk,sh jkdka;rhg m%fõy úh yelsh' jdykhla u.ska kkaksls; we, wdikakfha mj;sk jk ixrcik fomdr ;fïka;=j olajd mukla.uka l<yels w;r t;eka isg jkdka;rh ;=<g md.ukska msúish hq;=h' Tn k isáhd mqrdjd;a;hkag wkqj isxyrdc jr Id jkdka;rh ;=< úyd, isxyfhl= jdih lr we;' ;j;a iuyr mqrdjd;a;hkag wkqj isxyrdc jkdka;rh Y%S,xldfõ rc;=udg wh;a jq rdclsh N+ñ m%foayhla ù we;' 1972 jr Ifha wdrïn lrk,o tlai;a cd;skaf.a wohdmksl" úohd ixiald;sl ixúodkfha (UNESCO) iïuq;sh uûska ñksidg jeo.;a ixiald;suh yd iajndúl Wreuhka wdrcid ls ug lghq;= lrkq,efí' ( 61 Chapter /26/05, 3:45 PM

66 ,yq;ifapd; kiof;fhlfs;,yq;ifapd; njd;nky; gpunjrq;fspy; jho; kw;wk; kj;jpa cauq;fspy;> rpwpa kw;wk; jdpj;jptfshf kiof;fhlfs; fhzg;glfpd;wd. kj;jpa kiog;gpunjrj;jpd; Nkw;F kw;wk; njw;fr;rhptfspy;,k;kiof;fhlfs; fly; kl;lj;jpypue;j 1000 kpw;wh; tiu gue;j fhzg;glfpd;wd. <utyaj;jpd; (wet zone) gug;g 1.25 kpy;ypad; n`f;lah;fshapug;gpdk; $l kiof;fhlfspd; gug;gst nff;lh; msnt (epyg;gug;gpd; 8%) cs;sj Njapiy>,wg;gh;> njq;f kw;wk; new;gaph;r;nra;iffsf;fhftk; kdpj FbapUg;GfSf;fhfTk;; fle;j,u E}w;whz;Lfshfg; nguk;ghyhd,aw;if tsq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;ls;sd. jw;nghj nkhj;j ehl;l epyg;gug;gpy; 2% kl;lnk kiof;fhlfs; fhzg;glfpd;wd.,yq;ifapd; kiof;fhlfs; cl;gpunjrj;jpw;fhpa mopak; mghak; nfhz;l gy jhtu kw;wk; tpyq;fpdq;fspd;; tplhfk;. cjhuzkhf>,yq;ifapy; cs;s cl;gpunjrj;jpw;fhpa 306 ku,dq;fspy; 60%,f;Fk; Nkyhdit>,yq;ifapd; rpw epy kiof;fhlfspy; kl;lk; fhzg;glfpd;wd. kw;w 61,dq;fSk;,yq;ifapd; kiy kiof;fhlfspyk; tuz;l fhlfspyk; rkkhff; fhzg;glfpd;wd.,j;jptpd; cl;gpunjrj;jpw;fhpa 12 tif jhtu,dq;fspy; 11 tiffs; kiof;fhlfspnyna cs;sd. (Kedrick>1989),g;gFjpapd; tpnrl fhyepiyj; jd;ik ed;f gug;gg;gl;l cah kioak; vy;yh,lq;fspyk; xnukhjphpahd mjpf ntg;gkk; jhd;. nguk;ghyhd,e;j tdj;jpy; tulkioahdj 3000 kpy;yp kpw;whpy;,ue;j 5000 ky;yp kpw;wh; tiu my;yj mjw;f NkNy (rpy,lq;fspy;) fhzg;glfpd;wj. ehl;bd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpd; 20% jj;ij nfhz;ls;s,g;gfjpapy; 55%,yq;ifapd; kdpj,dj;njhif fhzg;glfpwj. tptrhaj;jpw;fhf fhlopj;jy;> FbNaw;wq;fs;> kw;wk; rl;ltpnuhjkhf kuk; flj;jy; Nghd;wit,yq;ifapy; vq;rpapuf;fk; kiof;fhlfsf;fg; nghpanjhh; mghakhf tpsq;ffpd;wj.,d; ehl;bd; kiof;fhlfs; mq;nfhd;wk;>,q;nfhd;wkhfr; rpjwpfhzg;gltjhyk;> jdpj;jf; fhzg;gltjhyk;> mtw;iwg; guhkhpg;gjpy; gy rpukq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd. ed;f tiuawf;fg;gl;l fhl;l vy;iyfs;,y;yhikak;,e;j rpukq;fis mjpfhpj;jpuf;fpwj. kiof;fhlfspy; FtpAk; gy tpyq;f kw;wk; jhtu,dq;fs; (kpd; tsh;g;gjw;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gLgit> %ypiff;fzq;fsf;fhf tsh;f;fg;glgit) kiof;fhlfsf;f NkYk; mr;rwj;jy;fisf; nfhlf;fpwj.,yq;ifapd; cyf gpurpj;jp ngw;w mad kz;ly kiof;fhlhdj rpq;fuh[h fhlhfk;,j cyf kughpik ];jykhfg; Ngh; ngw;wj. jw;nghj UNESCO thy;,j cyfpd; XNu,aw;if cyf kughpik ]jykhf mwptpf;fg;gl;buf;fpwj.,j;jptpys;s kw;w kiof;fhlfs; fz;nzypa njbafy - ehfpnjdpa fhlfs; (11>900 nff;nlah;))> gk;gunghl;lt (5>600 nff;nlah;) nkhugpba - Udfz;l (6>900 nff;nlah;) kw;wk; fpypkny,uj;d (5>000 nff;nlah;). rpq;fuh[ tdk; - cyf kughpik ];jyk;. rpq;fuh[>,yq;ifapd; MjpapypUe;J vq;rpas;s ntspaf Muk;g jho;epy madkz;ly kiof;fhlhfk;.,j mz;zsthf 11>187 n`f;n;lah; gug;ig %bas;sjld; fly; kl;lj;jpd; Nky; m cah;e;j gue;js;sj. rpq;fuh[ tdkhdj,yq;ifj;jptpd; njd; Nky; jho;epy <utyaj;jpy; tlf;nf ' ' mfyhq;fpw;fk; fpof;nf ' ' nel;lhq;ffspw;fkpilapy; mike;js;sj.,j fofq;ifapd; fpisahwfspw;fk;,w;fk; (tlf;fpy; [Pd; fq;iff;fk; (njw;fpy;),ilapy; mike;jpug;gjld; njd; rg;uf%t khfhzq;fsf;fpilapy;> eph;thf khtl;lq;fshd fhyp> khj;jiw>,uj;jpdghp cs;shf tphptile;js;sj. nghjthf,e; epyg;gug;ghdj njhlh;r;rpahd NkLfisAk; gs;sj;jhf;ffisak; cila khwfpd;w rpuw;w epyg;gug;igf; nfhz;buf;fk; mnjntisapy; fhl;bd; fpof;nf rpy gfjpfs; jl;ilahd epyq;fisf;nfhz;ls;sd. Vwj;jho 575m m tiuahd xd;gj cah;thd cr;rpfs; mike;jpuf;fpd;wd.,tw;ws; fpdpgpl;bfytpd; tlfpo; cr;rpna kpftk; caukhdjhfk; rpq;fuh[htpd; tulhe;j ruhrhp kiotpo;r;rpahdj 3>600-5>000 mm,ilapy; NtWgLfpwJ. tulhe;j ruhrhp ntg;gepiy 19 0 c c,jw;fkpilapy; fhzg;gltjld; Fwpg;ghf mq;f tuz;l fhyk; fhzg;gltjpy;iy. gy;ntw rpw;nwhilfs; Nrh;fpd;w fofq;ifak; [pd; fq;ifak; nfhz;bug;gjld; rpq;fuh[ tdnk,yq;ifapd; Kf;fpa eph;j;njf;fq;fspy; xd;whfk;. rpq;fuh[ tdk; caph;gy;tifikfis mjpfk; nfhz;bug;gjld;> cyfpd; caph;gy;tifik (Hot spots) nrwpt kpf;f,lkhf; fujg;glfpd;wj. rpq;fuh[ tdj;jpd; jhtu,dq;fshdj> gpujhdkhf> Muk;g>,uz;lhk; epiy ntg;g <uj;jho; epy vd;wk; grikahd fhl;ilak; rpwpajst jho; kiof;fhl;lg; gfjpfisak; cah;epyj;jpys;s Gy;epyj;ijak; nfhz;ls;sj.,g; gy;tifik nghue;jpa gaph; tiffshdj tpyq;f th;f;fq;fspd; 62 Chapter /26/05, 3:45 PM

67 5 cs;slf;fq;fspw;fk; gy;ntw tifahd Ks;se;jz;Lsp tpyq;ffspw;fk; mhpjhff; fz;lwpag;gl;ls;s vz;zw;w Ks;se;jz;bypfspw;Fk; thoplj;ij toq;ffpd;wj. rpq;fuh[h tdj;jpy;>,jtiuf;fk; fz;lwpag;gl;l tpyq;ffspy; 50%; Mdit cs;sf Ks;se;jz;L tpyq;ffshf tpsq;ftjld; mtw;ws; 30% Mdit,yq;ifapd; cs;ehl;lf;fhpaitahfk;. mnj Ntisapy>; 35% Mdit NjrPa hpjpahf mr;rwj;jyf;fs;;sfpas;sjhff; fujg;gl;ls;sd. rpq;fuh[ tdj;jpy; cs;s ghy}l;bfs;> rpwj;ij> cs;ehl;lf;fhpa Cjh epwkila,iyf; Fuq;Ffs;> kpd; nfst;tpg; G+idfs; JUg;Gs;spAila g+idfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpas;sd. Vwf;Fiwa,yq;ifapd; miuklq;f <&lfthopfs; caph;fs; rpq;fuh[htpny fz;lwpag;gl;ls;sd.,yq;ifahdj 23 cs;ehl;lf;fhpa gwitapdq;fisr; nfhz;bug;gjld; rpq;fuh[ tdkhdj>,g; gy;ntw tifahd,dq;fisg; ghjfhf;fk; %yg;gfjpahftk;> Fwpg;ghf <utyaj;jpd; jho;epy kiof;fhlfsf;f chpj;jhd mr;rwj;jyf;fs;shfpas;s Green- bileed coucal (Centropus chlororhynchus) rhk;gy; tz;z jiyiaf;nfhz;ls;s rphpf;fk; thrush (Garrulax cinereifrons) vd;gtw;wpw;fk; ghjf;fhg;g,lkhf mike;js;sj. Kjy; epiy kw;wk;,uz;lhk; epiy rpq;fuh[ fhlfspy;> 80,w;Fk; Nkw;gl; jhtu,dq;fs; czt kw;wk; kue;jtj; jd;ik nfhz;ls;sjhf mwptpf;fg;gl;ls;sj. rpq;fuh[h cyf kughpik ikak; Kjd;ik kw;wk; Jizf;fhLfspy; fhzg;glk; 80,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jhtu ehhfspdhy; Nghriz kw;wk; klj;jy; ngwkjpfs; mlq;fpapug;gjhf mjpfhpf;fg;gl;ls;sj.,jw;fk; Nkyhf fhlfspy;,ue;j ngwg;glk; mjpfsthd jhtu ehhfspdhy; gy;ntwgl;l gad;ghlfs; fhzg;glfpd;wd. jhtuq;fsf;f mlj;jg;gbahf> ku gad;ghl;il jtphj;j mjpfstpyhd Njitiaf;nfhz;Ls;s jhtukhf fpj;js; (Caryota urens) mjd; ghzpf;fhftk; Calamus mjd; fuk;gpw;fhftk; (Rattan cane) Coscinium Fenestratum kw;wk; Elettarig cardamomum vd;gd mjd; kuj;jt kw;wk; thridj;jputpa ngwkjpf;fhfftk;> xhf;fpl;lfs; kw;wk;,ju G+z;Lj;jhtuq;fs; vd;gd mjd; myq;fhu ngwkjpf;fhftk; fhl;bypue;j ngwg;glfpd;wd. fuhk;g> rhjpf;fha;> Vyf;fha;> ^hpad;> kh. <ug;gyh> kw;wk; Njrpf;fha; Nghd;wtw;wpd; thd; jha;j; jhtutpdq;fshy; (Wild relatives) rpq;fuh[ fhl;bypue;j gjptnra;ag;gl;ls;sj. rpq;fuh[hf; fhl;ilr; #ots;s epyg;gug;ghdj> Njapiy>,wg;gH gaphr;nra;iffs;. tay; epyq;fs;> Vyf;fha; gaphr;nra;if kw;wk; tplfisf;nfhz;l mtjhdpf;fj;jf;f kdpj Mjpf;fj;ij nfhz;ls;sj.,j ghjfhf;fg;gl;l tdj;ijr; #o;e;j Vwj;jho 40 fpuhkq;fs; fhzg;glfpd;wd. tuyhw;wf;fhye;njhl;l> nguk;ghyhd fpuhkthrpfs; jkj md;whl gad;ghl;bw;fhf gy;ntwgl;l fhl;l tpisg;nghul;fisna rhhe;jpue;jdh. rpq;fuh[h tdj;jpw;fg; gpujhd Mgj;jhf tpsq;ftj Fwpg;ghf mjd; njw;f vy;iyg;gwj;jpy;> tptrhaj;jpw;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; mj;jkpwy;fns thj;jf gaphr;nra;iff;fhf fhlfis mopj;jy; Fwpg;ghf Njapiyg; gaphr;nra;iff;fhf> tpwf Nrfhpg;gpw;fhf kw;wk; kuq;fsw;w fhl;l tpisg;nghul;fsf;fhf %ypifj; jhtuq;fss; kw;wk; tpiykjpg;gw;w fw;fs; mfo;jy; cs;spl;l nraw;ghlfs; fhuzkhf fhl;ilg; guhkhpg;gjw;nfjpuhd njhlhr;rpahd Mgj;J Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ kw;wk; 1977 f;fpilapyhd fhyg;gfjpapy; rpq;fuh[htpy; Nkw;Fg;gFjp NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;L kuq;fs; jwpf;fg;gl;ld.,q;f ngwg;gl;l kutpdq;fs; nkd;gyif (Plywood) jahhpg;gjw;fhfg; gad;glj;jg;gl;ld.,aw;if ghjfhtyhfspd; kuk; jwpj;jy; nraw;ghlfsf;f vjpuhd njhlhr;rpahd vjphg;gpd; fhuzkhf 1978 Mk; Mz;L kuk; jwpj;jyf;nfjpuhd jil Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L 8500 n`f;nlah gug;g rhtnjr kdpj caphf;nfhs ghjfhg;gg; gpunjrkhfg; (Man and Biosphene Reserve) gpufldg;glj;jg;gl;lj 1985,y; Mab ghjfhg;gg; gpunjr vy;iyapy; igd]; (Pinus) kuq;fis el;l xu capus;s vy;iyia tdj;jpizf;fsk; cuthf;fpaj.,jw;fk; Nkyjpfkhff; fpof;fg; gpunjrj;jpys;s 2687 n`f;nlah gug;gila Jiz kiyf;fhl;ilak; (Sub montane forest) cs;slf;fg;gl;l rpq;fuh[h ghjfhg;gg; gpunjrk; tphpthf;fg;gl;l nkhj;jg;gug;gst n`f;nlauhf;fg;gl;lj.,k; nkhj;jg;gug;gstk; 1988,y; Njrpa kughpik Wilderness (National Heritage wildness Area) gug;ghf gpufldg;glj;jg;gl;lj.,jidj;njhlhe;j UNESCO,jid,yq;ifapd; Kjd;ik,aw;if Njrpa kughpik ikakhf (Natural World Heritage Site) mq;fpfhpj;jj. rpq;fuh[h (cyf mughpik ikaj;jpd; (SWEHS),id) ephtfpj;jyf;fhd khw;wg; Nkyhz;ik nryj;jtjw;fhd nghwg;g,yq;if tdj;jpizf;fsj;jplk; nghwg;gspf;fg;gl;lj. jw;nghj,j;jptpy; nkhj;jg;gug;gstpd; Vwj;jho 0.2% gug;gsitf;nfhz;l>,yq;ifapy; vqrpas;s jho;epy kiof;fhl;bd; kpfg;nghpa myfhf rpq;fuh[h tdk; tpsq;ffpd;wj. fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;wk; Rw;Wyh Njitfisf;fUjp fhl;bw;fs; nry;tjw;fhfg; ghijfs; ahtk; jw;nghj guhkhpf;fg;glfpd;wj. Fwpg;G 5.1 Ig; ghhf;f) vt;thwhapdk;> rpw;nwhilfs; khriljy;> El;gkhd 63 Chapter /26/05, 3:45 PM

68 thoplq;fsf;fhfg; ghjpg;g (kiyar;rp cl;gl) mhpjhd kw;wk; myq;fhu jhtuq;fisr; Nrfhpj;jy;> Fg;ig NrHjy; Nghd;wd,f;fhl;ilf; fhz tugthfshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fd;dypa tdg; ghjfhg;gg; gpunjrk; fd;dypa fhl;lg; ghjfhg;gg; gpunjrkhdj fd;dypa njjpahfy kw;wk; ehfpah njdpa (KDN) fhl;l $l;likg;igr;nrhe;j gpuj;jpnahfkhdnjhh,yq;ifapd; jho;;epy kiof;fhlhfk;.,j fhyp khtl;lj;jpy; kw;wk; tlq;f mfyhq;fpw;fk;> kw;wk; fpof;f nel;lhq;fpw;fkpilapy; fhzg;glfpd;wj.,g;gug;gpd; ruhrhp Mz;L kiotpo;r;rp 4.445mm MfTs;sJ Kf;fpakhfj; njd;nky; gut kiof;fhyk; (Nk elg;gfjp Kjy; nrg;nlk;gh,wjp tiu) ruhrhp khjhe;j ntg;gepiy Vwj;jho 27 0 C Mf fhzg;glk; fd;dypa tdj;jpd; nkhj;jg;guggst 5>305.9 n`f;nlauhfk;,jpy; ha gug;gst mlhj;jpahd tdkhftk;> 168.4ha gug;gst rpwpjst tdkhftk;> 29.3ha gug;gst gaphr;nra;if tdkhftk; fhzg;glfpd;wj. KDN $l;likg;gpd;,aw;ifj; jhtutpdkhftk; madkz;ly jho;epy kiof;fhlhfk; jhtuq;fisak;; (Floristically) kw;wk; ngsjpfjd;ikapyk; (Physiognomically),f;fhlhdJ gy mlf;ffisak;> jhtutpdq;fspd; gy;tifikak; nfhz;l> knyrpahtpd; jho;epy kiof;fhlfis xj;j fhzg;glfpd;wj. mjpfstpyhd rpw;nwhilfisf; (111) fhl;bds; nfhz;bug;gjhyk; mit Mw;Wj;njhFjpfSf;Fg; gpujhd toq;fshf,ug;gjdhyk; njd;khfhzj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd,aw;if tdkhf,g;gug;g fujg;glfpd;wj. fd;dypa vy;y kw;wk; ed;dp fpl vy;y epnue;j gpunjrq;fisr mjpfstpyhd epiyf;fj;jhd gug;gfisf; (>20m) nfhz;bug;gnjhl rpwe;j epnue;j gpunjrq;fis Rl;bf;fhl;lf;$ba tpjj;jpy; mjpf tpjhrhuj;jpy; fhl;ilr; nrwpthff; nfhz;ls;sj. KDN fhlhdj jhtutpd gpunjrk; (Florist region) 7,y; mike;js;sj mjpy; ntsptpr;rpy; mike;j njd;kiyg;gfjpak; mlq;fk;.,j 17% khd <utya jho;epy cl;gpunjrj;jpw;fhpa njd;nky; g+f;fk; jhtuq;fs; fhlfspy; fhzg;gltjhy; gpuj;jpnaf cl;gpunjrj;jpw;fhpa,dq;fisf; nfhz;l (Exceptional endemicity) XH gpunjrkhff; fujg;glfpd;wj. kj;jpa 1990 fspy; elhj;jg;gl;l Njrpa guhkhpg;g kw Ma;T %ykhf,j;jptpy; mjpstpyhd kuq;fs; kw;wk; tpyq;f gy;tifj; jd;ikf;nfhz;l vl;lf; (contiguous) fhlfspy; xd;whf KDN fhl;l Complex tpsq;ftjhf ntspg;glj;jg;gl;lj.,g;gpunjrkhdj njw;fhrpahtpnyna jhtu tdg;g kpfjpahf fhzg;glk; XH gpunjrkhf milahsq;fhzg;gl;ls;sj fhyg;gfjpapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT fhl;l tsq;fs; kuq;fis jwpg;gjd; %yk; mopf;fg;gl;lhyk; nfd;dypa fhl;bd; jhtu tskk; G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fspd; gy;tifj;jd;ikak; xg;gpl;lstpy;,d;wk; mjpfkhfnt fhzg;glfpd;wj. nfd;dypatpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fw;ifapd; %ykhf kuq;fs;> nrbfs; kw;wk; g+z;lj;jhtuq;fs; cs;slq;fshf 301 jhtu tiffspy; (Flora Spp) 52% Mdit cl;gpunjrj;jpw;fhpadthf (endomic) milahsq;fhzg;gl;ls;sd. (Sinhakumara 1994). Nkw;$wg;gl;ltw;wpy;> 16 jhtutpdq;fs; cyfyhtpa hpjpapy; moptpw;fw;glf;$badthftk; (Themreatened) 26 jhtutpdq;fs; Njrpa hpjpapy; moptpw;fl;glf;$badthftk; fhzg;glfpd;wd. nfd;dypa fhlhdj gy;ntwgl;l %ypj;jhtuq;fsf;f ciwtplkhff; fhzg;glfpd;wj. nghjg; gad;ghl;bw;f cgnahfpf;fg;glk; %ypj;jhtuq;fs; kw;wk; kuq;fshf Beraliya (Mq;fpyj;jpy;) Raramosus Nghd;w rpy mlq;fk;. nfd;dypa fhl;lg; ghjfhg;gg; gpunjrj;jpy; mjpf gy;tifik nfhz;l tpyq;ffs; fhzg;glfpd;wd. mz;ikf;fhy Muha;r;rpapd; %ykhf,g;gug;gpy; 122 gwitapdq;fs; gjpt nra;ag;gl;ls;sd.,jpy;,yq;ifapd; cl;gpunjrq;fsf;fhpa gr;ir epw nrhz;ilaila Coucal (Green billed coucal Contropus chlororhynchus) kw;wk;,yq;ifapd; epy nkf;gp (Sri Lanka Blue magie - Uroussa ornata) Tk; mlq;fk; ghy}l;btiffspy; 20,dq;fs;,f;fhl;bypUe;Nj gjptnra;ag;gl;ls;sd.,tw;ws;,sq;rptg;g KfKila,iyf;Fuq;F (Purple facedx leaf monkey - Trachpitheus Vetulus) kw;wk; vypkhd; (Mouse Deer - Tragulus meminna) Tk; mlq;fk;. gpf;kp kuj;jtis (Sharpsnout pygmi tree frog - Philautus nasutue) cs;slq;fshf <Ulftho;,dq;fs; kw;wk; cl;gpunjrj;jpw;fhpa gr;ir tphpad; (Green pit viper - Trimeresurus trigonocephalus) cs;slq;fshf 39 CHtd vd;gd nfd;dypatpy; fhzg;glfpd;wd.,jw;fk; Nkyhf 46 tz;zj;jg;g+r;rp,dq;fs; (cjhuzk;: cl;gpunjrj;jpw;fhpa epy Xf;,iy tz;zj;jg;g+r;rp) kw;wk; cyfshtpa Mgj;Jf;Fs;shfpapUf;Fk; tpy;gplh uh]; Nghuh (Globally threat- 64 Chapter /26/05, 3:45 PM

69 5 ened wilpilta Rasbora - Rasbora Wilpita kw;wk; Barned Danio (Danio Pathirana) vd;gd cs;slq;fshf 24 kpdpdq;fs;,e;j gpuj;jpnafkhd jho;epy kiof;fhl;by; fhzg;glfpd;wd. nfd;dypa kw;wk; KDN fhl;lf; $l;likg;ig clfk - `pdpjk gpujhd tpjp (B156) apypue;j gphpak; thfdq;fs; nry;yf;$ba ghij %ykhf mila KbAk;.,g;ghijahdJ [pd; fq;iff;f epiu thsq;ff;$ba fpis Mwhd ed;dpfpj Xil tiuf;fk; thfdj;jpy; nry;ykbak; kug;ghynkhd;iw cgnahfpj;j,t;nthiliaf; fle;j jpizf;fs mytyfj;ijak; ghhitahsh ikaj;ijak; milakbak;. cq;fsf;fj; njhpakh? Guhzfhy $w;wg;gb. rpq;fuh[ tdkhdj,yq;ifapy;,wjpahf fhzg;gl;l ty;yikaila rpq;fnkhd;wpd; Gfyplkhf fhzg;gl;lj. 1972,y; UNESCO My; gpunahfg;glj;jg;gl;l cyf fyhr;rhu kw;wk;,aw;iw kughpik ghjfhg;g xg;ge;jj;jpd; gpufhuk; cyfk; KOtJk; fyhr;rhu kw;wk;,aw;if kughpikia milahsq;fhzjy;> ghjfhj;jy; kw;wk; guhkhpj;jy; Nghd;w nraw;ghlfis,t;nthg;ge;jk; Cf;fg;gLj;jfpd;wJ. Nkyjpf tpguq;fsf;f Ig; ghhf;f UNESCO vdg;gltj If;fpa ehlfspd; fy;tp tpq;qhd kw;wk; fyhr;rhu epwtdkhfk;. 65 Chapter /26/05, 3:45 PM

70 SPOTLIGHT 5.1 Sinharaja Trail Map isxyrdch ;=, udr. is;shu rpq;fuh[ ghij tiuglk; The map above shows several recommended trails through Sinharaja Forest that can be accessed through the entry points to the forest. Details of these trails can be obtained from the Forest Department Offices located at the entrances. isxyrdc jkdka;rhg we;=ω ùu i yd ksr foay lr we;s udr.hka lsysmhla by; is;shu u.ska olajd we;' by; udr.hka ms<sn úia;r tu udr. j,g we;=ω jk ia:dkfha msysgd we;s jk ixrcik fomdr ;fïka;=fõ ldr hd,hka fj;ska,nd.; yelsh' NkNyfhl;lg;gl;Ls;s glk; rpq;fuh[ fhl;bds; Eioaf;$ba gy topfisf;fhl;lfpd;wd. mdkjpf;fg;gl;l ghijapy; tpguq;fs;> Eiothapy;fspYs;s fhl;lj;jpizf;fs fhhpahyaj;jpy; fpilf;fk;. A Kudawa Conservation Centre (KCC) l=vj ixrlaik uohia:dkh B Jeep track from KCC to the KRS l=vj ixrlaik uohia:dkfha isg l=vj mr fhaik uohia:dkh olajd ma r: udr.h' C Mulawella peak uq,dje,a, l uq k D Kudawa Research Station (KRS) l=vj mr fhaik uohia:dkh' E Gal-len-yaya..,a f,ka hdh F Sinhagala peak isxy., l uq k G Pitadeniya Conservation Centre (PCC) msgfoksh ixrlaik uohia:dkh H Pitadeniya ticket counter msgfoksh m%fõym;a ljqωj I Track from Mederipitiya to PCC fufo msáh isg msgfoksh ixrlaik uohia:dkhg m%fõy udr.h J Kohila Aramba fldys, wru K Kekuna Ella lel=k we,a, L Pathan-oya Ella m;ka Th we,a, M Duwili Ella (Kosmulla) ú,s we,a, ^fldia uq,a,& N Morningside Conservation Centre (MCC) fudakska ihsâ ixrlaik uohia:dkh O Natural Pool iajndúl c,dyh P Duwili Ella (Morningside) ú,s we,a, 1 Wathurawa-Mulawella j;=rdk-uq,dje,a, 2 From KRS to giant Nawanda tree l=vj mr fhaik uohia:dkfha isg fhdao kjo.i olajd 3 From Sinhagala trail to Gal-len-yaya isxy., jk ux fm; isg.,a j,ka olajd 4 Sinhagala trail from Kudawa l=vj isg isxy., olajd 5 Kohila aramba trail fldys, wru ux fm; 6 Kekuna Ella & Pathan-oya Ella trail lel=k we,a, yd m;ka Th we,a, ux fm; 7 Sinhagala trail from Pitadeniya msgfoksh isg isxy., olajd ux fm; 8 Duwili Ella trail from Denuwakanda fokqjlkao isg ú,s we,a, olajd uxfm; 9 Duwili Ella trail from MCC fudkskaihsâ ixrlaik uohia:dkfha isg ú,s we,a, olajd uxfm; 10 From MCC to the natural pool fudkskaihsâ ixrlaik uohia:dkfha isg iajndúl c,dyhg 11 Trail from Kosmulla via Duwili Ella to Siththara gal lena (cave) fldiauq,a, isg ú,s we,a, yryd is;d.,a f,k 66 Chapter /26/05, 3:46 PM

71 5 SPOTLIGHT 5.2 Kanneliya Trail Map lkafk,sh i yd msúiqï udr.h fd;ndypa ghij tiuglk; 1' Plant Nursery me, ;jdk rpwjhtuq;fs; 2' Interpretation Centre ixrlaik uohia:dkh tpsf;fkspf;fk; ikak; 3' Natural Pool iajndúl c,dyh,aw;ifj;jlhfk; 4' Bat Cave jjq,a.=ydj ntsthy; Fif 5' Kabbale Peak lene,a, l mduq, fngny cr;rp 6' Anagimale Waterfall wk.s u, we,a, mdfpkny eph tpo;r;rp 7' Eco lodge m ir ksjyk #oy; tpl - Ecolodge 8' Millagaha Dola ñ,a,.y we,a, kpy;yq;fnlhth 9' Naran-gas Water Fall Dola kdr.ia we,a, ehud; - tha ephtpo;r;rp The above figure shows access routes to the KDN forest complex. Several recommended trails are also shown. Further Details of these trails can be obtained from the Forest Department Office located at the entrance. by; we;s is;shu u.ska lkafk,sh jkdka;rh i yd msúish yels udr.hka olajd we;' ;jo jkdka;rh ;=< mj;sk jk uxfm;a lsysmhlao fuys i yka lr we;' fuu jkdka;r msúiqï ia:dkfha we;s jk ixrlaik fomdr ;fïka;= ldr hd,hla u.ska jeä r f;dr;=re,nd.; yelsh' tyg;gf;fks;s glk; fd;dypa fhl;lj; njhfjpf;fhpa ghijiaf; fhl;lfpd;wj. gy mdkjpf;fg;gl;l topfsk; fhl;lg;gl;ls;sd. NkYk; Nkyjpf fhl;lg;ghij gw;wpa tpguq;fs; EiothapypYs;s fhl;l,yhf;fhtpd; fhhpaj;jpy; fpilf;fk;. 67 Chapter /26/05, 3:46 PM