Questions Q1. Most atoms contain electrons, protons and neutrons. (a) Describe the positions of these particles in atoms. (3)
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5 Questions Q1. Most atoms contain electrons, protons and neutrons. (a) Describe the positions of these particles in atoms. (b) A chlorine atom contains 17 electrons. What is the electronic configuration of a chlorine atom? (3) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. A 10.7 B C 17 D (c) Chlorine and bromine are in the same group in the periodic table. (i) Explain, in terms of electrons, why these elements are placed in the same group.
6 (ii) Describe the appearance of bromine at room temperature and pressure. (d) An experiment was carried out to see how large a nucleus is compared to the overall size of an atom. In the experiment a very large number of positively charged particles are fired at a thin sheet of gold. When one of these positively charged particles comes close to the nucleus of a gold atom it is repelled. Explain why only about 1 in every positively charged particles are repelled. (Total for Question is 10 marks)
7 Q2. Compounds (a) (i) Balance the equation for the reaction between sodium and chlorine to produce sodium chloride by putting numbers in the spaces provided.... Na + Cl 2... NaCl (ii) In an experiment to make sodium chloride, the yield is 2.5 g. The theoretical yield of sodium chloride for this experiment is 4.0 g. Calculate the percentage yield of sodium chloride in this experiment percentage yield =... % (iii) Sodium chloride has a high melting point. Sodium chloride does not conduct electricity when solid but does conduct electricity when molten. Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. These properties show that the structure of sodium chloride is A B C D ionic giant molecular, covalent simple molecular, covalent metallic (iv) Calculate the relative formula mass of sodium chloride, NaCl. (relative atomic masses: Na = 23, Cl = 35.5)...
8 relative formula mass =... (b) Calculate the percentage by mass of magnesium in magnesium sulfate, MgSO 4. (relative atomic masses: O = 16, Mg = 24, S = 32 relative formula mass: MgSO 4 = 120) percentage of magnesium =... % (c) The formula of a molecule of ethane is C 2 H 6. (i) Give the empirical formula of ethane.... (ii) Ethane is a simple molecular, covalent compound. Ethane has a low boiling point. Explain, in terms of particles it contains, why ethane has a low boiling point (Total for question = 11 marks) Q3. Copper and its compounds (a) Copper is a transition metal. Which of these is a property of copper? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
9 A it is a poor conductor of electricity B it is brittle C it has a low melting point D it forms coloured compounds (b) Jasmine reacted an oxide of copper with carbon. copper oxide + carbon copper + carbon dioxide She reacted 5.0 g of copper oxide. In her reaction, 2.8 g of copper was formed. The theoretical yield for this reaction is 4.0 g. (i) State what is meant by the term theoretical yield (ii) The percentage yield of Jasmine s experiment was 70%. Explain how this value was calculated (iii) State two reasons why the yield of Jasmine s experiment was not 100%
10 (c) Calculate the relative formula mass of copper chloride, CuCl 2. (Relative atomic masses: Cu = 63.5, Cl = 35.5) answer =... (d) 14.3 g of an oxide of copper contained 12.7 g of copper. Calculate the empirical formula of this oxide. Show your working. (Relative atomic masses: Cu = 63.5, O = 16) (3) answer =... Q4. Lithium, sodium and potassium all react with cold water. (a) Lithium, sodium and potassium are in group 1 of the periodic table. Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. These elements are
11 A halogens B noble gases C transition metals D alkali metals (b) When sodium is added to cold water, it forms a molten ball which floats on the surface of the water. Explain why this happens. (c) Write the balanced equation for the reaction of sodium with water. *(d) Sodium and potassium react with cold water to give similar products. The electronic configuration of sodium is The electronic configuration of potassium is Explain the similarities and differences in the way sodium and potassium react with cold water by considering their reactions and their electronic configurations. (3) (6)
12 (Total for Question is 12 marks) Q5. Group 7 (a) The elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine are all in group 7 of the periodic table. (i) State the name given to the elements in group (ii) Give the symbol for an atom of bromine.... (b) The table shows the states and colours of three of these elements at room temperature. The information for chlorine is missing.
13 element state at room temperature colour at room temperature fluorine gas pale yellow chlorine bromine liquid dark red iodine solid grey Use the information in the table to describe the appearance of chlorine at room temperature *(c) When chlorine is added to a solution of potassium bromide, a colour change is seen. When chlorine is added to a solution of potassium fluoride, no colour change is seen. Explain how these observations provide evidence for the order of reactivity of bromine, chlorine and fluorine. (6)
14 Q6. (a) Two pieces of metal can be joined by welding them together. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The structure of a metal is a lattice of A anions B anions and cations C cations in a sea of electrons D molecules in a sea of electrons (ii) To join two pieces of metal by welding, they must be melted together. State why a high temperature has to be used.
15 (iii) The pieces of metal are welded together in an atmosphere of argon. Explain why an atmosphere of argon is used. (b) Some metals react with halogens. Iron reacts with bromine, Br 2, to form iron(iii) bromide, FeBr 3. Write the balanced equation for this reaction. (c) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. At room temperature, iodine is a A brown gas B brown liquid C grey solid D purple gas (d) When a halogen is added to a solution containing halide ions a displacement reaction may occur In the table shows a displacement reaction occurs
16 shows a displacement reaction does not occur Use the information in the table to explain the order of reactivity of the three halogens. (Total for Question = 9 marks) Q7. Metals There are many metallic elements in the periodic table. (a) Which row of the table correctly shows two metals that are in group 1 and two metals that are transition metals? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
17 (b) (i) Describe the structure of metals in terms of the particles present in their structures (ii) Explain how metals conduct electricity (c) (i) Describe what you would see when a small piece of sodium is added to water (ii) Write the balanced equation for the reaction of sodium with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen.... (3) (Total for question = 10 marks)
18 Mark Scheme Q1. Answer Acceptable answers Mark (a) A description to include neutrons in nucleus protons in nucleus electrons in shells / orbits all marks can be scored from labelleddiagram description of position of particles without use of "nucleus" or "shell /orbit" BUT if description or labels on diagram do not mention "nucleus" or"shell /orbit" at least once then max 2 marks ignore charges / masses / numbers of particles (3) (b) D (c)(i) an explanation linking outer {shell / orbit} (electrons) 7 / same number (of electrons) one / same number of electrons short (of next noble gas) (c)(ii) a description to include red-brown / brown-red (dark) red ignore any references to vapour (d) liquid An explanation linking any two of nucleus very small (by comparison with atom) / atom very large compared to nucleus / most of atom consists of empty space most particles {miss nucleus / go straight through (atom)} / only a few particles (1 in ) {pass close to / hit} nucleus (gold) nuclei positive / both (nucleus and particles) {positively charged / have same charge}
19 Q2.
20 Q3. Question Answer Acceptable answers Mark Number (a) D Question Number (b)(i) Answer Acceptable answers Mark the mass (of product) is calculated (from the balanced equation)
21 Question Number (b)(ii) Answer Acceptable answers Mark allow formula described in words 100 Question Number (b)(iii) Answer Acceptable answers Mark Any two from the following points loss of product during experiment reaction does not complete not enough carbon in mixture other (unwanted) reactions occur Question Answer Acceptable answers Mark Number (c) (2 35.5) / Question Answer Acceptable answers Mark Number (d) mass of oxygen = (3) =1.6 copper atoms: oxygen atoms = 12.7/63.5 : 1.6/ : 0.1 Cu 2 O (a) (b) Answer Acceptable answers Mark D An explanation linking two of the following
22 reaction produces heat/exothermic (sodium) has low melting point ignore sodium floats on water (sodium) has low density/density less than water (c) 2Na + 2H 2 O 2NaOH + H 2 LHS formulae RHS formulae balancing correct formulae ensure that 2 is subscript at most half the size of H and cases are correct (3) Indicative Content QWC *(d) similarities differences both in the same group/group 1/alkali metal ( react in a similar way same number of outer electrons/one outer elec both produce hydrogen/fizz (when reacted with both produce hydroxide/alkaline solution (whe with water) potassium has less attraction of outer electron potassium more reactive potassium catches on fire/lilac flame potassium outer electron further from nucleus potassium has more shells potassium has more shielding potassium outer electron more easily lost Level 0 No rewardable content a limited explanation e.g. both in group 1 because one electron in outer shell the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, puncuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy a simple explanation e.g. sodium and potassium have similar reactions because they are in the same group but potassium is more reactive. the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, puncuation and grammar are used with some accuracy a detailed explanation e.g. sodium and potassium have similar reactions because they are both have one outer electron but potassium is more reactive because its outer electron is more easily lost because it has an extra shell of electrons causing the attraction of the nucleus to be reduced the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately M
23 spelling, puncuation and grammar are used with few errors Question Answer Acceptable answers Mark Number (a)(i) halogens do not accept group 7 Question Answer Acceptable answers Mark Number (a)(ii) Br do not accept BR, br etc do not accept Br 2 Question Answer Acceptable answers Mark Number (b)(i) yellow green gas Question Indicative content Number QWC *(c) A explanation to include some of the following points Mark (6) colour change shows reaction occurs chlorine reacts with potassium bromide solution bromine is formed colour is red brown chlorine displaces bromide ions chlorine is more reactive than bromine no colour change shows no reaction / chlorine does not react
24 with potassium fluoride solution chlorine does not displace fluoride ions chlorine is less reactive than fluorine order of reactivity from most reactive halogen is fluorine, chlorine, bromine Level 0 No rewardable content a limited description of at least two relevant points either from one reaction or from both reactions the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy a detailed description of one reaction (one minor omission may be ignored) / a limited description of some aspects of both reactions a detailed description of one reaction (one minor omission may be ignored) / a limited description of some aspects of both reactions spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy a detailed description of both reactions (one minor ommision may be ignored) the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Answer Acceptable answers Mark (a)(i) C cations in a sea of electrons (a)(ii) (metals have) high melting point a lot of energy needed to
25 break/overcome (metallic) bonds energy needed to break/overcome strong (metallic) bonds (a)(iii) An explanation including two of the following points argon is inert/does not react/is unreactive because it has 8 electrons in its outer shell Ignore references to boiling point Reject reference to intermolecular forces/covalent (bonds) /attraction between ions/breaking ionic bonds/ breaking covalent bonds Ignore argon is in group 0/8 argon is a noble gas Ignore argon does not burn does not {gain/lose/share} electrons has a full outer shell (of electrons) has a stable electron configuration metals would react in/with air/oxygen argon will exclude air from welding point form (metal) oxide prevents oxidation (b) 2 Fe + 3 Br 2 2 FeBr 3 M1 Correct symbol/formulae M2 balancing of correct symbol/formulae M1 order of reactivity chlorine > bromine > iodine Reject incorrect use of upper/lower case / subscripts for M1 but allow ECF for M2 (c) C grey solid (d) A explanation including For M1 reject reference to reactivity of halide ions eg chlorine more reactive than bromide halogens/they decrease in reactivity down the group/table chlorine is most reactive and iodine is least reactive and M2 one of the following points chlorine displaces bromine (from bromide) AND chlorine displaces iodine (from iodide) Ignore reference to displacement of halide ions eg chlorine displaces bromide Ignore "replaces" chlorine reacts with bromide AND
26 bromine displaces iodine (from iodide iodide) AND bromine does not chlorine takes part in two displace chlorine (from (displacement) reactions chloride) iodine does not displace chlorine(from chloride) AND iodine does not displace bromine (from bromide) bromine reacts with iodide AND does not react with chloride bromine takes part in one (displacement) reactions iodine does not react with chloride or bromide iodine does not take part in any (displacement) reactions
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