Conflicts in the Middle East

Transcription

1 SECTION 3 Step-by-Step Instruction Objectives As you teach this section, keep students focused on the following objectives to help them answer the Section Focus Question and master core content. Understand why Arabs and Israelis fought over land. Explain why civil war ravaged Lebanon. Outline Iraq s long history of conflict. 3 WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO Two Peoples Claim the Same Land Many Jewish Israelis believe that the quotation from the Bible, below, promises Israel to the Jewish people as descendants of Abraham (Abram). Many Muslims also believe that they are the spiritual heirs to Abraham, as stated in the Quran. They too feel entitled to the land as part of Abraham s legacy. Representatives of both peoples have lived in the land for centuries. On that day the LORD made a covenant with Abram, saying, To your descendants I give this land.... Genesis 15:18 He [Allah] has chosen you and has placed no hardship on you in practicing your religion the religion of your father Abraham. Quran 22:78 Focus Question What are the causes of conflict in the Middle East? An Israeli soldier and a Palestinian Arab pass each other in the street. Conflicts in the Middle East Prepare to Read Build Background Knowledge Review the key historical issues that affected the modern Middle East. (independence from colonial powers, the formation of Israel, the growing world demand for oil, and conflicts between Islamists and secularists) Ask students to predict likely conflicts in the modern Middle East. Set a Purpose WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection aloud or play the audio. AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, Two Peoples Claim the Same Land Ask What is the main idea of the quotations? (Both groups descend from Abraham.) Focus Point out the Section Focus Question and write it on the board. Tell students to refer to this question as they read. (Answer appears with Section 3 Assessment answers.) Preview Have students preview the Section Objectives and the list of Terms, People, and Places. Have students read this section using the Structured Read Aloud strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, have students fill in the flowchart sequencing events in Middle East conflicts. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 212 Objectives Understand why Arabs and Israelis fought over land. Explain why civil war ravaged Lebanon. Outline Iraq s long history of conflict. Terms, People, and Places occupied territories Yasir Arafat intifada Yitzhak Rabin Jerusalem militia Vocabulary Builder Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use word from this section. Teaching Resources, Unit 5, p. 46; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3 High-Use Word diverse, p. 695 Saddam Hussein no-fly zone weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) insurgent Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence Keep track of the sequence of events in the conflicts in the Middle East with a flowchart like the one below. Arab-Israeli Conflict 1948: Israel is founded Middle Eastern Conflicts Lebanon Iraq For decades, the Middle East has been the focus of conflicts that have had a global impact. The Middle East commands vast oil resources and key waterways such as the Persian Gulf. During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union wanted access to the oil and the waterways. Since the end of the Cold War, Western nations have acted to prevent regional powers from interfering with the region s oil supply. Meanwhile, the persistent dispute between Israelis and Palestinian Arabs has added to tensions. Arabs and Israelis Fight Over Land Modern Israel was established in 1948 in accordance with the United Nations Partition Plan. The Palestinian Arabs regarded the UN action as illegitimate and rejected the state offered to them. Conflicting claims to this land led to repeated violence. After the 1948 war that followed Israel s founding, Israel and its Arab neighbors fought three more wars, in 1956, 1967, and In these wars, Israel defeated Arab forces and gained more land. Between the wars, Israel faced guerrilla and terrorist attacks. Repeatedly, the United States tried to bring about peace. Israel Controls the Occupied Territories In the 1967 war, in response to hostility by its neighbors, Israeli forces took control of territories occupied by Jordan and Egypt since 1948, including the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip. They also took control of the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt and the Golan Heights from Syria. In 1973, these nations attacked Israel on Yom Kippur, one of the holiest days of the Jewish year. Definition and Sample Sentence adj. multiple, varied, different Because Molly keeps such a diverse mix of pets, friends tease that she runs a farm. 692 Regional Conflicts

2 In the 1973 war, Arabs failed to regain the regions they had lost to Israel, called by Palestinians the occupied territories. Israel s government later helped Jewish settlers build homes in settlements in these territories, causing more bitterness among the Palestinians. Palestinian Attacks Bring Israeli Response For decades, the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) led the struggle against Israel. Headed by Yasir Arafat, the PLO had deep support among Palestinians. The PLO called for the destruction of Israel. It attacked Israelis at home and abroad. The PLO gained world attention with airplane hijackings and the killing of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympic games. In 1987, Palestinians in the occupied territories started to resist Israel with intifadas, or uprisings. Demanding an end to Israeli occupation, young Palestinians stoned and fired on Israeli troops. Suicide bombers blew up buses, stores, and clubs in Israel, killing many civilians. Israel responded by sealing off and raiding Palestinian towns and targeting terrorist leaders. Many Palestinian civilians lost their lives in these raids. Seeking Peace Despite the violence, the United States, the UN, and other nations pushed for peace. Golda Meir, Israel s first woman prime minister, was planning peace talks when Arab nations attacked in As you have read, Israel and Egypt signed a peace accord in Israel then returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. In 1994, Jordan s King Hussein made peace with Israel. However, talks between Syria and Israel failed over various issues, including control of the Golan Heights. In 1993, Yasir Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (rah BEEN) signed the Oslo Accords. This plan gave Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank limited self-rule under a Palestinian Authority. The PLO recognized Israel s right to exist and pledged to stop terrorist attacks on Israel. Arafat led the Palestinian Authority until his death in A City Sacred to Many Jerusalem is dotted with many places that are sacred to the Jewish people, Christians, and Muslims. This photograph shows the Western Wall, a Jewish holy place. In the background is the Dome of the Rock, an important Islamic shrine. How might Jerusalem s sacred status make it harder to resolve competing Israeli and Palestinian Arab claims to the city? Teach Arabs and Israelis Fight Over Land Instruct Introduce Point out that the photograph on this page shows a place holy to Jews in the foreground and one holy to Muslims in the middle ground. Remind students that Jerusalem is a city holy to Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Strong feelings of religious entitlement have added to the conflict. Ask students to predict how these feelings would affect the conflict over land. Teach Display Color Transparency 198: Israel and the Occupied Territories. Trace the factors influencing ongoing conflict between Israelis and Palestinians. Ask Why are Israelis and Palestinians at odds? (Both claim land in what is now Israel and the occupied territories.) What circumstances might bring an end to the cycle of violence? (Answers will vary but could include an end to suicide attacks, increased security so that people feel safe, and elimination of poverty in the region.) Color Transparencies, 198 Quick Activity Web Code nbp-3231 will take students to an interactive map based on the map in the Infographic on the next page. Have students complete the interactivity and then answer the questions in the text. Solutions for All Learners L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers Have students create a timeline from 1947 to the present. As they read the text, have them label the appropriate year or span of years on the timeline with the major events in the Arab-Israeli conflict, including steps toward peace. Then have them write two or three sentences that sum up the current situation. L2 English Language Learners Use the following resources to help students acquire basic skills. Adapted Reading and Note Taking Study Guide Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 212 Adapted Section Summary, p. 213 Answer Caption Sample: Because people care deeply about their religion, they may be less likely to compromise on issues of claims to religious sites. Chapter 20 Section 3 693

3 Independent Practice Have students fill in the Outline Map Israel and the Occupied Territories. Teaching Resources, Unit 5, p. 54 Viewpoints To help students better understand the different views on the creation of the state of Israel in 1948, have them read the selection The Creation of the State of Israel and complete the worksheet. Teaching Resources, Unit 5, p. 50 Primary Source To provide students with one solution to the Israeli- Palestinian conflict, have them read the selection Sowing Seeds of Peace by Sara Rimer and complete the worksheet. Teaching Resources, Unit 5, p. 49 Monitor Progress As students fill in their flowcharts, circulate to make sure they can trace the sequence of events in Middle East conflicts. For a completed version of the flowchart, see Note Taking Transparencies, 200 Circulate to make sure students are filling in their Outline Maps accurately. Administer the Geography Quiz. Teaching Resources, Unit 5, p. 55 EGYPT INFOGRAPHIC * LEBANON Tel West Aviv Bank Ramallah Jerusalem Bethlehem Hebron Gaza Gaza Strip* ISRAEL M e d i t e r r a n e a n Israel, 1949 Occupied by Israel after 1967, some areas under Palestinian administration after 1994 Israeli troops and civilians withdrawn, 2005 S e a Haifa Elat Sea of Galilee Jordan River SYRIA Golan Heights Jericho Dead Sea JORDAN Conflict has dragged on for years in the region. Palestinian Arabs resent the Israeli occupation. Some have responded with suicide bombings targeting Israeli civilians. Israeli forces have responded with attacks on Palestinian militants that have also killed some civilians. Hopes for peace in the region center on ending this cycle of violence and retaliation. Palestinian suicide bombers have set off deadly explosions in public places that have killed Israeli civilians. The bus in this photo was torn apart by a bomb carried by a Palestinian terrorist. Ongoing Violence Although Arafat s successor, Mahmoud Abbas (ah BAHS), pledged to stop Palestinian attacks on Israel, violence continued. Fierce divisions split the Palestinian Authority between Fatah, the party of Arafat and his successors, and Hamas, a radical Islamist group. Hamas was funded by Iran and rejected Israel s right to exist. After its impressive victory in the 2006 Palestinian parliamentary election, Hamas seized control of Gaza in 2007, ousting Fatah supporters. In response, Israel imposed an economic blockade on Gaza, allowing only humanitarian aid to enter. Hamas used Gaza as a launching ground for rocket attacks on Israel. In early 2009, Israeli forces invaded the densely populated Gaza Strip to stop the attacks. A short destructive war resulted in high civilian casualties and ended in a shaky ceasefire. Obstacles to Peace Decades of conflict and mistrust make peace hard to achieve. Many issues pose obstacles. One issue is land claims. Palestinians who were forced off their lands in earlier wars want the right of return, or the right to resettle on their lands in Israel. Israelis oppose this right, which could overwhelm the Jewish state with large numbers of Palestinians. A second obstacle to peace is the issue of Jewish settlements in the West Bank, an area claimed by Palestinians. In the early 2000s, the Israeli government forced Jewish settlers to leave Gaza. Palestinians also insist that Jewish settlers must leave the West Bank. A third stumbling block is Jerusalem, a city sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Israel occupied Arab East Jerusalem in Later, it added East Jerusalem to Israel and made the city the capital of Israel. The government allowed Muslims and Christians to control their holy sites within the city. Palestinians, however, insist that East Jerusalem must be the capital of any Palestinian state. Solutions for All Learners L4 Advanced Readers L4 Gifted and Talented To challenge students to solve historical problems, have them conduct library or Internet research on Palestinian claims to land within Israel and Israeli claims to land within the disputed areas. Have them create a list of arguments both for and against Palestinian claims to a right of return. Then have them write a letter to the editor on this issue. Their letters should propose a solution and use arguments based on their research. For scoring rubrics for letters to the editor, see Assessment Rubrics, p Regional Conflicts

4 Economic Output per Person Economic output per person (U.S. dollars) 20,000 15,000 10,000 $19,800 5,000 0 $800 $600 Israel West Bank Gaza SOURCE: CIA World Factbook, 2005 Israeli counterattacks in the occupied territories have killed Palestinians, including some civilians. Some 20,000 people attended this funeral for Palestinians killed in an Israeli attack. For: Interactive map Web Code: nap-3231 Lack of development, years of conflict, and corruption have crippled the economy of the West Bank and Gaza. Meanwhile, Palestinian attacks have forced Israel to limit Palestinians access to jobs in Israel. Poverty in the West Bank and Gaza Strip has led to desperation among Palestinians. Over time, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has fueled the anger of radical Islamist groups around the world. The growing popularity of Hamas and Hezbollah, a radical Islamist group based in Lebanon, created more conflict. These groups reject Israel s right to exist and condemn its ally, the United States, as well as moderate Arab governments involved in the peace process. By the early 2000s, the United States, the European Union, Russia, and the UN supported a plan known as the road map to peace in the Middle East. It supports a two-state solution, with peaceful coexistence between Israel and a stable, democratic Palestinian state. To achieve this, it called for an end to violence and terrorism. Some Israeli and Palestinian leaders accepted the plan, while Iran and radical Islamist groups rejected it. What obstacles have prevented peace between Israel and the Palestinians? Civil War Ravages Lebanon Historically, Lebanon was a thriving center of commerce. Its population included diverse ethnic and religious groups. After Lebanon won independence, the government depended on a delicate balance among Arab Christian sects, Sunni and Shiite Muslims, and Druze, people with a religion related to Islam. Arab Christians held the most power, but local strongmen controlled their own districts with private armies. Growing Tensions By the 1970s, the Arab-Israeli conflict was contributing to problems in nearby Lebanon. As Palestinian refugees fled into Lebanon after each new conflict with Israel, Lebanon s Muslim population grew to outnumber Christians. Tensions rose as PLO guerrillas disguised as refugees then crossed the border to attack Israel. Some Israelis and Palestinians, such as the men in this photograph, have chosen peaceful dialogue rather than violence as a way to bridge their differences. Dialogue between the two sides offers the best hope for ending this regional conflict. Thinking Critically 1. Graph Skills How does economic output in the West Bank and Gaza Strip compare with that in Israel? 2. Draw Conclusions How might violence by both sides tend to prolong the Palestinian-Israeli conflict? Vocabulary Builder diverse (dih VURS) adj. multiple, varied, different Civil War Ravages Lebanon Instruct Introduce: Vocabulary Builder Have students read the Vocabulary Builder term and definition. Ask them to recall the overflow of conflicts in the former Yugoslavia. Ask students to speculate why one conflict in a region with diverse groups living in close contact can fuel other conflicts so easily. Teach Discuss the delicate political balance among ethnic and religious groups in independent Lebanon. Use the Numbered Heads Strategy (TE, p.t23) and ask How did the Israeli- Palestinian conflict affect the delicate balance of power in Lebanon? (It added Palestinian Muslims to Lebanon, such that they outnumbered Christians. Attacks on Israel from Lebanon brought Israeli counterattacks.) How did Israel and Syria intervene in the civil war in Lebanon? (Israel invaded to destroy bases that threatened Israel. Syria attacked in response.) How is the Lebanese civil war similar to others you have read about? (People of different ethnicities and religions fought over access to power.) Quick Activity Organize students to debate the following statement: Israel had the right to attack PLO bases in Lebanon as a way of protecting itself. Independent Practice Ask students to find news articles describing the current situation in Lebanon. Have students write a paragraph comparing recent developments to the situation described in the text. How has it changed? How has Lebanon s situation remained the same? Monitor Progress Read aloud the red heading and the black headings that follow. Ask students to briefly summarize each subsection. History Background Shiites and Sunnis The split between Sunni and Shiite Muslims dates back to the middle 600s A.D., just a few decades after Islam first appeared. Muhammad s son-in-law, named Ali, was the fourth caliph, or spiritual and temporal ruler, of Islam after Muhammad. He died in a struggle between his followers and others. The Shiites believe that only Ali and his descendants are the legitimate leaders of the Islamic world. Shiites number between 60 and 80 million people, which is about one in every ten Muslims. They are a majority in Iran and Iraq, though there are sizable Shiite communities in other nations. Shiites have rarely had political power outside of modern Iran. Shiite religious leaders have guided Iran s government since the Islamic revolution of Answers Obstacles included land claims by Palestinians within Israel, Israeli settlements in the West Bank, and conflicting claims to Jerusalem. Thinking Critically 1. Economic output is much lower in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. 2. Violence by each side would tend to increase distrust and calls for vengeance toward the other side. Chapter 20 Section 3 695

5 Iraq s History of Conflict Instruct Introduce Display a current newspaper describing the situation in Iraq. Then ask students what they know about Iraqi history, including the time prior to Saddam Hussein and the Iran- Iraq War of the 1980s. Remind students of Iraq s oil wealth. Ask them to predict how this might play a role in conflicts in Iraq. Teach Review Saddam Hussein s rise to power. Discuss why Saddam Hussein seized land from Iran, invaded Kuwait, and defied UN restrictions. Invite students thoughts on the U.S.-led invasion of 2002, and on the events that have followed in Iraq. Ask students what they think will happen next in Iraq. Quick Activity Display Color Transparency 197: Ethnoreligious Groups in Iraq. Use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion on the reasons that ethnoreligious distribution has contributed to Iraq s history of conflict. Color Transparencies, 197 Independent Practice Direct students attention to the photos on this page and the next. Have them write a caption that could fit with the two pictures if they were displayed together. Captions should explain how Iraq s situation changed from one picture to the other. Monitor Progress Check Reading and Note Taking Study Guide entries for student understanding. Saddam Hussein s Dictatorship Saddam Hussein, shown here in a propaganda poster in 1982, turned Iraq into a brutal police state, in which critics were tortured and killed. Civil War and Conflict With Israel In 1975, Lebanon was plunged into civil war. Christian and Muslim militias, or armed groups of citizen soldiers, battled each other. In 1982, Israel invaded southern Lebanon to stop cross-border attacks. Syria occupied eastern Lebanon. UN peacekeepers tried to end the fighting but withdrew after hundreds were killed by suicide bombers. After 16 years, Lebanese leaders finally restored order. Beirut, the ruined capital, was slowly rebuilt. Deep divisions remained in Lebanon. Rival militias controlled different regions. In 2006, Hezbollah attacked Israel from southern Lebanon, sparking a war that lasted just over a month. The war killed civilians in both Israel and Lebanon and caused widespread damage across Lebanon. Despite the costs, Hezbollah, backed by Syria and Iran, remained popular among Lebanon s Shiite Muslims. In 2008, a new power-sharing agreement was reached in Lebanon. The agreement increased Hezbollah s power, but contained a pledge that no faction would use its weapons within Lebanon. in Lebanon? How did an influx of Palestinians contribute to conflict Iraq s History of Conflict Since the 1950s, ethnic and religious divisions, oil resources, and border disputes have led to conflict in Iraq. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union competed for influence in Iraq, which had vast oil reserves and was strategically located on the Persian Gulf. Iraq was carved out of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. Its population included Sunni and Shiite Arabs as well as Kurds. Although Shiites formed a majority in Iraq, Sunni Arabs controlled the government. Kurds, who lived in the north, distrusted the government and wanted self-rule. Divisions among these groups fed tensions in Iraq. The Iran-Iraq War In 1980, Iraqi dictator, Saddam Hussein, took advantage of turmoil in neighboring Iran following its Islamic revolution by seizing a disputed border region. His action sparked a long, costly war. Iraq used superior weapons and poison gas to stop waves of Iranian soldiers. After both sides attacked foreign oil tankers and oil fields in the Persian Gulf, the United States sent naval forces to protect shipping lanes. The war ended in a stalemate in For both Iran and Iraq, the human and economic toll was enormous. During the war, Saddam Hussein brutally repressed a Kurdish revolt in the north. He also used chemical weapons on Kurdish civilians. His actions sparked outrage and charges of genocide. The 1991 Gulf War In 1990, Iraq invaded its oil-rich neighbor, Kuwait. Saddam Hussein claimed that Kuwait was historically part of Iraq. In fact, he wanted control of Kuwait s vast oil fields and greater access to the Persian Gulf. The United States saw Saddam s move not only as illegal, but also as a threat to its ally, Saudi Arabia, and to the oil resources of the region. It formed an international coalition to drive Iraq out of Kuwait. In the 1991 Gulf War, the U.S.-led coalition operated under the UN banner. It quickly crushed Iraqi forces and freed Kuwait. Answer It added Muslims, such that Muslims outnumbered Christians. This upset the balance of power among Lebanon s ethnic groups. It also led to conflict with Israel. Solutions for All Learners L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers To help students master vocabulary, have them make a list of this section s Vocabulary Builder terms and Key Terms and People. Encourage students to include in the list additional terms and phrases that may be new to them, such as guerrilla, prolong, radical, and turmoil. Then have them create flashcards with the L2 English Language Learners term on one side and its definition (or, in the case of Key People, an identifying statement) on the other. For English Language Learners, you may wish to have students add explanations in their first language to go with the flashcards. Pair students and have them quiz each other, using the flashcards. 696 Regional Conflicts

6 Despite defeat, Saddam Hussein remained in power. He brutally crushed revolts by Shiite Muslims and the minority Kurds. He used torture and terror to impose his will. Saddam Defies the UN To protect the Shiites and Kurds, the UN set up no-fly zones, or areas where Iraqi aircraft were banned. The UN also tried to discover if Saddam Hussein was building weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), or nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons. It imposed economic sanctions on Iraq to limit its oil sales and its use of oil profits. For years, Saddam Hussein defied the UN. U.S. Forces Invade After the 2001 terrorist attacks, the United States claimed that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction and was supporting terrorists. It formed a coalition that invaded Iraq in Coalition forces toppled Saddam, who was later tried and executed for war crimes by a new Iraqi government. Backed by U.S. and coalition forces, Shiite, Kurdish, and Sunni leaders wrote a constitution and held national elections in Efforts to rebuild Iraq were hampered by guerrilla attacks and suicide bombings. Insurgents, or rebels, from rival Shiite and Sunni groups targeted civilians and government workers. Civil War Threatens Iraq By 2005, ethnic and religious divisions had pushed the country to the brink of civil war. The United States and Britain worked to train the Iraqi military and police. In 2007, the United States increased troop levels in a surge to end the fighting. The violence and death tolls declined. Iraq s Shiite-led government faced many obstacles. It needed to promote reconciliation among bitterly divided factions. Sunnis claimed that the new government failed to represent their interests. Kurds in the north still sought autonomy. Much of the country s oil industry had been destroyed. An estimated 2 million Iraqi refugees remained outside the country. Despite the troubles, Iraqi leaders grew more confident. They expanded their security forces and agreed to a withdrawal of all U.S. troops by Why has conflict persisted in Iraq since the defeat of Saddam Hussein? 3 Urban Warfare in Iraq Iraqi foot soldiers accompany a U.S. military vehicle. They are patrolling a war-torn neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq s capital, in U.S. and Iraqi forces worked together to try to stop violence between Sunni and Shiite forces. Progress Monitoring Online For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice Web Code: naa-3231 Assess and Reteach Assess Progress Have students complete the Section Assessment. Administer the Section Quiz. Teaching Resources, Unit 5, p. 45 To further assess student understanding, use Progress Monitoring Transparencies, 139 Reteach If students need more instruction, have them read the section summary. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 213 Adapted Reading and L1 Note Taking Study Guide, p. 213 Spanish Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 213 Extend L4 See this Chapter s Professional Development pages for the Extend Online activity on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Answer Some Iraqis resented foreign occupation and attacked occupying forces and those cooperating with them; ethnic and religious tensions between Shite Muslims, Sunni Muslims, and Kurds added to the unrest. L2 L2 Terms, People, and Places 1. What do each of the terms, people, and places listed at the beginning of the section have in common? Explain. 2. Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence Use your finished flowchart to answer the Focus Question: What are the causes of conflict in the Middle East? Comprehension and Critical Thinking 3. Draw Conclusions Why has the Arab- Israeli conflict been so difficult to resolve? 4. Identify Central Issues What were the causes of Lebanon s civil war? 5. Synthesize Information Why did the UN impose economic sanctions in Iraq after the 1991 Gulf War? Writing About History Quick Write: Make an Outline To write a research report, you need to make an outline that organizes information that you have gathered. Suppose that you are writing a research report on the Arab-Israeli conflict. Make an outline that organizes the information in this section about that conflict. Section 3 Assessment 1. Sentences should reflect an understanding of each term, person, or place listed at the beginning of the section. 2. competing claims to land, especially holy land; religious and ethnic differences; competition for oil; defiance of Western powers 3. Both sides feel committed to their land claims. 4. Arabs and Israelis both consider Jerusalem a holy city, and both want to control it. 5. An influx of Muslim Palestinian refugees upset Lebanon s ethnic and religious balance of power. This led to conflict. 6. to prevent Iraq from building weapons of mass destruction Writing About History Outlines should follow logical structures of main ideas and supporting ideas. These ideas should include the key causes for the Arab-Israeli conflict, such as competing claims to land. For additional assessment, have students access Progress Monitoring Online at Web Code nba Chapter 20 Section 3 697