Anatomy and Physiology of the Articulatory System
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1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Articulatory System Prepared by: Manwa L. Ng, Ph.D All images and media adopted without permission. Internal use only.
2 Agenda Overview of the speech producdon mechanism Anatomy of the ardculatory system Skeletal framework Musculature Physiology of the ardculatory system 2
3 Speech production - overview Anatomically and physiologically, it is divided into three components: RespiraDon PhonaDon ArDculaDon In theory, these components are independent of each other 3
4 Speech production - overview These systems all have their own biological (B) and (S) speech funcdons Phonatory system B: a valving system in the throat S: sound generadon Respiratory system B: breathing S: power supply for speech producdon ArDculatory system B: masdcadon, degluddon, gustadon S: resonance, sound generadon 4
5 The articulatory system Everything above the larynx, = supralaryngeal system Complicated; quite irregular Involves the endre skull (cranium) and face Shape of ardculatory system is flexible Movement is reladvely fast Few superficial structures. Most structures lie deep inside What is the meaning of ardculadon? 5
6 Major functions Biological funcdon MasDcaDon DegluDDon GustaDon DigesDon Speech funcdon ArDculaDon, resonance Sound generadon 6
7 The vocal tract 4 cavides in the vocal tract: Buccal cavity Oral cavity Nasal cavity Pharyngeal cavity DefiniDons FuncDon of vocal tract Resonance ArDculaDon 7
8 Cavities of the articulatory system Buccal cavity Anterior: two lips Posterior: two teeth Size variable Oral cavity Anterior: two teeth Posterior: anterior faucial pillar Superior: hard and sob palates Inferior: tongue Nasal cavity Pharyngeal cavity From base of skull to esophagus 3 divisions nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx 8
9 The oral cavity 9
10 The oral cavity Anterior faucial pillars Posterior faucial pillars Boundary: Floor: tongue Anterior: teeth Posterior: anterior faucial pillars Roof: hard palate, sob palate & uvula 10
11 The nasal cavity 11
12 The nasal cavity Shape reladvely fixed Lined with mucous membrane (sob, warm, and pliable) Inferior nasal concha (turbinate) Nasal septum 12
13 The pharyngeal cavity A musculotendinous tube A constrictor Peristalsis: wave- like contracdon for movement of food bolus Inferiorly connecdng to esophageal opening (UES) (cricopharyngeus muscle) Eustachian tube Where is it? FuncDon 13
14 The pharyngeal cavity Nasopharynx Base of skull - sob palate Oropharynx Sob palate - hyoid bone Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone - cricoid cardlage 14
15 The skeletal framework The skull Cranial bones - forming the cranium, housing the brain Facial bones - contribute to the facial configuradon 15
16 The skull - anterior view Orbits Nasal opening Supra- and infra- orbital margins Frontal bone, glabella Zygoma (cheek) Upper and low jaws Nasal bone Nasal septum 16
17 The skull - lateral view TMJ (Temporomandibular joint) Upper and lower jaws Parietal bones Temporal bones Anterior nasal spine ZygomaDc bones 17
18 The skull - superior view (cut) Ethmoid bone, crista galli Sphenoid bone, sella turcica Foramen magnum Occipital bone Superior occipital protuberance 18
19 The skull - inferior view Hard palate (maxillary bone + paladne bone) Posterior nasal spine Foramen magnum Occipital condyles Occipital bone ZygomaDc bones TMJ Temporal bones (mastoid process) 19
20 The face - anterior view 20
21 The face - lateral view 21
22 The mandible A.k.a. lower jaw The only freely moving bone in the skull TMJ - a bi- condyloid joint Teeth do not belong to mandible Movements: rotadonal & transladonal Closely related to tongue movement 22
23 The mandible Ramus Body Angle Alveolar process Coronoid process Condyloid process Mandibular notch Oblique line Mylohyoid line Mental & mandibular foramens 23
24 Occlusion Occlusion - reladve posidoning of the mandible and maxillary bones Malocclusion May be caused by reladve sizes of the mandible and the upper jaw May be caused by imperfecdon of TMJ Angle s ClassificaDon: Class I: normal occlusion Class II: retracted mandible Class III: protruded (prognathic) mandible 24
25 Occlusion 25
26 The hard palate Anterior 3/4: formed by paladne process of maxillary bones Posterior 1/4: formed by horizontal process of paladne bones Incisive foramen Median suture Alveolar process Sob palate (more later) 26
27 The hard palate 27
28 Speech muscles Divided into different regions: Labial Lingual Mandibular Palatal Pharyngeal 28
29 The lips Biological funcdon Speech funcdon bilabial sounds /p, b/, /f, v/, /w/, /u/ etc. A sphincter Corner of the mouth Orbicularis oris superioris & inferioris No definite shape and size Muscle fibers in circular fashion 29
30 The lips 30
31 The lips 31
32 The lips Other muscles assisdng the lips: Buccinator Risorius Levator labii superioris Depressor labii inferioris Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi Levator anguli oris Depressor anguli oris ZygomaDcus major ZygomaDcus minor Mentalis Platysma 32
33 The teeth LocaDon, shape, and size reladvely fixed Lower teeth move with mandible Biological funcdon MasDcaDon (physically break down food, increase surface area for digesdon) Defense (in lower animals) Speech funcdon Dental sounds /ɵ, ð/, /f, v/, /s, z/, /ʃ, ʒ/ etc. 33
34 The tongue The fastest moving ardculator Shape and locadon of tongue can be changed by intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles Major funcdons: to change the resonance property of the vocal tract Biological funcdon: gustadon, tacdle, 34
35 The tongue Oral/palatal part: Tip Blade Dorsum Pharyngeal part: Root Tongue body Glossectomy - surgical removal of tongue 35
36 Gustation Biological funcdons GustaDon (taste buds) MasDcaDon Speech funcdon Lingual sounds, very important as many sounds are involved with tongue Dp and blade (/l, n, d, t, k, g, r, w, u, i, s, z, /) 36
37 Intrinsic tongue muscles Superior longitudinal tongue muscle Inferior longitudinal tongue muscle VerDcal tongue muscle Transverse tongue muscle 37
38 Intrinsic tongue muscles Mainly to change the configuradon of tongue (tension, shape, length, tongue Dp curling, etc.) ParDcularly important in /s, z/, / r/, /l/ 38
39 Extrinsic tongue muscles Genioglossus Styloglossus Palatoglossus Hyoglossus 39
40 Extrinsic tongue muscles Mainly used to change locadon of tongue FronDng, backing, elevadon, depression 40
41 Tongue movement and tongue muscles Tongue frondng: E.g. /ө/, /ð/, /i/ Genioglossus (posterior fibers) (GGP) (+ jaw movement) Tongue Dp up E.g. /s/, /l/, /n/, /t/ GGP + superior longitudinal Tongue dorsum back and up E.g. /u/, /w/, /k/ Styloglossus (+ palatoglossus) 41
42 Tongue movement and tongue muscles Tongue surface groove E.g. /s/ VerDcalis lingualis Tongue Dp curling up E.g. /l/, /r/ Superior longitudinal Tongue lowering & flaqening E.g. /a/ Hyoglossus + inferior longitudinal Tongue deviadon E.g. licking the corner of mouth Superior longitudinal 42
43 The jaw Biological funcdon MasDcaDon Speech funcdon Very important as many other ardculators move with the mandible Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) 43
44 Mandibular elevators Mandibular Elevators Temporalis Masseter Medial / Internal pterygoid muscle 44
45 Temporalis m. 45
46 Masseter m. 46
47 Masseter m. 47
48 Medial pterygoid m. 48
49 Mandibular depressors Digastricus Mylohyoid Geniohyoid Lateral / External pterygoid muscle 49
50 Mandibular depressors 50
51 Lateral pterygoid m. 51
52 Lateral pterygoid m. 52
53 Jaw involvement in speech Low vowels vs. high vowels Consonants: bilabial, alveolar, velar Tongue moves as the mandible moves; tongue and mandible move as one system 53
54 The soft palate 54
55 The soft palate Sob palate forms the posterior 1/3 of the endre palate Formed by muscles An important part of the velopharyngeal (VP) port VP port = gateway to nasal cavity, controls nasality Open VP port, nasal resonance Cleb palate 55
56 Cleft palate Nasals vs. oral sounds Nasalized vowels QuesDon: Nasalized or non- nasalized during a cold? 56
57 Palatal muscles Tensor veli paladni m. Levator veli paladni m. Uvula m. Palatoglossus m. Anterior faucial pillars Palatopharyngeus m. Posterior faucial pillars 57
58 Palatal muscles 58
59 Palatal muscles 59
60 Palate movement 60
61 Pharyngeal constrictors 61
62 Pharyngeal constrictors Superior pharyngeal constrictors Pterygopharyngeus m. Buccopharyngeus m. Mylopharyngeus m. Glossopharyngeus m. Middle pharyngeal constrictors Chondropharyngeus m. Ceratopharyngeus m. 62
63 Pharyngeal constrictors Inferior pharyngeal constrictors Thyropharyngeus m. Cricopharyngeus m. Stylopharyngeus m. Salpingopharyngeus m. Palatopharyngeus m. 63
64 Links More pictures (courtesy to Loyala University Medical EducaDon Network) My site And many more 64
65 65
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