EP Grade 5 Science Animals Information Booklet Unit 5 Name: Class:

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1 EP Grade 5 Science Animals Information Booklet Unit 5 Name: Class: 1

2 - Unit 5 - Animals Section 1: Classifying Organisms To make organisms easier to study, scientists put them into different groups. This is called classification. The biggest groups are called kingdoms. Here are the five kingdoms: Plants Animals Fungi Protists Prokaryotes Plants can photosynthesize to make their food. Ani mals need to eat plants or other animals. Fungi someti mes look like plants but get their food from other living things. Protists are sometimes like very small animals or plants. Prokaryotes are the smallest living things. Bacteria are in this kingdom. The five kingdoms are then classified into smaller groups as show n below for an Eastern Grey Squirrel. Kingdom (biggest group) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (Smallest group) Animal Kingdom Vertebrates Mammals Rodents Squirrels Bushy tailed squirrels Eastern Grey Squirrel Latin names Animals have different common names in every country. Here are some names for a cat in defferent countries: chat, katze, gatz, miu, pussi, pishyakan, muca, billi, kottur, neko, paka, แมว, katt, kitska or chatul! The Latin name for a cat is Felis catus. Having a Latin name stops scientists in different countries from getting confused! 2

3 Section 2: The Animal Kingdom Scientists classify an organism into the Animal Kingdom when they know it has the following two features: It has many cells to make up its body. It gets its food by eating other organisms. In the animal kingdom, each animal is classified into a smaller group called a phylum. There are nine major phyla of animals. Sponges Cnidarians Echinoderms Flatworms Roundworms Segmented Worms Molluscs Arthropods Vertebrates 3

4 Section 3: Vertebrates Only one of the nine different Phyla of animals have a backbone. These are called the vertebrate animals and are in the Phylum Chordata. There are five classes of vertebrate animals: Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals 3.1 Fish Fish breathe through gills, and live in water. Most fish are coldblooded and lay eggs, although sharks give birth to live young. 3.2 Amphibians Fish are cold-blooded vertebrates. This giant fish was caught in Thailand. Amphibians are cold-blooded and live both on land (breathing with lungs) and in water (breathing through gills) at different times. Three types of amphibians are frogs and toads, salamanders, and caecilians. Caecilians are primitive amphibians that resemble earthworms. They are found in the tropics. Three types of Amphibians: Frogs and Toads Salamanders Caecilians 4

5 3.3 Reptiles Reptiles are cold-blooded and breathe with lungs. They have scales, and most lay eggs. Reptiles include snakes, turtles and tortoises, crocodiles and alligators, and lizards. 3.4 Birds Snakes are amphibians. Some snakes are venomous! Birds are warm-blooded animals with feathers and wings. They lay eggs. Most birds can fly, although some birds like penguins, emus and ostriches cannot. Most birds can fly like this hawk. Some birds, like penguins, cannot fly. 3.5 Mammals Mammals are warm-blooded animals. When they are babies they drink their mothers' milk. Most mammals also have body hair. Humans are mammals. Even though they look very different, humans and dolphins are both mammals. Most mammals are born live, however platypus lay eggs. 5

6 Section 4: Invertebrates Eight of the nine phyla in the Animal Kingdom do not have a backbone. These animals are called Invertebrates. The eight invertebrate phyla are: Sponges Cnidarians Echinoderms Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods 4.1 Sponges (Porifera) Sponges were the first group of animals to live on Earth. Their Latin name is Porifera. Habitat: Sponges are very simple animals that live in the same place under water. Anatomy: What does it look like? Epidermis the layer of cells that covers the outside of a sponge. The epidermis has lots of pores (holes). Holdfast like roots on a plant this part helps the sponge attach to rocks. Osculum large openings in a sponge through which water flows out. A sponge may have more than one. Diet: How do they feed? Water flows through the pores in its epidermis and into its body. Sponges eat the tiny organisms and plankton that they filter from the water. This picture shows the features of a sponge. Reproduction: How do they make babies? Most sponges can act as the female or the male in reproduction. Some sponges reproduce asexually. This means that a piece of sponge can break off it and grow into another sponge. 6

7 4.2 Cnidarians (Cnidaria) Cnidarians are sometimes called Coelenterates. They are also an old animal group. Coelenterates have mouths which take in food from the water and get rid of waste. They are surrounded by stinging tentacles, which are long and separate from the body. Jellyfish are Coelenterates Some coelenterates are jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones. 4.3 Echinoderms (Echinodermata) Echinoderms live in seawater and have external skeletons or a hard shell on the outside of their body. In Greek, echinoderm means spiny skin. Echinoderms include starfish, sea urchins and sea cucumbers. Jellyfish are Coelenterates Starfish, sea urchins and sea cucumbers are Echinoderms. Anatomy: All echinoderms have radial symmetry. This means all body parts radiate from a central point. They usually has five symmetrical sections around a central point. For example, Starfish have five legs with the mouth in the center. Most echinoderms have tiny feet that are hollow, like tubes. And all echinoderms have a network of tubes filled with seawater inside their bodies. There are about 6,500 species of echinoderms living today. Habitat: Echinoderms live in every ocean of the world. Some species live in warm, tropical waters. Others live in the icy waters of the polar seas. No echinoderms live in fresh water. Many starfish live in shallow water near shore. Other echinoderms live in deeper waters. Some live where the water is hundreds of feet deep. Echinoderms spend most of their adult lives resting on the ocean floor. Some cling to rocks or coral reefs. Others prefer sandy or muddy places. 7

8 4.4 Worms All worms have: Soft bodies (they are invertebrates with no back bone) A long body with a head end and tail end No legs There are three phyla of worms in the Animal Kingdom: Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) Habitat: Many live inside other animals bodies. Some live in water. Anatomy: Flatworms have a flattened shaped body like a leaf. Diet: Most flatworms are parasites. This means that they get food from living in or on other animals. They often hurt the other animal. Some are free-living carnivores or scavengers. Planarians Tapeworms Scavengers. Live in freshwater habitats. Can reproduce asexually by splitting their body in half down the middle! Parasites. Live inside the digestive system of animals like dogs and humans. 8

9 Roundworms (Nematoda) Habitat: Roundworms live in salt water, fresh water and the soil. Many of them are parasites and live inside animals and plants. Anatomy: Roundworms have a tube shaped body. Diet: Many roundworms are parasitic. They get their food from other animals and plants often causing diseases and damage to crops. Other species are decomposers and helpful to the soil and environment. Soil roundworm Hookworm Decomposer. Lives in the soil. Parasite. Lives inside digestive system of animals. Segmented worms (Annelida) Habitat: Most segmented worms live in the soil, and other wet habitats. Anatomy: Segmented worms have a body made of segments (parts). They are the most advanced type of worms. Diet: Most segmented worms are decomposers. Some species are carnivores and others are parasitic feeding off animals. Earthworm Leech Decomposer. Lives in the soil. Has small hairs called bristles to help it move through the soil. Parasite. Lives in wet places and sucks the blood of animals. 9

10 4.5 Mollusks Mollusks are soft-bodied animals, which often live in hard shells. Mollusks are the secondlargest group of invertebrates, with 50,000 living species. There are seven classes of Mollusks but we will study just the following three: Gastropod Bivalves Cephalopods Gastropods Examples: snail, conch and slug. Habitat: Gastropods can live both in land and aquatic environments. Anatomy: Gastropods have ONE shell. They have a head, tentacles with eyes and a mouth. They have one foot to help them move around. There is a small hole on their body for breathing. Diet: Gastropods are herbivores. They like to come out to feed on plants at night after it has rained. It is safer at night and the wet weather helps keep their body moist. When they have finished they will go to hide in a cool, damp place. 10

11 Bivalves Examples: mussle and clam Habitat: Bivalves live in aquatic environments. They can close their shell if the tide goes out and they are left on a dry beach. Anatomy: Bivalves have two shells. They have a siphon to suck in seawater for food and oxygen. They have no eyes or head. They have one strong foot that is used to move, Diet: Bivalves use their siphon to filter small food from the water around them. Cephalopods Examples: Octopus, squid and cuttlefish. Habitat: Cephalopods live in aquatic ecosystems. They can move quickly in the water by shooting water out of their siphon. Anatomy: Cephalopods have eight feet coming out of their head. They have a siphon on the head that jets water out to move fast. They can squirt ink to escape from predators. They have good eyes. Diet: They are carnivores eating fish, worms, shrimp and other molluscs. 11

12 Dissection of a squid What is dissection? Dissection is when scientists cut open a dead animal or plant to learn about the structure inside. Sometimes we dissect a whole animal and other times just a part of the animal. What equipment is used in a dissection? scalpel scissors forceps What structures can we see in the body of a squid? The diagram shows the internal and external anatomy of a squid. When you look inside the body of the real squid, think about: What features do humans have too? What special features it has for living in water? How can it catch its food? How can it escape predators? How can it reproduce? 12

13 4.6 Arthropods Arthropods are a group of animals with a segmented body and an external skeleton. A segmented body means that the body is divided into different parts. An external skeleton means that the hard part of the body is on the outside. This is NOT an arthropod because the body is not segmented. This is NOT an arthropod because the skeleton is on the inside of the body. External skeletons The advantage of an external skeleton is it gives protection. The disadvantage of an external skeleton is it is hard to grow. When an arthropod grows it has to climb out of its old skeleton. The new skeleton will be soft for a few hours, letting the animal grow. This is a dangerous time! When the skeleton is soft the animal might be eaten by a predator! Identification of Arthropods There are five major classes of Arthropods. In Grade 5 we will study Insects, Arachnids and Crustaceans. Insects e.g. cockroaches. Arachnids e.g. spiders, scorpions and ticks. Crustaceans e.g. shrimp, crab and lobster. Chilopods e.g. centipedes. Diplopods e.g. millipedes. 13

14 Insects The number of insect species is believed to be between six and ten million. Some insects, such as gerridae (water striders), are able to walk on the surface of water. Bees, termites and ants live in well organized social colonies. Most insects hatch from eggs. Anatomy: Insect bodies have three parts called the thorax, abdomen and head. Insects have two antennae. Insects have three pairs of legs. Examples of Insects Arachnids The arachnid family includes spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks and harvestmen. Spiders are found on every continent of the world except Antarctica. There are around different species of spider. Anatomy: Spiders have 8 legs while insects have 6. Spiders don t have antennae while insects do. Most spiders make silk which they use to create spider webs and capture prey. Examples of Arachnids 14

15 Most spiders are harmless to humans but a few spider species, such as the black widow, can bite humans and inject venom. Deaths from spider bites are rare however. Tarantulas are large and often hairy spiders, the biggest species have been known to kill mice, lizards and birds. Crustaceans Crabs, shrimp, lobsters and barnacles are all crustaceans. Habitat: They live in saltwater and breathe through gills, just like fish. Some crustaceans can swim, like crabs and shrimp. Some can only scuttle along the ocean floor, like the lobster. And the barnacle sticks to a hard spot and never moves at all. Anatomy: Crustaceans are a group of arthropods with more than 6 legs (usually 10 to 14). They have many pairs of legs, and their bodies are jointed, like a human s elbows or knees. They have 3 body parts and two pairs of antennae for touching, feeling and smelling. The hermit crab is also a crustacean, but he does not grow his own shell. He has to find empty shells of other animals to move into when he gets too big for his shell. Examples of Arachnids 15

16 EP Grade 5 Science Force and Pressure Information Booklet Unit 6 Name: Class: 1

17 - Unit 6 - Force and Pressure Section 1: What is Force? Force is anything that makes objects move or change direction. Force is measured in a unit called newtons (N). Here are some of the many different types of force: push and pull gravity twist electrical force magnetic force compression A good example of force is gravity. The force of gravity pulls objects together. When an apple falls from a tree or the moon rotates around the earth, it is gravity causing the movement. Weight is a measure of how much you are being pulled down by the gravity of the Earth. Your weight will be different if you travel to the Moon or another planet because they have different gravity to the Earth. Weight is measured in newtons. Mass is the amount of matter something has. It does not change if you travel in space like weight does. Mass is measured in grams and kilograms. 2 On the Moon astronauts have less weight than on Earth. Their mass does not change.

18 Section 2: What is Pressure? Pressure is similar to force. Pressure is the measure of force and the area over which the force is applied. It is measured in newtons per square metre (N/m 2 ). Pressure depends on the amount of force and the size of the area over which the force is applied. Less area = more pressure More area = less pressure Imagine that your friend is going to push you with the same force. Your friends ask you if you want to be pushed with: The needle and the book give the same force but they give very different pressures. Section 3: Density Density is a measure of how much matter is packed into a certain space. When your suitcase is empty it is light. When you put all your clothes into the suitcase it is heavy. The size of the suitcase has NOT changed but the density has. Empty = less dense Full = more dense 3

19 The density of something can be measured if you know the mass and volume of something by using this formula: Density (g/cm 3) = Mass (g) Volume (cm 3 ) What materials are dense? Materials that have a lot of air trapped inside have a low density. For example polystyrene, balloons and ping pong balls have a low density. Things that are solid and made of materials like rock and metal have a higher density. For example bricks, stones and coins have a higher density. Material Density Float or Sink Polystyrene 0.01 g/cm 3 float Teak wood 0.6 g/cm 3 float Water 1 g/cm 3 - Marble 3 g/cm 3 sink Steel 9 g/cm 3 sink Silver 11 g/cm 3 sink Gold 19 g/cm 3 sink 4

20 Section 4: Floating and Sinking If an object is less dense than water it will float and if it is more dense than water it will sink. Boats are made of dense materials like steel. Why don t they sink? Steel is more dense than water. A solid lump of steel will sink. But boats have a lot of air trapped inside, so the average density of the boat is less than the density of water. When the Titanic set sail it was full of air, so its average density was less than water. But, when the Titanic hit an iceberg, the boat filled up with water. Without the air trapped inside, the density was too high and the boat sank. Section 5: Archimedes Principle The person who first explained why things float was Archimedes. He was a Greek Scientist who lived over 2000 years ago. The King at the time was worried his crown was a fake. Archimedes knew if the gold was fake the density of the crown would be less than gold. To find out its density he had to accurately measure its volume. He made an amazing discovery when he was taking a bath! When he got into the bath the water spilled over the edge. He was so excited that he shouted Eureka! and jumped out of his bath to run down the street and tell everyone about his discovery. Archimedes realised that when you put an object in water it displaces (pushes out of the way) some of the water. The volume of the water displaced is the same as the volume of the object. 5

21 Archimedes used this fact to find the volume of the crown. He calculated the density and proved that the crown was not made of pure gold. The person who made the crown and tricked the King was executed! How can Archimedes Principle help us to understand floating and sinking? Objects sink when the weight of the water they displace is LESS than the weight of the object. What would happen if these 3 blocks, which are exactly the same size, were placed in water? polystyrene wood steel steel The polystyrene is very light so it only displaces a small volume of water. The wood is heavier so it displaces more water. water displaced The steel weighs more than the volume of water it displaces so it sinks to the bottom. 6

22 Section 6: Floating Force The weight of the object creates a downward force due to gravity. The displaced water pushes back against the boat creating an upward force, called the floating force. Floating When gravity and the floating force are balanced, an object floats. Sinking When the force from gravity is greater than the floating force, an object sinks. gravity gravity floating force floating force Calculating floating force: 7

23 Section 7: Air Pressure Air pressure is the force made by the weight of tiny particles of air (air molecules). Although air molecules are very small and invisible, they still have weight and take up space. Air pressure is the result of the weight of air molecules being pulled towards the Earth by gravity. Air pressure changes with altitude so we can experience air pressure when we change altitude. Air at sea level is what people are used to. In fact, we're so used to it that we forget we're actually feeling air pressure all the time! Our ears might become painful or pop when we travel in an aeroplane or an elevator. Since there's a lot of "empty" space between air molecules, air can be compressed to fit into a smaller area or volume. When it is compressed air is under high pressure. How much pressure are you under? The Earth's air pressure on an area of 1 m 2 is about 1,000 kilograms. That is about the same as having an elephant stand on your head! Why doesn t air pressure squash people? There is air inside people s bodies too. That air balances the air pressure from outside so our bodies stay firm and don t squash! How is air pressure measured? Weather forecasters measure air pressure with a Barometer. A Barometer measures the air pressure at a particular location in "millibars" (mb). 8

24 Section 8: Underwater Pressure Water is nearly 800 times denser (thicker) than air and it is much heavier. We can feel water pressure when we swim underwater. The deeper you go underwater the higher the pressure becomes. At 10 m below water surface the water exerts twice the pressure on the body as air at surface level. As water becomes deeper, the water force can affect people s bodies. Ear pain is the most common problem, caused by an imbalance between the air inside your ears and the air outside your body. Increased pressure underwater also affects how people breathe. When they are in very deep water, the water pressure compresses people s lungs. It is very important for scuba divers to be very careful about how deep they dive. Scuba diving can be great fun. It can also be dangerous because of the pressure of water. The famous ship the Titanic sank in the Atlantic Ocean. It is now on the Ocean floor 3800 meters underwater. If people were able to visit the wreck they would be under 400 times more pressure than air pressure at sea level! This water pressure would squash our bodies! 9

25 Section 5: Warm-Blooded and Cold-Blooded Animals Animals can be either warm-blooded or cold-blooded. Warm-blooded animals can control their own body temperature. Their bodies use energy to maintain a constant temperature. Cold-blooded animals cannot control their own body temperature. Their body temperature changes with their surroundings. 5.1 Warm-blooded Animals Only mammals and birds are warm-blooded. A warm blooded animal keeps its body temperature around degrees at all times. When it is hot outside it will pant or sweat to stay cool. When it s cool outside it will shiver to keep its muscles moving. Panting Sweating Shivering 5.2 Cold-blooded Animals Fish, reptiles, amphibians and all invertebrates are cold-blooded animals. Cold-Blooded animals need heat from the sun or water to move. Their body temperature changes a lot. If it gets too hot then they need to cool off by finding shade or swimming in water. If it is cold then they need to try and catch as much heat as possible. 16